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1.
本文采用IPCC推荐的表观消费量法计算了中国大陆30省区1991到2010年化石能源消费产生的CO2排放,发现:(1)排放总量由 2293.01Mt 增长到 7467.77Mt;(2)煤炭消费的排放比重最高达到79.98%;(3)人均排放量由 1.98t 增长至 5.57t;(4)CO2排放强度显著降低,由6.66 kg USD-1降至1.07kg USD-1,近年来趋于稳定;(5)区域发展不平衡始终存在,根据省际数据,在一些落后地区经济增长过度依赖于化石能源消费。关于CO2高排放,中国已经做出承诺并采取了行动。基于对可持续发展和全球气候变化不确定性的综合考虑,健康的产业结构、化石能源集约利用,以及区域发展平衡应更加受到重视。 相似文献
2.
A Sustainable U.S. Energy Plan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Herschel Specter 《Natural Resources Research》2009,18(4):285-333
This report gives guidance on what could be done to overcome the political stalemate that has long blocked the creation of
a sustainable energy plan, leaving the United States vulnerable to oil imports while emitting large amounts of greenhouse
gases. An overall energy policy is suggested for use by political leaders, along with specific goals on climate change and
national security. This report proposes a timetable by which the climate change and national security goals should be accomplished.
Converting these political goals into a cost-effective energy plan that would continue to get long-term political support
would be the task of the technical community. A generic process is described which applies to all future energy systems and
would give guidance to the technical community on how to create a mix of energy sources and conservation. This generic process
is then tested on three possible energy futures. One energy future proposes that all of our electricity should come from renewable
sources within 10 years. It is shown to be inadequate and would exacerbate environmental risks. The second possible energy
future adds far more nuclear energy and coal plants with carbon capture and sequestration to the above renewable-only proposal.
This second plan was a significant improvement over the all-renewable energy proposal, but does not address how transportation
might be accomplished in the future. Converting coal to liquid fuels is identified as the major means to produce liquid fuels,
as long as non-carbon dioxide emitting sources of process heat/hydrogen are employed in this coal conversion process. The
third proposal, called an Energy Family approach, places first emphasis on conservation and then creates a mix of energy sources,
renewable, nuclear, coal, natural gas, and some oil that could meet all the energy demands of a modern society, while staying
within environmental and national security limits. This third approach appears to be most likely to get continuing support.
There can be significant progress through “Second Generation” conservation, which extracts much more energy from our existing
electrical generation and transmission system. Coal would have to undergo a major transformation from producing electricity
to producing liquid fuels for transportation. Transportation and space heating and cooling would be far more electrified.
Nuclear power would have to be expanded to replace many of the phased out coal plants, to provide electricity for transportation,
and to supply high-temperature process heat and hydrogen. Long-term programs need to be put in place to assure nuclear power’s
continuing contribution. Finally, energy storage is a component which is often overlooked, but is essential. It could overcome
fundamental renewable energy difficulties of variability and the possibility of wind power to create electrical grid instabilities.
It is shown that an Energy Family approach could accelerate the development of renewable energy. 相似文献
3.
长三角核心区碳收支平衡及其空间分异 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
人类活动带来土地利用覆被变化以及能源消耗加大对区域碳排放的影响, 成为关系区 域可持续发展的重要问题。本文在相关碳排放方法研究基础上, 采用物料衡算法计算人类呼 吸和化石能源消耗的释碳量, 采用植被生物量法计算区域陆地生态系统的固碳量, 据此综合 测度区域自身碳收支平衡能力, 并以长江三角洲核心区为例, 进一步研究了区域内部碳收支 平衡能力的空间分异问题。研究表明, 1995年以来随着人类活动强度的增加和陆地植被面积 减少, 长三角核心区的碳收支不平衡性不断加剧, 依靠自身陆地生态系统已无法实现平衡, 特别是在沿沪宁线地区和中心城市尤为明显。研究结果可为制定产业转型、土地利用、节能 减排等差别化区域政策提供依据。 相似文献
4.
1 Background The growing realization of anthropogenic climate change has focused the attention of the scientific community, policymakers and the general public on the rising concentration of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 in the atmosphere, and on the c… 相似文献
5.
It has been widely accepted that human activities, especially burning fossil fuels and land use change, have altered the climate on earth and anthropogenic carbon fluxes have become comparable in magnitude with the natural fluxes in the global carbon cycle. The present and potential threat of adverse consequences has focused the attention of the scientists, policy makers and general public on the interaction among carbon cycle, climate change and human system. Asia is a hot spot from environmental change and sustainable development perspectives. The development pathways and environmental changes in the region have obvious consequences for the regional carbon cycle, even for global carbon budget, and the complex, diverse social, economic and environmental conditions make it highly difficult to understand and quantify these consequences. The GCP Beijing Office “will have a supporting and coordinating role and will provide coordination, leadership and capacity building on carbon cycle sciences in China and to the larger region of Asia” and “liaise with the two International Project Offices based in Canberra and Tsukuba to coordinate a regional and global strategy consistent with the GCP Science and Implementation Framework”. 相似文献
6.
中国煤炭资源供应格局演变及流动路径分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1949—2008年的相关统计数据,分析中国煤炭资源供应格局和流动路径,结果表明:(1)国家政策变动对中国煤炭资源消费规模影响深刻,每一次政策变化都会造成能源消费规模的波动,近年来强烈的能源需求使得我国煤炭供应不得不面临进口的现实;(2)受能源需求和资源禀赋的双重压力,大规模、跨区域、长距离的煤炭运输成为我国能源运输体系的重要特征;(3)尽管煤炭运输方式在向铁路、水路和公路组合并用的多元化发展,但仍然不能满足旺盛的能源需求,煤炭运输瓶颈始终存在,变输煤为输电是缓解当前煤炭运输困难的一个途径。 相似文献
7.
Geopolitics of energy transition has increasingly become the frontier and hot research area of world energy geography and global political science. Different historical periods are characterised by obvious differences in energy connotations, attributes, and geopolitical characteristics. In the new energy era, energy geopolitics becomes more diversified, complex, and comprehensive. In this paper, we compare the geopolitical characteristics of energy in the fossil fuel and renewable energy periods... 相似文献
8.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) commissioned a special report on emissions scenarios in 2000 so as to forecast global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for a variety of assumptions. These scenarios have been subjected to a multitude of criticisms, alleging overoptimistic predictions for fossil fuel production rates. Intrigued by this controversy, this paper employs the Hubbert linearization technique to solve for ultimately recoverable resources (URR) of fossil fuels for six significant IPCC scenarios. The predictions are substantially higher than geological URR estimates found in recent literature, ranging from 19 to over 200% higher for oil, 16 to over 500% for coal, and 171 to over 500% for natural gas, depending on the scenario. Subsequently, the atmospheric CO2 concentrations resulting from full consumption of URR related to IPCC data, as well as literature-based URR, are determined with a simple model. The former concentrations range from 640 to over 1,300 ppm. In comparison, the peak-based URR in the literature yield 463–577 ppm. All of these figures are higher than the 450 ppm ‘threshold’ which some see as critical. Therefore, despite peaking fossil fuels, concern over climate change is still warranted. At the same time, the fossil fuel production inputs to the IPCC’s CO2 emissions models appear predominantly overoptimistic, which calls into question the accuracy of the climate change assessment outputs. Moving forward, the IPCC is encouraged to re-assess its fossil fuel forecasts, incorporating more reasonable scenarios for peak production of fossil fuels. 相似文献
9.
Land-cover change has significant impacts on regional carbon dynamics. Understanding the carbon consequences of land-cover change is necessary for decision makers to address the issues of carbon reduction and climate change mitigation. Optical remote sensing images have been widely used for detecting regional land-cover change. However, it is difficult to acquire desirable images for regions that are frequently affected by cloudy and rainy weather. In this study, we proposed an approach to deal with this problem by integrating moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat images based on the mixed-label analysis (MLA) model. We tested this model in Guangdong Province, a fast developing sub-tropical region in China, to derive the provincial land-cover data for the analysis of land-cover change between 2000 and 2009 and its impacts on regional carbon dynamics. Results show that forest land decreased by 3.03%, while built-up area rapidly expanded by 73.01% from 2000 to 2009. The regional vegetation carbon sink declined by 2.6%, whereas the regional carbon emissions increased by more than 100% due to the fast urbanization and economic development. The regional vegetation carbon sink can only offset 4.1% of total carbon emissions in 2009, far below the national level (about 7.0–7.7%) at the same period. Future efforts to improve the regional carbon budget should focus more on the control of land development and the advance of energy efficiency. 相似文献
10.
Louisa S. Evans Philippa J. Cohen Agnetha Vave-Karamui Rosalie Masu Delvene Boso Senoveva Mauli 《社会与自然资源》2018,31(1):121-135
Environmental governance aims to reconcile an expanding set of societal objectives at ever-larger scales despite the challenges that remain in integrating conservation and development at smaller scales. We interrogate Solomon Islands’ engagement in the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security to contribute new insight on the scalar politics of multi-level marine governance. We show how regional objectives are re-interpreted and prioritized as they translate into national policy and practice. Our data suggest that enhanced coordination of finances and activities, integration of objectives in shared protocols and priority geographies, and a subtle shift in power relations between the state, donors, and implementation partners have resulted from processes of re-scaling. We discuss important procedural adjustments in cross-level and cross-scale governance across jurisdictional, institutional, and sectoral scales. We also reflect on the changing role of national governments in shifts toward large-scale, multi-national initiatives. 相似文献
11.
能源地缘政治与能源权力研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
围绕油气资源的权力博弈仍然是当今世界最主要的能源权力争夺,但不同时代的能源权力的属性有所不同,能源安全与能源战略内涵也有所不同。论文在系统梳理能源地缘政治基础上,提出了能源权力的概念,并从地缘政治格局、能源安全观、能源网络和全球能源治理4个方面进行了具体阐述。研究认为：① 以能源分布、产销空间变化及其规律性总结是传统能源地缘政治研究的核心,油气资源地理分布的不平衡性是能源权力产生的最直接因素。② 从石油危机时代到未来新能源时代,能源安全观的不同是影响国际能源地缘政治权力变化的重要因素。③ 能源的商品属性和地缘属性决定了能源贸易不仅是经济行为,其空间的流动与国际政治关系密切。生产与消费的分离使得油气二次分配过程中的贸易控制和通道控制对能源权力重构产生重要影响。④ 全球能源权力巨变和复杂错综的能源权力网络将引发全球能源治理体系的新秩序。权力的主体从国家、国际组织、跨国公司转变为全球能源网络中利益共同体,能源治理的主题从一国之利益走向了全球能源权力的再分配过程。展望未来,如何在理论上建构新时代的能源权力的理论体系,深化气候变化和新能源等因素影响下的世界能源权力的演变、地理空间与权力的相互依赖关系、权力秩序的重构及其效应、全球能源治理机制及其治理模式等研究,对科学认知和研判世界能源形势与能源战略的演化具有重要的意义,也是能源地缘政治学研究的重要方向性命题。 相似文献
12.
1990-2010年中国土地覆被变化引起反照率改变的辐射强迫 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土地覆被变化通过改变地表反照率而影响地表辐射收支与能量平衡,从而对区域和全球气候产生影响。本文利用高时空分辨率遥感数据分析1990-2010 年中国土地覆被变化改变地表反照率的时空驱动机制,并计算全国50 个生态区地表反照率变化导致的年际尺度辐射强迫,揭示土地覆被变化在生态区尺度上影响气候变化的生物地球物理机制。结果表明:1990-2010 年全国土地覆被变化以耕地开垦、草地沙化、城市化等人类土地利用活动导致的土地覆被变化最为明显,全国草地与林地面积分别减少了0.60%和0.11%;建设用地和耕地面积分别增加了0.60%和0.19%。全国土地覆被变化通过改变地表反照率引起的平均辐射强迫为0.062 W/m2,表现为增温的气候效应,但在生态区尺度辐射强迫空间差异很大。京津唐城镇与农城郊农业生态区主要土地覆被变化为耕地转为建设用地,引起地表反照率降低了0.00456,产生0.863 W/m2的辐射强迫,表现为增温的气候效应;而三江平原温带湿润农业与湿地生态区主要的土地覆被变化为林草地转为耕地,引起地表反照率升高了0.00152,产生-0.184 W/m2的辐射强迫,表现为降温的气候效应。 相似文献
13.
W. Earl Bardsley 《Natural Resources Research》2008,17(4):197-204
A sustainable global silicon energy economy is proposed as a potential alternative to the hydrogen economy. This first visualization
of a silicon energy economy is based on large-scale and carbon-neutral metallic silicon production from major smelters in
North Africa and elsewhere, supplied by desert silica sand and electricity from extensive solar generating systems. The resulting
“fuel silicon” is shipped around the world to emission-free silicon power stations for either immediate electricity generation
or stockpiling. The high energy density of silicon and its stable storage make it an ideal material for maintaining national
economic functioning through security of base load power supply from a renewable source. This contrasts with the present situation
of fossil fuel usage with its associated global warming and geopolitical supply uncertainties. Critical technological requirements
for the silicon economy are carbon-neutral silicon production and the development of efficient silicon-fired power stations
capable of high-temperature rapid oxidation of fuel silicon. A call is made for the development of research effort into these
specific engineering issues, and also with respect to large-scale economical solar power generation. 相似文献
14.
随着区域一体化发展不断成熟,良好的区域治理机制愈发重要。京津冀区域协同治理具有重要的战略意义,积累了良好的基础,也面临许多挑战。为了更好地认识京津冀区域协同治理模式的特征,提出优化建议支撑区域规划落实。论文立足比较研究的视角,以治理机制为核心,围绕参与主体、治理手段、协调机制3个维度建立起比较研究框架,概括总结了京津冀地区、德国柏林—勃兰登堡地区、日本东京首都圈、法国巴黎大都市区等首都所在区域的治理模式特征,并开展横向比较。结果表明：①多元主体参与是良好区域治理的基本特征,关键在于建立明晰的主体间权责关系;京津冀相比国外实践,虽主体多元,但权责关系有待进一步厘清;以设立承上启下的区域机构为契机,应加快梳理相关关系。②行政手段、市场手段与法律手段相辅相成,是保障区域治理效率的基础;京津冀相比之下更侧重行政手段,市场手段有限,法律手段相对薄弱;应优先增强立法建设,进而促使市场手段与行政手段相互平衡、良性互动。③多边协商机制是区域治理有序运行的保障;京津冀在决策中已有较好的协调机制,但矛盾仲裁与动态监管方面仍显不足;应加快健全整体协调机制,贯穿治理实践的各个环节。 相似文献
15.
基于2000-2015年西安市能源消费量数据,采用碳排放模型和GFI模型,分析区域能源消费碳排放量的变化趋势及影响因素,探讨西安市能源消费碳排放的拉动与抑制要素的互动关系及影响。结果表明：（1）西安市能源消费碳排放量总体呈现上升趋势,煤炭、原油消费为主要碳源。（2）能源利用结构正在发生转变,低能耗低碳排的能源消费量逐年上升,传统能源利用量正日趋减少。（3）经济发展要素和人口要素是西安市能源消费碳排放的主要拉动因素,能源结构要素拉动效应不显著,短期内不易改变;能源强度对能源消费碳排放具有抑制作用,且呈现增强态势,但效果不明显。最后提出西安市能源消费碳排放减排建议。 相似文献
16.
作为一种最划算的减排措施,碳税已在个别国家开始实施。编制河南省社会核算矩阵表（SAM）及其他区域SAM,构建了一个30部门的双区域的可计算一般均衡模型（CGE）,分析对能源产业（煤炭开采和洗选业、石油和天然气开采业、石油炼焦核燃料加工业和燃气生产和供应业）分别征收不同价格的碳税后,河南省经济及人民生活水平的变化情况。并考虑不同类型的碳税返还情景带来的居民和企业效益,以期为通用的双区域CGE模型提供依据。模拟结果显示：碳税的征收可以有效减少CO2的排放;导致河南省增加值的下降;能源产业中煤炭开采和洗选业的国内价格受负面影响最大;其他行业中农林牧渔业受到的负面影响较大。农村居民比城市居民对碳税政策的反应更加敏感,且碳税对农村居民带来的影响为负面的。对比分析的结果表明,碳税返还给农村居民是一个合适的选择,能够使得农村居民、城镇居民和企业的利益都得到保障。 相似文献
17.
18.
Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by changing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China's 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990-2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 W/m2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects. 相似文献
19.
Deborah Feder 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(2):185-200
The production and use of fossil fuels and nonrenewable electricity creates many forms of environmental degradation. To reduce degradation, this research suggests an energy strategy based on energy end‐use analysis and regional geography. Energy end‐use analysis and regional geography are used to match renewable energy resources with site‐specific, end‐use needs. Fieldwork conducted within Centre County, Pennsylvania, demonstrates that small‐scale solar, wind, and micro‐hydropower resources could displace a proportion of household electricity use. Such an approach meets energy end‐use needs, while conserving fossil fuels and reducing environmental degradation. 相似文献
20.
基于中国367个城市单元的太阳能和风能专利申请数据测度中国新能源产业技术创新能力,采用基尼系数、空间自相关、空间计量模型等方法,对2001—2018年中国新能源产业创新发展阶段、总体分异、空间分布、空间关联以及影响因素进行探究。研究发现：① 中国新能源产业技术创新发展整体呈现增长态势,同时存在明显的阶段性特征,与“石油危机”“金融危机”等重要节点事件有密切关系。② 中国新能源技术创新能力的区域总体分异特征明显,全国尺度下内部空间差异大。东部地区基尼系数维持相对稳定,创新能力较弱的西部地区,新能源技术创新能力差异也最大。而中、东北部地区内部空间分异相对均衡且差异不断缩小。③ 高、较高水平的新能源技术创新城市空间分布具有较强的经济依赖性,且广泛分布在经济较发达城市。④ 太阳能和风能技术创新能力Moran's I值均为正且呈不断上升趋势,说明新能源技术创新能力在城市间存在显著的空间相关性。高-高集聚区主要集中分布在京津冀、长三角、珠三角地区,而高-低集聚区主要分布在中西部地区的省会城市,对周边城市的带动辐射作用不明显。⑤ 经济发展基础、教育水平、工业化水平、用电需求、人力资本、科技投入、资源禀赋、环境规制等9个方面因素不同程度影响着全国层面和四大地区层面城市的新能源产业技术创新能力的形成。 相似文献