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Geographic variations in spatial accessibility to public resources, such as health care services, raise important questions about the efficiencies and inequities of the processes that determine where these services are located. Spatial accessibility can be measured many different ways, but many of methods in use today involve some measure of travel cost (in time or distance). In this study we explore a simple methodological question: how much are models of spatial accessibility influenced by the precise metric of travel cost? We address this question by comparing spatial accessibility to primary care physicians for two different methods of calculating travel cost (in time) on a street network: free-flow travel time and congested with turn penalties travel time—which augments free-flow travel times with the burden of traffic congestion and traffic intersection controls. We consider the effect of these two metrics of travel cost on a gravity-based measure of spatial accessibility to primary health care services in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Our results suggest that while travel times between locations of demand and locations of primary care providers greatly differ based on how travel cost is calculated, the gravity-based measure of spatial accessibility provides similar information for both travel cost metrics. Using congested with turn penalties travel time can be an onerous addition to the analysis of spatial accessibility, and is more useful for measuring absolute travel time rather than modeling relative spatial accessibility. 相似文献
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基于潜能模型的医疗设施空间可达性评价方法 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11
空间可达性是评价医疗设施布局合理与否的重要指标,传统的医疗设施空间可达性评价,或者从医疗服务供需状况着手,或者从供需双方之间距离因素着手,均无法全面评价居民实际所能获取的医疗资源。本文采用基于潜能模型的评价方法对江苏省如东县医疗设施空间可达性进行分析研究,该方法综合考虑了医疗设施服务能力、居民点人口数量、医疗设施与居民点之间的出行阻抗。研究表明,通过选取合适的出行摩擦系数,该方法能够较为全面准确地测度较小研究单元的医疗设施空间可达性,辅以GIS技术,可以很直观地揭示研究区域内医疗设施空间可达性差异,结合公共卫生管理部门制定的医疗资源配置标准,还可较为准确判定缺医地区,为政府相关部门规划决策提供依据。 相似文献
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Ping Yin 《The Professional geographer》2018,70(3):363-373
Understanding the effect of spatial accessibility on service utilization is essential to facilitate prenatal care delivery. Previous studies suggest that mothers with better spatial access are more likely to receive adequate prenatal care. Their conclusions, however, are limited by use of small samples and inappropriate spatial accessibility measurements. This article examines the role of spatial accessibility in explaining the variation of prenatal care utilization among 202,377 mothers in Georgia from 2009 to 2011. Specifically, we use geographic information systems and spatial analysis methods to explore the spatial pattern of inadequate prenatal care utilization. A two-transportation-mode, two-step floating catchment area method is used to measure the spatial access to prenatal care by census tract. The effects of spatial accessibility, combined with the influences of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and medical factors, on the adequacy of prenatal care utilization are investigated with statistical models at the individual level. The results show that mothers with better spatial access are less likely to have adequate prenatal care. The inconsistency of this finding with other existing evidence suggests that the effects of spatial accessibility on health service utilization could be complicated and context specific. 相似文献
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采用1991-2011 年台商大陆投资资料,分析在较长时间尺度上、随台海局势不断变化,台商对大陆直接投资行为的转变,并从大陆整体层面及各经济区两个空间尺度进行驱动机制变化研究。结果表明：自1991 年起,台商在大陆地区投资规模（尤其是投资金额） 显著上升,累计金额呈“T”字型分布;TDI 在大陆分布存在一定的空间集聚及明显的“核心—外围—边缘”梯度结构,投资热点及次热点均向北推移,热点最终停留于长三角地区。台商在大陆直接投资的主要驱动因素由前期（1991-2000） 的地区电信发展水平、市场规模、劳动力成本、电力供应水平、高素质劳动力、政策环境、对外开放度,以及交通运输水平,转变为后期（2001-2011） 的前期台资累积量、对外开放水平、地区市场规模、高素质劳动力、劳动力成本、区域政策环境、电力供应水平,以及产业集聚水平。具体至各经济区,其不同要素的发展水平对TDI的吸引程度不同,文化距离因素的影响仍然存在。 相似文献
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基于多智能体的城市人口分布模型 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
人口是城市发展中最为活跃的因素,快速增长的人口给城市安全、经济和生态环境带来了深远的影响,获取不同尺度的高精度人口空间分布信息对于城市安全管理、提高资源环境的综合管理能力具有非常重要的意义。针对常用的城市人口空间分布模拟方法存在的不足,构建了基于多智能体的城市人口分布模型,模型由影响要素、智能体、决策规则等组成。在两个不同尺度区域进行了模型应用实验,并以重力模型进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,与重力模型相比,此模型所模拟的结果具有更高的精度,且接近于实际的人口空间分布,为城市人口分布模拟提供了新的思路。 相似文献
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Neng Wan Troy Sternberg 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):1073-1089
Gravity-based spatial access models have been widely used to estimate spatial access to healthcare services in an attempt to capture the interaction of various factors. However, these models are inadequate in informing health resource allocation work due to their inappropriate assumption of healthcare demand. For the purpose of effective healthcare resource planning, this article proposes a three-step floating catchment area (3SFCA) method to minimize the healthcare-demand overestimation problem. Specifically, a spatial impedance-based competition scheme is incorporated into the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method to account for a reasonable model of healthcare supply and demand. A case study of spatial access to primary care physicians along the Austin–San Antonio corridor area in central Texas showed that the proposed method effectively minimizes the overestimation of healthcare demand and reflects a more balanced geographic pattern of spatial access than E2SFCA. In addition, by using an adjusted spatial access index, the 3SFCA method indicates strong potential for identifying health professional shortage areas. The study concludes that 3SFCA is a promising method to provide health professionals and decision makers with useful healthcare accessibility information. 相似文献
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黄土高原地区乡村性空间特征及其与可达性格局关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在乡村转型重构的关键时期以及城乡融合背景下,可达性作为驱动乡村地域特征改变的直接媒介,对乡村减贫及可持续发展产生重要影响。以县域为基本空间单元,构建了刻画乡村性和可达性的指标体系,定量测度了1990年、2000年、2010年、2015年黄土高原地区243个县域乡村性与可达性指数,探索黄土高原地区县域乡村性和可达性的时空演变特征,采用探索性空间数据方法,引入空间计量经济模型,对乡村性与可达性的集聚特征及关系进行计量分析。结果显示：① 研究区乡村性整体呈减弱态势、差异不断增大,呈现“西高东低”分布格局;可达性整体呈增强趋势、差异不断缩小,“东高西低”的分布格局基本不变。② 乡村性与可达性空间分布均呈较强的正空间自相关,以“榆林-庆阳”一线为界分布,但集聚态势总体不断减弱;其次,可达性的提升对乡村性呈负向影响且波动增强,低可达性-高乡村性类型主要分布在西北的青海、甘肃、宁夏境内,高可达性-低乡村性类型主要分布在东部经济发展水平较高的地级市周边县市。③ 乡村性的空间溢出效应显著,表现出显著的空间滞后和空间误差溢出效应,区域乡村性会受到周边地区乡村性的显著影响;可达性的提升会使得乡村人口变化率、一产产值比重降低;使农业劳动生产率、农村人均纯收入、农业土地生产率提高,且可达性对农业土地生产率的影响最大,而对农村居民人均纯收入的影响提升最大。 相似文献
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基于我国2000年、2010年250个城市数据,通过高速公路网测算城市间时间距离以刻画城市的国内和国外市场潜力,控制城市教育水平、内部市场规模、产业结构、行政级别等。考虑空间自相关,采用空间计量模型研究不同空间尺度市场潜力对人力资本空间分布的差异化影响。结果发现:高速公路网的基本建成使得市场潜力显著影响城市的人力资本积累,城市越靠近国内市场中心则人力资本水平越低,越靠近国外市场则人力资本水平越高。考虑规模效应和竞争效应布局城市交通网络,加强教育投入,能够有效提高城市人力资本水平。 相似文献
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The HIV/AIDS epidemic remains a major public health issue across the globe, and it is of particular concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Utilization of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services can significantly impact HIV prevention, transmission, and treatment. SRH service utilization may be determined by individual characteristics, such as education and economic status, but also by the location and accessibility of health care facilities. Using population-based survey data, this study applies exploratory spatial analysis techniques to examine spatial patterns of SRH service utilization among rural married women in southern Mozambique. Clustering among those using services is found as are spatial associations, indicating significant spatial variability in the utilization of health services. The findings provide valuable insights for current and future health care program planning and configuration. 相似文献
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中国高速公路网的可达性格局及演化 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
在全国尺度上评价1988~2030年中国高速公路可达性的空间格局及演化。基于交通旅行时间和最短时间路径的可达性模型设计,刻画了中国高速公路网的扩张过程,评价各时段中国高速公路网的通达性及演变,包括连通城镇、交通时间和时间区位系数等,分析各地区可达性的空间差异及变化特征,以及各时段内可达性的变化差异,重点识别可达性与区位受损和收益的突出区域;结合人口和经济等属性指标,评价各城市的综合发展潜能及变化。研究发现,高速公路建设拉近了边缘地区与核心地区的时间距离,西部地区的交通条件得到了很大改善,但并没有改变各城市的区位优劣水平,而且导致城市间发展潜力的差距更加不平衡。 相似文献
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城市群空间联系能力与SOM神经网络分级研究——以辽中南城市群为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以辽中南城市群为例,通过经济联系强度模型、城市流模型和城市通达性模型,构建系列空间联系能力数理模型,定量分析辽中南城市群空间联系能力的空间分异特征。在此基础上构建了SOM神经网络分级模型,以评价辽中南城市群十个节点城市的空间联系能力。研究表明:①沈阳的经济联系总量最大,沈阳与其他城市的经济联系强度和沈阳距其铁路距离呈S形曲线关系。②依据城市流强度值的大小将辽中南城市群十个节点城市划分为高、中、低三个档次,大连的值最大,营口则显现出作为该城市群中部区域极点的潜力。③沈大高速公路集中了通达性处于前三位的三个城市,辽阳在城市通达性方面显现出显著的优势,四项通达性指标全位居第一。④从SOM神经网络的分级结果看,沈阳都作为独立的一级,表明沈阳的空间联系能力最强,体现了其中心性的地位。 相似文献
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Recently, the Chinese government raised an urban planning policy which suggests communities open their private roads for public transport and establish street networks with high spatial density in cities. In this context, the purpose of this study is to analyze the potential changes to street network accessibility using GIS techniques and to provide spatial information that may influence the decision making of urban managers. In addition to the existing street network data in the case study city, Shenzhen, intra-community roads are extracted from building footprints in GIS topographic database and used to construct a potential street network with respect to the community opening policy. An automatic GIS-based method is proposed here to analyze the location advantage information in the simulated urban environment, by combining Delaunay triangulation model and graph theory concepts. Specifically, we establish a two-step framework based on the spatial relationships between roads and buildings. Firstly, intra-community roads between neighboring building footprints are generated using a Delaunay triangulation skeleton model, and with the existing inter-community roads they form the simulated network. Secondly, street centrality indices of the current and simulated networks are compared in terms of closeness, betweenness and straightness. Results indicate that after applying the policy the global accessibility in the city would be increased at some places and decreased at others, and places' directness among others would be generally improved. In addition, the skeleton of central routes for through traffic would not change much. The presented method can also be applied to other cities. 相似文献
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Peter D. Howe 《The Professional geographer》2018,70(3):491-503
Emerging statistical techniques, combined with the increasing accessibility of primary social survey data, can provide policy-relevant tools for understanding how perceptions and behaviors vary geographically. Planning for natural disasters requires local data, yet data on topics such as household preparedness behaviors are often unavailable at the appropriate spatial resolution. This article presents new nationwide estimates of one element of household preparedness—having supplies in the home to use in case of a disaster—across all states and metropolitan areas in the United States. Estimates are based on a 2015 national survey combined with multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP), a statistical technique to develop subnational estimates from national data sets. The model uses sociodemographic and geographic predictors informed by prior research. Estimates were externally validated against independent surveys, including data from the 2013 American Housing Survey. Comparing the estimates against historical disaster losses demonstrates broad variation in preparedness even among places with historically high rates of death and injury from natural disasters and allows identification of high-risk places with high disaster losses and low preparedness according to this survey item. Leveraging large survey data sets in combination with MRP can be an effective tool for researchers and decision makers to understand geographic variation in perceptions and behaviors at subnational scales. 相似文献
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Highly technological in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment is available at relatively few medical centers in rural United States. This research derives a spatial accessibility surface for IVF centers in a rural Midwestern state through the application of computational methods that consider spatial and non-spatial parameters to discover potentially underserved areas in the state. These methods include a modified gravity model and techniques from spatial interaction modeling. The approach develops an enhanced accessibility index that incorporates three key sociodemographic variables describing patients seeking infertility healthcare in Iowa that have been identified based on a survey of IVF care practitioners in the state. Self-organizing map techniques are used to reveal cluster locations based on the degree of match between census sociodemographic data and the expert-identified variables. The spatial accessibility surface is combined with the sociodemographic clusters to define an enhanced measure of spatial accessibility. The results suggest that while the state's IVF centers are located in tracts characterized by high spatial accessibility, at least 19% of patients travel from census tracts classed as moderate to low accessibility. This result reveals some opportunities for service improvements for these locations. Interestingly, for tracts that are characterized as having a lower patient sociodemographic match, high spatial accessibility does not appear to be a factor that improves the likelihood of patient care, at least for the variables investigated as part of this research. 相似文献
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上海市风险投资企业的空间分布与“技术—资本”地理邻近性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
风险投资企业与“标的”产业、金融行业存在紧密关联,表现为“技术—资本”的耦合性联系。该特征如何映射在空间上,尤其是经济密度较高的城市内部空间,对于理解区位的重要性及其空间尺度一致性具有启示。以上海市街区为基本研究单元,选取2005年和2015年两个时间截面,运用核密度估计、时序稳定性“热点”和空间Tobit模型分析方法,从中外资比较视角探讨风险投资企业的空间分布与“技术—资本”地理邻近性。研究表明：① 中外资企业分别呈现单中心和多中心集聚格局,以及“面域扩散”和“点域扩散”趋势,并均表现出邻近“技术”与“资本”的分布特征;② 风险投资企业的“资本”地理邻近性超越“技术”地理邻近性,并在“技术”地理邻近性中,风险投资企业与高科技产业的地理邻近关系超越新创企业。同时,中外资企业的“技术—资本”地理邻近性差异主要体现在,中资企业的“资本”地理邻近性强于外资企业,外资企业的“技术”地理邻近性偏重于“技术”中的创业层面,而中资企业则偏重于“技术”中的高科技产业层面。③ 随时间的变化,中外资企业具有不同的区位模式偏好及时间演变特征,但“资本”地理邻近型、“技术”地理邻近型、“技术—资本”地理邻近型和自身集聚型这四类典型区位模式始终稳定存在。研究认为促进区位内部企业间的多维邻近性和互动联系,对基于“知识和风险资本”的创新集群和创新空间发展具有重要的实践意义。 相似文献
18.
Kivanc Ertugay Sebnem Duzgun 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(9):1491-1506
The term physical accessibility has long been used by geographers, economists, and urban planners and reflects the relative ease of access to/from several urban/rural services by considering the traveling costs. Numerous accessibility measures, ranging from simple to sophisticated, can be observed in the geographical information systems (GIS)-based accessibility modeling literature. However, these measures are generally calculated from a constant catchment boundary (a most likely or average catchment boundary) based on constant deterministic transportation costs. This is one of the fundamental shortcomings of the current GIS-based accessibility modeling and creates uncertainty about the accuracy and reliability of the accessibility measures, especially when highly variable speeds in road segments are considered. The development of a new stochastic approach by using global positioning system (GPS)-based floating car data and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique could enable handling the variations in transportation costs in a probabilistic manner and help to consider all possible catchment boundaries, instead of one average catchment boundary, in accessibility modeling process. Therefore, this article proposes a stochastic methodology for GIS-based accessibility modeling by using GPS-based floating car data and MCS technique. The proposed methodology is illustrated with a case study on medical emergency service accessibility in Eskisehir, Turkey. Moreover, deterministic and stochastic accessibility models are compared to demonstrate the differences between the models. The proposed model could provide better decision support for the decision-makers who are supposed to deal with accessibility, location/allocation, and service/catchment area related issues. 相似文献
19.
Electric power consumption (EPC) is one of the basic indices for evaluating electric power use. Obtaining timely and accurate data on the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC is crucial for understanding and practical deployment of electric power resources. In this study, an EPC model was developed using stable nighttime lights time-series data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS). The model was used to reconstruct the spatial patterns of EPC in Chinese Mainland at the county level from 1995 to 2008. In addition, the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC were analyzed, and the following conclusions were drawn. (1) The EPC model reliably represented the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC in Chinese Mainland with approximately 70% accuracy. (2) The EPC in most regions of Chinese Mainland was at low to moderate levels, with marked temporal and spatial variations; of high-level EPC, 58.26% was concentrated in eastern China. Six urban agglomerations (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, middle-south of Liaoning Province, and Sichuan Basin) accounted for 10.69% of the total area of Chinese Mainland but consumed 39.23% of the electricity. (3) The EPC of most regions in Chinese Mainland increased from 1995 to 2008, and 64% of the mainland area showed a significant increase in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC were found in 61.62% of eastern China and 80.65% of central China from 1995 to 2008, whereas 75.69% of western China showed no significant increase in EPC. Meanwhile, 77.27%, 89.35%, and 66.72% of the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, and Shandong Peninsula, respectively, showed high-speed increases in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC occurred in 71.12% and 72.13% of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region and middle-south of Liaoning Province, respectively, while no significant increase occurred in 56.34% of the Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
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空间相互作用模型中的目的地竞争效应 ——基于中国城市间铁路客流数据的实证研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
目的地竞争模型是空间相互作用领域的重要进展之一,但其有效性尚未得到一致认可,且缺乏基于中国的实证依据。基于中国2010年城市间铁路客流数据,采用目的地竞争模型进行实证分析,并与传统空间相互作用模型相比较,以检验目的地竞争模型在实际应用中的有效性。结果表明：① 空间结构对中国城市间铁路客流存在显著影响,目的地之间存在较强的竞争效应;② 目的地竞争模型的引入显著地减弱了距离衰减参数的空间自相关程度,较大程度上改善了传统空间相互作用模型的距离衰减参数标定偏误问题;③ 既有研究中在区域尺度下对传统空间相互作用模型（即重力模型）参数的标定及实证分析可能会存在偏误,目的地竞争模型这一改进模型具备应用价值。 相似文献