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1.
Africa’s recent growth successes are raising hopes that its cities can generate the positive externalities needed to sustain long-term development. This paper examines the prospects for such a transformation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A sociotechnical systems framework is elaborated: one which conceptualizes urbanization pathways as determined by the practices, modes of governance, couplings, and multiscalar relations that constitute production, consumption, and infrastructure regimes in cities. The framework is deployed to assess whether Dar es Salaam’s industries, markets, public services, and built environments are generating distributive development outcomes. The analysis shows that the city is experiencing socioeconomically and spatially uneven development driven by processes of extraversion, intraversion, and splintering. Urban regimes are thus serving a more “parasitic” role by channeling capital offshore, bringing imports onshore, and creating highly uneven distributions of basic services. The paper highlights points of intervention and the value of the conceptual approach for comparative urban research. 相似文献
2.
Manja H. Andreasen Jytte Agergaard Robert B. Kiunsi Ally H. Namangaya 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2017,117(2):93-104
AbstractUrban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts have focused disproportionately on the challenges of big cities, while small and medium-sized urban settlements are growing most rapidly and house the majority of urban residents. Small towns have received some attention, but very few studies have focused on secondary cities. This paper offers a study of urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in Arusha, a rapidly growing secondary city of Tanzania. Arusha functions as a major attraction for migrants and in-migration is a central dynamic shaping transformation processes in central areas characterized by high population turnovers, vibrant rental markets and widespread landlordism. There is also a considerable degree of intra-urban residential mobility within and between central areas. Intra-urban residential mobility is the most important dynamic shaping transformation processes in peripheral areas characterized by long-term urban residents moving from central parts of the city as part of a process of establishing themselves as homeowners. Overall, the paper provides crucial insights on how migration and residential mobility patterns influence processes of urban growth and transformation in the context of large secondary city, and thereby contributes to fill a significant knowledge gap on secondary cities in Africa. 相似文献
3.
Afton Halloran Jakob Magid 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):121-132
As a multifunctional activity and land use, urban agriculture supports a range of objectives, from urban greening to food security. However, it is often left out of urban policy. As a result of the highly contextual and cross-cutting nature of urban agriculture, there are relatively few comprehensive and formalized regulatory tools to draw from. Different cities around the world are now deciding how to fit urban agriculture into the urban agenda; however, in many places urban agriculture continues to operate in the absence of legitimization due to its relatively mobile and dynamic nature. This article looks at the importance of local and central governments in promoting sustainable urban agriculture. Through participatory action research, it examines the cases of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Copenhagen, Denmark to understand stakeholder interactions, as well as present and future barriers to the conservation of existing urban agriculture and future initiatives. The findings suggest that municipal recognition and institutional support for urban agriculture is an important component in increasing the sustainability of related initiatives. Local and central government plays a role in the legitimization and institutionalization of urban agriculture through the facilitation of multi-stakeholder processes, policy development and the conservation and allocation of land. 相似文献
4.
Aristide Yemmafouo Chrétien Ngouanet Romeo Keumo Songong Nicodème Djikeng Teufack Sophie Ariane Djuidje 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2017,117(2):105-116
AbstractThis study examines how migrant households relocate their homes in two Cameroonian cities over the course of lifetimes or even generations. The central claim is that homeownership is the ultimate sign of integration into city life. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods (218 interviews, 30 focus groups and a household survey, sample size 686), the study argues that three key factors explain why people move: the quality of housing they can affords, the proximity to a workplace and the potential for homeownership. Three residential model trajectories are identified. The first describes a journey from being a new migrant who is a guest of family or friends in the city centre to being a married family with kids owning a home in the urban periphery. The second model continues that journey by returning back to the city centre in pursuit of more convenient, high-status home location (if finances permit). A third model describes moves to sites all over the city later in life as older individuals seek to maximize family income in the way they use multiple properties. Understanding residential mobility patterns has the potential to lead to a better public policies and more effective private investments in the housing sector. 相似文献
5.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(2):55-63
Abstract Experiential learning pedagogies are being adopted across undergraduate education and touted as an effective strategy for enhancing student learning. This paper develops an explanation for how and why such pedagogies can foster students' critical thinking and learning. Drawing on data collected from first-year students in “field based” urban geography courses at an urban university, I show how students' existing knowledge of urban spaces and specific parts of the city is constructed from a variety of sources and experiences, and can be incorporated in experiential learning activities in ways that foster critical learning. Such an approach is crucial to creating learning environments in higher education that include a greater diversity of student identities and life experiences. 相似文献
6.
政治生态学是西方人文政治地理研究人与自然/环境互动的辩证关系的核心领域。城市政治生态学作为政治生态学的衍生分支同样经历了二十年快速的发展,这一领域尚未获得中国人文地理学界的系统关注。本文对西方文献中城市政治生态学的理论发展、研究议题以及近期前沿的学术争论和理论拓展进行了系统梳理与探讨。政治生态学分析方法批判和克服了技术专家治国论、新马尔萨斯主义、增长的极限等非政治视角的环境生态解释。理论溯源于新马克思主义城市地理学的城市政治生态学,继承了政治生态学的政治视角,但同时对政治生态学和城市研究两个领域中的自然/社会的二元对立提出了批判,以社会-生态混合体为理论出发点,打破并超越了城市-自然的对立和二元划分,通过研究自然的生产、循环与新陈代谢,将城市概念化为动态变化的社会-生态混合体,并揭露了城市环境的生产和社会-生态演化过程本质上是一个政治过程,突出强调了社会-生态混合体演化变迁过程的政治经济学、政治过程、权力关系的分析对于理解不平等的城市环境的核心作用。近5年来,城市政治生态学研究在后结构主义理论启发下扩展了经典马克思主义城市政治生态学,拓展了理论溯源,丰富了对城市环境和生态的解释,并产生了一系列围绕方法论上的城市主义、星球城市化、多地点方法论等的前沿学术批判与争论。 相似文献
7.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(4):154-165
Abstract Conventional geographical approaches to the city tend to place the study of urban form and urban space squarely within the political-economic and cultural branches of geography. Geographic pedagogy has tended to assume, therefore, that nature is absent from the city or exists only as a backdrop or stage on which urban economic and cultural activities take place. In contrast, there has been a recent groundswell of interest—originating in places as diverse as environmental activism, environmental history, landscape architecture, and environmental education—in reinterpreting the city as a space intimately connected with nature. This article examines the possibilities for integrating this rethinking of the relationship between city and nature into undergraduate education. Specifically, it outlines the rationale, objectives, and design of a course on urban ecology and examines the benefits and challenges of doing urban ecology as part of geographic education. 相似文献
8.
北京城市意象空间及构成要素研究 总被引：70，自引：7，他引：70
本文通过照片辩认和认知地图调查试图对北京城市意象空间进行研究。结果表明：北京市的城市意象空间是天安门广场为中心，以长安街和二不、三环、四环路以及前门大街等道路骨架形成的网格状系统。该网状系统以二环路为界，划分为内、外两个城区。在内城区，在道路框架的 基础上，由地标、节点、功能区等要素共同组成城市意象；而在外城区，则只有部分地标要素起主导作用。行政区对于整个市区居民只有模糊的意象。综合起来看，影响北京城市意象空间的主要要素是道路、地标和节点。 相似文献
9.
城市老龄化问题研究的时间地理学框架与展望 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
进入21世纪后，老龄化问题已经成为全世界关注的焦点之一，亦成为多学科研究的对象，通过社会学和地理学对老龄化问题研究视角的对比分析，将时间地理学方法引入对城市老龄化问题的研究中，提出社会学视角与地理学视角相结合的城市老龄化的研究基本框架，展望时间地理学在城市老年服务设施的时间管理和空间管理，老年福利服务以及老年社区建设等方面的应用前景。 相似文献
10.
基于邻域扩展量化法的城市边界识别 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
城市空间分析的基本条件是可靠的测度,而城市的基本测度是规模。客观定义城市边界是有效确定城市规模的技术前提。近年来国内外学者提出几种城市边界识别的方法,其中能够定量反映城市内部实体空间组织关系的多采用矢量图像。但这些矢量数据的获取十分困难,且实时性差。因此,本文借鉴前人的研究成果,基于邻域扩展量化和标度思想,提出一种应用于遥感栅格图像上的城市边界识别方法。该方法的本质是一种空间邻域融合法,通过改变像元邻域的作用范围,可以得到不同的空间集群数目;借助搜索范围与集群数目的标度关系确定一个客观的半径,据此可以利用GIS技术确定城市边界。将该方法应用于北京地区多个年份的遥感图像,发现了像元的有效邻域作用范围。此方法以栅格图像为基础,数据实时性好并且获取容易,计算过程简便,在未来的城市边界研究过程中,可望与现有的方法相互补充。 相似文献
11.
城市建筑容积率研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
容积率是描述城市土地开发强度的重要指标,在人地矛盾日益尖锐的今天,"高容积、低密度"的城市开发思想得到人们的青睐,然而当该政策实施于实践中时,却暴露出很多的问题,如交通堵塞、日照不足、易发火灾等,严重影响着人们的身心健康和城市的可持续发展。如何合理确定建筑容积率成为当前研究的焦点。文章从容积率的概念、特征、影响因素等方面入手,对城市规划中的容积率进行研究和分析,包括容积率对地价的影响、现状容积率的估算和规划容积率的确定。比较了城市地价评估中容积率修正系数确定方法的优缺点,阐述了高分辨率遥感影像在城市现状容积率估算中的应用及进展,探索了一条确定合理容积率的有效途径——综合平衡法。通过对容积率研究脉络的梳理,得出环境容量限制将是制约容积率提高的瓶颈,试图探索一种基于3DCM日照分析模型的极限容积率的求取方法。 相似文献
12.
城市交通系统对土地利用的影响作用研究——以广州为例 总被引：15，自引：5，他引：10
在评述国内外城市交通系统对土地利用影响作用研究的基础上,以广州为案例,利用有关政府部门资料、统计资料和实地调查资料,引入定量分析和GIS、RS空间分析技术,系统全面地研究了城市交通系统对土地利用的影响作用。首先,作者论述了城市交通系统发展对城市空间格局演化的引导作用;接着,应用GIS和RS技术分析论证了城市交通系统建设对土地利用开发的刺激作用;第三,应用GIS技术和多元统计分析方法探讨了城市交通系统对土地利用价格的影响作用;最后阐明了城市交通系统对广州各类用地布局的影响。 相似文献
13.
《Urban geography》2012,33(10):1548-1567
ABSTRACTState entities in Brazil have rolled out numerous programs to “integrate” precarious settlements into the so-called formal city of Rio de Janeiro. Two of the most visceral integration projects in Rio’s favelas have been infrastructural upgrading and public security via military police occupation. Drawing on participant observation, interviews, and policy analysis, in this paper I trace how these projects attempt to formalize land, labor, and behavior in a complex of favelas called Complexo do Alemão. Inspired by postcolonial urban approaches to formalization, I argue that formality/informality as it operates through these projects is, in part, a performative distinction deployed by the state, echoing elite and popular socio-spatial imaginaries. I add, however, that non-state actors are also involved in their own practices of formalization. Residents themselves are re-making diverse forms of property, employment, and behavior through processes of subversive formalization, informed by their geographically-embedded and historical relationships with one another. 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACT Urban greening is about bringing vegetation into cities in ways that produce flourishing urban ecologies whilst also making cities more liveable for human inhabitants. We focus here on greening that is done through the maintenance or establishment of gardens, parks, urban forests and informal spaces. We argue that in contexts with established property law systems, such as Australia, making urban ecologies through greening is shaped heavily by relations of property tied to land. This includes constraining the extent to which urban greening can contribute to socio-ecologically just cities. We suggest that progressing greening that is more attentive to the geographies and temporalities of more-than-human life requires us to trouble the hold of property over greening. To do this we explore the possibilities opened up by the lens of urban commons/commoning. We engage with the emerging concept of more-than-human commoning as a way of attuning urban greening to nonhuman agency and affordances. We also grapple with the risk of obscuring or concealing difference between humans in the way commoning makes room for more-than-humans, especially in the context of settler-colonialism. We conclude by calling for a more overt politics of urban greening that encompasses diverse human and more-than-human experiences of the city. 相似文献
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16.
The city of Denver, Colorado recently outlawed camping in all open space. Part of a broad effort to accelerate the profit potential of prime urban land through real estate speculation and commerce, the camping ban has dislocated homeless people from the city’s marginal spaces. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in Denver, this article develops a tripartite approach to public space—prime, everyday, and marginal—to analyze challenging ways in which people who are homeless in Denver must now manage their exposure to others in everyday public spaces. In addition to eliminating places of hard-won safety and security, this singular new code disrupts hygiene, mobility, and sociability routines, thus throwing already precarious lives into further disarray by rendering housing status visible. To demonstrate how everyday social justice springs from interaction between different people co-present in public space, we foreground the voices of Denver’s homeless people, those most impacted by quality of life laws. Evicting individuals from marginal spaces and rendering them visibly homeless in everyday and prime spaces, the ban deprives them of a fundamental right to the city: anonymity. 相似文献
17.
国内外失地农民城市融合及保障制度综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着我国城市化进程的加快,失地农民的数量越来越多,成为影响社会和谐发展的重大问题。文章根据国内外近十多年来的相关文献,总结了国内外失地农民城市融合及保障制度的研究进展,并对未来的研究进行了展望。国外学者利用社会学模型和质性研究方法,对失地农民的城市融合及其影响因素进行了分析,提出政府完善法律法规和创建救助组织的融合策略建议。国内学者侧重于研究失地农民个人属性、就业培训、户籍、生活空间等因素对其城市融合的影响,提出政府和失地农民个人都需进行改变以促进失地农民的全面融合。未来失地农民城市融合及保障制度问题的研究应注重量化方法与质性方法的综合运用,建立具有广泛适用性的测量模型,将理论与实际联系得更加紧密,改善失地农民的生存与生活质量。 相似文献
18.
城市旅游到城市群旅游的系统研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
城市群正成为全球经济竞争的基本地域单元, 城市群旅游研究正处于起步阶段。本文采用文献分析法系统总结了城市旅游和城市群旅游的主要研究内容, 分析了城市旅游向城市群旅游转向的推动因素和路径, 最后讨论了城市群旅游发展存在的问题和趋势。研究认为, 旅游主要在城市商业区塑造和城市滨水空间开发、经济与就业增长、对城市规划的补充、促进文化交流、提高城市整体形象、引导或加速城市环境质量的改善6 个方面促进城市发展。旅游与城市融合发展具有互利性、动态性。城市群旅游研究主要集中在旅游发展带动了城市群旅游产业集聚、交通条件提升、空间结构优化、旅游合作4 个方面。全球化与地方化趋势是城市群旅游形成的重要动力, 城镇体系是空间建构的物质基础, 旅游产品和市场需求的多样化及差异化是推力, 以快速交通为代表的交流手段是科技支撑, 政府对城市群旅游发展起到主要协调作用, 这5 个因素推动着城市旅游向城市群旅游的转变。城市群旅游强调政府和市场调控下多系统、多要素下的动态相互作用, 城市群研究是城市旅游研究的深入。对城市旅游、城市群旅游内容进行系统归纳可为今后城市群旅游研究奠定基础, 拓展旅游地理学研究范围。 相似文献
19.
Jennifer Robinson 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2011,32(2):125-140
Editors' Note: The following is the ninth in the Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography Lecture Series. It is based on the plenary presentation of 3 September at the Annual Conference of the Royal Geography Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) held in London in 2010. In the search for a more international approach to theorizing cities, comparative methods hold considerable promise, although one concern might be that in their theoretical ambitions they foster a universalising approach rather than one appreciative of diverse and sometimes divergent urban experiences. The potentially universalizing ambitions of comparative methods lead some postcolonial theorists to question the extent to which comparativism carries the marks of colonial histories. Critics argue that some aspects of formal comparative methods can be traced to ambitious and geographically encompassing intellectual projects from the colonial era, when the interest and capacity to bring different parts of the world together within the same intellectual frame advanced significantly. This paper explores the complexities of these colonial lineages of comparative research with a view to assessing their implications for postcolonial comparative urbanism. It concludes by assessing the potential for more modest comparative experiments in a postcolonial vein through attending to the diverse vernacular cosmopolitanisms of cities. Following the spatialities of cities themselves has the potential to offer non‐universalizing but variously internationalizing theoretical engagements with different places. 相似文献
20.
姆万扎是坦桑尼亚第二大城市,也是非洲发展最快的城市之一,近年来城市蔓延问题日益凸显。本文以遥感解译的姆万扎2000、2010、2015年3期土地利用数据为基础,运用GIS空间分析、用地增长弹性系数、景观指数等方法和指标,并结合实地调研和关键知情人访谈,分析了姆万扎2000年以来城市蔓延的空间特征及影响因素。分析结果表明：1）2000年~2015年间姆万扎城市以非正式聚落形式快速蔓延,建成区扩展速度和扩展强度迅速增加;蔓延主要占用裸地,其次是植被,侵占植被的速度迅速加快;2）城市蔓延主要沿3条主干道进行,属于“廊道式为主,填充式为辅”的扩展模式,形成指状的城市空间形态;建成区紧凑度逐渐下降,形状变得更加不规则;3）城市蔓延的主要区域和整体范围都在扩大,距离衰减特征明显,沿东南方向扩展强度最高;4）城市蔓延主要受到人口与经济增长、交通条件改善、土地制度问题及有效规划缺失等因素的影响。加强次干路和地方道路的规划和建设,制定及时、有效、符合地方背景的城市规划,是未来姆万扎控制城市蔓延的可能途径。 相似文献