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1.
城市舒适性理论作为知识经济时代解释城市可持续发展新动力的理念,西方发达国家已有近70年的研究历史,而中国相关的研究甚少。新时期中国进入经济新常态,以创新驱动城市发展已成为学界、政界关注的重点和热点,而城市舒适性理论为此提供了较好的视角。论文首先从城市舒适性概念的提出及内涵探讨、理论形成、水平评价以及舒适性影响的实证研究4个方面的梳理入手,对国外城市舒适性的研究框架进行系统分析;其次,从舒适性概念引入与评价、舒适性与人才流动、舒适性与创意产业集聚、城市发展与舒适物配置4个方面系统总结国内的城市舒适性研究的前沿进展;最后,在比较国内外城市舒适性研究差异的基础上进行文献述评,从城市发展的前瞻性视角提出有必要在中国深入开展城市舒适性研究,并对如何在中国城市经济转型、人才迁移及城市规划研究中借鉴国外城市舒适性研究理念和实证经验进行了展望。 相似文献
2.
欧洲多中心城市区域的研究进展和应用实践 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以"多中心城市区域"(PUR)为代表的城市群体空间的发展已经成为欧洲空间发展与规划的重要特征,以"多中心发展"为目标、"城市区域"为单位的欧洲"多中心城市区域"研究和规划取得了大量的研究成果。PUR的研究以城市密集地区形态—功能的多中心性之间的契合关系为重点,探讨这一类型区域的动态发展模式及其多中心性、互补性、连通性、协同性和外部性等属性特征,并且在PUR的定量测度上进行了较多卓有成效的工作,同时在以ESDP为代表的欧洲空间规划中获得了广泛的应用。虽然对这一领域的研究已经取得了丰硕的研究成果,进行了一系列的实证研究和数量分析,但由于PUR概念本身的模糊性、原型区域的局限性以及政策实施过程中出现的地方性问题等因素的存在,使得这一理论概念和规划策略的研究尚需进一步的深入,其应用价值尚需进一步的观察和评估。对西方尤其是欧洲PUR研究成果的吸收和所存在问题的反思构成了主要研究内容。在对欧洲PUR的研究基础、属性特征、定量测度和研究应用等多个方面引介和评论的基础上,提出了加强对城镇密集地区的研究、强化PUR各种属性的定量实证分析以及借鉴和吸收欧洲PUR研究与规划思想等一些适用于中国城市群空间规划中获得了广泛的应用。虽然对这一领域的研究已经取得了丰硕的研究成果,进行了一系列的实证研究和数量分析,但由于PUR概念本身的模糊性、原型区域的局限性以及政策实施过程中出现的地方性问题等因素的存在,使得这一理论概念和规划策略的研究尚需进一步的深入,其应用价值尚需进一步的观察和评估。对西方尤其是欧洲PUR研究成果的吸收和所存在问题的反思构成了主要研究内容。在对欧洲PUR的研究基础、属性特征、定量测度和研究应用等多个方面引介和评论的基础上,提出了加强对城镇密集地区的研究、强化PUR各种属性的定量实证分析以及借鉴和吸收欧洲PUR研究与规划思想等一些适用于中国城市群空间规划与研究的借鉴与启示。 相似文献
3.
The Greater Darwin area has long experienced high housing costs and high rates of homelessness. Into this already stressed housing context have come large-scale, natural resource development projects, which are predicted to bring thousands of new workers to town, and exciting property investor interest. While many view these developments as positive, there is concern about the impacts upon the most vulnerable members of the population. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative research project exploring current housing issues in the Greater Darwin area. Interviews with housing support service providers and real estate agents reveal that the current population and investment growth have exacerbated longstanding housing issues. Increased housing stress in Darwin, and a myopic focus on rapid economic growth, may disenfranchise current residents and undermine service and support industries. We argue that while there may be some economic benefits from a ‘booming’ Darwin, greater planning and partnership between government, community organisations and corporates is required to ensure the benefits are spread across the population. Unfortunately, the Northern Territory government's dilatory approach to both housing issues and the social costs of the resources boom makes it highly unlikely innovative partnerships will occur. 相似文献
4.
Participatory slum upgrading as a disjunctive process in Recife,Brazil: Urban coproduction and the absent ground of the city 
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下载免费PDF全文 Pieter de Vries 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2016,37(3):295-309
This article engages with the coproduction of urban space by focusing on a slum upgrading project in Recife, Brazil. It argues that the urban situation is essentially inconsistent, unpredictable and unstable. It documents the history of urban planning in Recife, paying special attention to the coexistence of two different planning traditions, one aimed at what city planners call the informal city, which is participatory, bottom up and democratic, yet susceptible to be corrupted by political clientelism, and another aimed at the formal city, which is ‘strategic’, top down, technocratic and neoliberal. It argues that the informal/formal binary operates as a disjunctive synthesis that separates social actors rather than connecting them and provides the coordinates within which processes of coproduction take place. The disjunctive synthesis renders possible all sorts of fantastic imaginations that both disavow and reveal the missing ground of the city. Community leaders play a central role in the coproduction of urban space and function as the symptom of this absent ground. The article concludes that participatory urban development interventions aiming to curtail the role of community leaders end up as veritable tyrannies of participation, which should be seen as evidence of the disjointed character of planning rather than as forms of effective governmentality. 相似文献
5.
中国城市舒适物评价指标体系构建与实证 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
随着城市经济向新知识经济转型,舒适物被认为是影响高端人才移入和城市经济增长的最重要因素。在西方研究基础上,基于中国国情,探索性地构建了中国舒适物系统的综合指标体系,其中包括自然、文化、商业、交通、卫生和社会等6个一级指标以及34个二级指标。结合中国26个主要人口聚居城市的舒适物指标数据,对不同城市的舒适物综合指数水平进行测评;同时对测评结果的差异进行了解释分析。研究发现：① 城市舒适物综合水平呈现出比较大的差距,北上广深等大城市明显高于中西部城市;进一步聚类分析表明,中国大城市的舒适物水平既存在差异,也存在舒适物发展上的共同特征;② 与西方城市人口普遍重视自然舒适物相反,商业舒适物和交通便利程度是影响中国城市舒适物总体水平的最重要因素,卫生服务设施、文化舒适物、商业舒适物与城市吸引力和宜居程度总体评价的相关性最高,这说明中国目前的经济增长模式仍以物质消费为主,而人才流动主要看重舒适物中的文化和消费设施发达程度、卫生医疗水平和交通便利程度,对自然舒适物和社会舒适物等“软”环境的重视不如西方国家;③ 中国城市舒适物结构呈现出比较复杂的状态,表现为发展不均衡的结构类型。城市舒适物评价指标体系构建紧扣舒适物概念和内涵,具有操作性和延伸性,一方面根据评价结果可以判断中国大城市舒适物水平的优劣与结构特征,另一方面评价结果可用于进一步分析其与城市经济、人才、企业等变量的关系,从而完善中国转型期城市发展和增长理论。 相似文献
6.
国外城市舒适性研究综述与启示 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
城市发展中所关注的研究内容随城市所处的发展阶段和时代而变化。西方发达国家对城市舒适性的研究已经有长达70年的历史,而中国在这方面的研究开展甚少,并且对国外城市舒适性相关研究缺乏全面的认识。首先系统梳理了国外研究中关于城市舒适性的理论基础、概念、内涵,及其与人口迁移和城市发展的关系,并对研究方法进行了介绍;其次对国外城市舒适性研究进展进行了简要的评述和研究趋势展望,进而提出,从城市发展前瞻性的视角出发,有必要在中国深入开展城市舒适性研究,并对如何在中国城市规划设计、城市经济转型研究中借鉴城市舒适性研究理念和研究方法进行了分析。 相似文献
7.
近年来,网络分析被广泛应用至理解城市与区域组织模式及其空间效应中。单个城市在城际协同关系中借助“网络化”的规模经济而受益,一些城市或地区也因更便捷地连接其他城市从而导致资源或要素的流失。传统强调集聚经济的城市内生增长理论不再适宜用来单独解释“流动空间”塑造下的城市与区域组织,而城市网络的外部性成为影响城市增长、区域一体化的另一重要动因。目前,已有的研究（特别在国内）相对匮乏,多集中在网络的空间格局、过程等方面,针对网络联系的效应（外部性）较为忽视,比如城市网络外部性与集聚经济如何相互作用,哪些类型的城市将从城市网络外部性中获益或受损,城市网络外部性的产生条件如何等问题亟需探讨。为呼吁学术同行将更多对网络研究的关注移向探究城市网络对城市与区域发展有何作用、如何作用、怎样优化的科学探索,本专辑精心遴选了15篇相关论文,针对“城市网络外部性”开展系统的理论探讨与实证研究,勾勒城市网络外部性的研究议程与中国经验,并以此为起点推动城市网络研究从格局描述走向网络绩效的研究深化。 相似文献
8.
Everyday urban practices are enabled by both formal and informal rights regimes. Researchers often focus on the effects of formal rights; informal rights to use urban spaces have been less widely examined, particularly in North America. This article examines practices of intra-urban mobility in a gentrifying area of Portland, Oregon. We find that rights regimes regarding movement in urban space importantly shape who uses particular transit strategies and infrastructures. Specifically, we identify rights regimes rooted in explications of a city ideal and a neighborhood ethic. We suggest that Portland’s widely admired transit planning process has not sufficiently engaged with informal use rights in transit spaces, leading to uneven adoption of a transportation infrastructure that re-inscribes historic racialized injustices. An examination of informal use rights complicates common rights analytics, including those leveraging Lefebvre’s right to the city, emphasizing how all urban rights are contingent, contested and negotiated. 相似文献
9.
技术关联与城市产业增长研究 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
动态外部性对于城市产业增长具有显著影响,考察技术关联与城市产业增长之间的关系,并结合产业特征和区域特征构建产业—空间新增长模型,探讨技术关联对城市产业增长的影响机制。采用1998-2008年中国工业企业数据库的数据,研究发现产业特征和区域特征与技术关联存在相互作用,技术密集型产业的技术关联显著促进产业增长,此外东部地区技术关联越高,产业增长越迅速。研究表明,技术关联对城市产业增长的影响具有显著的促进作用,且在不同产业内部和不同区域间存在显著差异。 相似文献
10.
城市舒适性对城市创新发展有重要影响,但对大都市区内部舒适性及差异性对城市创新能力的影响研究较少。以北京市为研究区域,利用耦合协调度模型和多元线性回归模型分析城市舒适性与创新能力的关系。研究发现：① 北京市总体舒适性分布特点是以中心城区为核心,随着距中心城区距离增加,城区的舒适性水平逐渐降低。② 北京生态环境舒适性呈现从西北地区向东南地区逐渐递减的特点,而人工环境和社会氛围的舒适性由中心向四周地区递减,各区的舒适性水平在空间分布上呈集聚状态,高-高型聚类集中在东城区、西城区、朝阳区、海淀区及丰台区,形成北京市“高舒适性”区域。③ 结合耦合协调度模型发现北京市除平谷区、密云区和延庆区,其他城区目前均处于高水平耦合阶段,海淀区、东城区、西城区、朝阳区、丰台区的创新能力和舒适性发展耦合协调度较高,但北京市各区也存在舒适性与城市创新之间发展相对滞后问题。④ 北京城市舒适性与创新能力存在正相关关系,但不同舒适性要素对创新能力的作用不同,文化教育条件对城市创新能力的影响强度最大,交通便利性和社会氛围对创新能力的作用次之。政策建议是要推进文化教育、交通条件等人工舒适性水平的相对均衡发展,提高各区的城市舒适性,以城市舒适性推动创新能力的提升。 相似文献
11.
Governments in Latin American cities are pursuing regulatory reforms to address the negative externalities of informal public transportation service providers. This is achieved by regulatory actions that work to consolidate many small operators competing “in the market” into fewer larger companies competing “for the market.” This reform addresses problems in the previous phase of the regulatory cycle, but requires a larger role for public authorities. The cities of Bogotá, Santiago and Mexico City took different approaches and have achieved different levels of formalization. Under these cities’ new regulatory regimes, bus companies have consolidated and public authorities now rely on renegotiation of contracts instead of open rebidding. However, industry formalization increases costs, requiring public subsidy or higher fares, and puts financial pressure on the public sector. These results imply a continued instability in the regulatory cycle; without increased public sector capacity, it is possible that large, entrenched operators and increasing costs will create a new market opening for informal service. 相似文献
12.
中国城市产业增长研究: 基于动态外部性与经济转型视角 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
新经济增长理论强调动态外部性对经济增长的积极作用。本研究认为动态外部性对中国城市产业增长的影响依赖于中国经济转型。利用2000年和2005年地级市及其以上城市的两位数制造业数据进行实证研究,发现动态外部性和我国城市产业增长存在非线性关系。产业专业化和本地竞争一定程度上可以促进产业增长,但是当专业化和竞争超过一定水平之后将不利于产业增长;相反,多元化程度只有达到较高水平之后才会显著促进产业增长。本研究还发现动态外部性对于市场化程度较高、参与全球化程度高、地方保护较强的产业以及位于经济自主权较大的城市的产业影响尤为显著。本文清晰地表明我国经济转轨为动态外部性的发生创造了条件。 相似文献
13.
长三角城市网络外部性的空间异质性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
城市网络中是否存在“低端锁定”现象,低等级城市能否从网络中获益,高等级城市是否发挥了辐射带动作用,这些问题关系城市群发展的战略导向,当前仍缺乏深入论证。城市网络外部性是指城市因联系而得到的效益,为回答上述问题提供了理论依据,已成为城市网络研究的新热点。但现有研究主要关注网络外部性的整体特征,忽视区域内城市间的网络外部性差异。本文使用地理加权回归模型将网络外部性测度精确到每个城市,揭示网络外部性的空间异质性特征。研究以长三角地区41个城市为研究对象,按城市汇总企业之间相互投资规模构建城市网络,分析网络联系对城市发展水平的影响,证实了长三角地区存在网络外部性。研究发现：① 虽然网络外部性未成为主导,但嵌入城市网络已经对江浙沪城市发展起到了积极影响。② 网络外部性的地域差异较大,江苏省城市的网络外部性普遍强于浙江省,安徽省的网络外部性不强,城市发展仍主要由人、土地和资本的本地集聚决定。③ 长三角地区的网络外部性主要是在上海的辐射带动作用下形成的,3个省会城市南京、合肥、杭州对周边城市的辐射带动作用有限。④ 低等级城市虽未从网络中获得明显的效益,但也未被“低端锁定”,高等级城市没有在周边形成“集聚阴影”。本文希望能有助于完善城市网络外部性理论,为区域网络化发展提供理论支撑。 相似文献
14.
我国的许多风景名胜区被不同的行政区所分割。它们的有形资源可以按照属地原则进行管理,无形资源却是共有的,具有社团产权的特征。这引发了相关各地区旅游开发活动的非合作博弈,致使长期积淀形成的旅游品牌形象渐趋模糊、景区的整体性受到破坏,严重影响了景区的可持续发展。文章分析了风景名胜区行政割据造成的负外部效应,并就产权安排的创新提出了自己的看法。 相似文献
15.
"十一五"期间我国区域规划有关问题的思考和建议 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
"十一五"规划期间,国家将把区域规划工作放在突出重要的位置。区域规划既不是国民经济和社会发展规划在区域上的细化,也不是行业规划在区域上的汇总,而是为解决特定区域的特定问题或达到区域内特定目标而采取或实施的战略、发展思路、政策等。区域规划的内涵决定了区域规划的特点和性质,"十一五"期间加强和重视区域规划工作具有重大意义,是促进我国区域协调发展、落实科学发展观、解决区域重大问题、加速与国际现代管理体制接轨、完善我国规划体系以及促进社会主义市场经济秩序建立的迫切需要。文章提出在"十一五"期间,要研究确定区域规划编制主体、编制程序及审批主体等问题,加强我国重点区域规划范围的研究,开展新的地区经济发展类型划分,统筹区域发展,完善区域发展政策,制定相应的法律法规。 相似文献
16.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):254-270
In the 1960s and 1970s, Asian urban development policies centered on slowing down the rate of urbanization through controlson the growth of the large metropolitan cities. Satellite towns and greenbelts have been among the most widely adopted means to achieve this. However, on the whole, satellite towns have proved to be ineffectual in meeting original objectives, and those towns built to be self-contained have been most successful. Although the outcomes of the satellite-town building experience in Asia are fairly straightforward, what is less clearly understood is why so many of them, though built from scratch, were planned with a weak economic base. Were the planners unaware of this, or was the planning process circumscribed from the start because of the pulls of different interest groups? This paper reviews the evolution of the satellite town of New Bombay, India, to illustrate the political nature of its planning, the difficulties of plan implementation, and the influence of local interest groups. The development of New Bombay is a reflection of many of the problems that have beset satellite-town building in Asia. 相似文献
17.
This paper explores the relationships between amenity, creativity, internal migration processes and economic development in a significant proportion of rural Australia. In developing a predictive and synoptic model of migration attractiveness, we explore the extent to which rural regions and localities have been able to attract ‘creative’ human capital since 2001, the geographic distribution of such gains, and the extent to which ‘creative class’ presence is positively associated with business and employment growth. We find that ‘creative industry’ members find high amenity and high socio-economic status areas of rural Australia attractive places in which to live and work, yet this group's presence is not readily attributable to rural migration processes. Presence of the creative class, together with select rural amenity indicators, are powerful predictors of firm numbers but appear to have little influence over employment creation in rural Australia. Given these findings, the paper argues that building regional development policies around the attraction of the creative class is unlikely to yield major economic development gains. 相似文献
18.
AMENITY MIGRATION IN THE U.S. SIERRA NEVADA* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABSTRACT. Since 1960 California's Sierra Nevada counties have ranked among the regions with the strongest relative population growth in the state. Reassessment of peripheral areas has been the main force driving population and settlement growth in the central Sierra Nevada of California and Nevada, termed “amenity migration” or “counterurbanization.” This study analyzes the impacts of amenity migrants—“urban refugees”—on socioeconomic conditions in high‐mountain regions. We define these regions as the “High Sierra,” comprising zones at elevations more than 1,800 meters above sea level. People who migrate to the High Sierra tend to be white and well educated, with considerable household earnings. Unlike the population in the foothills, these migrants are not senior citizens. Their demand for periodic or permanent residences has caused housing prices to increase enormously. As a result, a majority of homes are now priced well beyond the reach of local salaries, which may lead to potential conflict between locals and newcomers. The massive settlement expansion in high‐mountain areas requires a new approach to land‐use planning, one that takes functional regions into account. Therefore, it is expedient to reassess existing jurisdictional boundaries. 相似文献
19.
Experiences and issues of using cellular automata for assisting urban and regional planning in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Xia Li Yimin Chen Xiaoping Liu Xiaocong Xu Guangliang Chen 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(8):1606-1629
Since the late 1990s, there are growing studies on the development of cellular automata (CA) as a simulation tool for assisting urban and regional planning in China. Rapid urban development is the main reason that this country has become one of the best places to test the methodology of CA and analyze the effectiveness of using these models. This paper attempts to summarize the experiences and issues of using CA to solve various environmental and planning problems in China. The analysis is based on the literature review using the search engines of ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar. These experiences could be important for those who want to apply CA in developing countries. For example, which environmental and ecological problems can be solved by using this bottom-up approach? What are the data inputs to these models and how can they be calibrated? Our analyses indicate that CA have the great potential to support land-use planning and policy analysis for fast-growing regions. Some specific features of using CA in China are also identified in the literature review, including delineation of urban growth boundary, prevention of illegal development and formulating zoning schemes. The CA studies in this fast-growing country provided valuable experiences for other developing countries to solve a series of simulation and planning problems by using this bottom-up approach. 相似文献
20.
珠三角外向型制造业非正规部门的形成发展机制——以广州市狮岭镇皮具产业为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作为世界城市化发展中的普遍现象,非正规部门的形成发展一直是研究重点。以广州狮岭皮具产业为例,以非正规工厂和临时工为对象,研究了外向型制造业中非正规部门的形成发展机制。研究认为：正规企业为满足产品生产和降低成本的需求而采取的生产分包模式是非正规部门形成的根本因素;正规企业劳动保障的缺失与工人对自由轻松的工作方式的追求促使工人转入非正规工厂和临时工市场,推动了非正规部门的发展;当地宽松的管制环境为非正规部门的存在提供了可能。全球金融危机在短期内对非正规部门的发展起到了催化作用。研究支持了新马克思主义理论,认为正规部门和非正规部门是相互联系的关系,是产业经济发展中有利的组成要素。非正规部门不是劳动者进入正规部门的“跳板”,而是他们逃避正规经济过度剥削的“避难所”。最后讨论了有关非正规部门和非正规劳动者的政策启示。 相似文献