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This paper presents a ‘Eulerian‐like’ finite element technique to simulate the large accumulated displacements of piles subjected to multiple hammer blows. For each hammer blow, results are obtained using a standard small strain finite element model and, at the end of each hammer blow, material flow is taken into account with reference to a fixed finite element mesh. Residual stresses calculated at the Gauss integration points of the deformed finite element mesh are mapped on to the fixed finite element mesh, and these stresses are used as initial stresses for the next hammer blow. At the end of each hammer blow, stiffness and mass matrices are recalculated for the volume of material remaining inside the fixed finite element mesh. Results obtained with and without allowing material to flow through the fixed mesh are compared for several hammer blows. Build up of residual stresses, soil flow and yielded points around the pile are presented for plugged, partially‐plugged and unplugged piles. Using the new finite element technique, the driving of a pile from the soil surface is studied. The ability to analyse this and other large deformation problems is the main advantage of the new finite element technique. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The installation of displacement piles in sand leads to severe changes in the stress state, density and soil properties around the pile tip and shaft, and therefore has a significant influence on the pile bearing capacity. Most current numerical methods predicting pile capacity do not take installation effects into account, as large deformations can lead to mesh distortion and non-converging solutions. In this study, the material point method (MPM) is applied to simulate the pile installation process and subsequent static pile loading tests. MPM is an extension of the finite element method (FEM), which is capable of modelling large deformations and soil-structure interactions. This study utilizes the moving mesh algorithm where a redefined computational mesh is applied in the convective phase. This allows a fine mesh to be maintained around the pile tip during the installation process and improves the accuracy of the numerical scheme, especially for contact formulation. For the analyses a hypoplastic constitutive model for sand is used, which takes into account density and stress dependent behaviour. The model performs well in situations with significant stress level changes because it accounts for very high stresses at the pile tip. Numerical results agree with centrifuge experiments at a gravitational level of 40 g. This analysis confirms the importance of pile installation effects in numerical simulations, as well as the proposed numerical approach’s ability to simulate installation and static load tests of jacked displacement piles. 相似文献
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The analysis of elasto-plastic boundary value problems using the finite element method involves many discretizations. These lead to the problem of yield surface drift in which the stress state predicted at the end of an elasto-plastic increment of loading does not lie on the current yield surface. As such discrepancies are comulative it is important to ensure that the stresses are corrected back to the yield surface during each increment of loading. In this paper five methods of accounting for this drift are examined. These involve correcting the stresses by projecting back along the plastic flow, the total strain increment and the accumulated effective stress direction. In addition a ‘correct’, method which accounts for the changes in elastic strains which accompany any stress correction is considered. This method is theoretically more sound than the other approximate approaches. All five methods have been used in finite element analyses of the stress changes that occur adjacent to a single pile installed in a uniform deposit of soil on pile loading. The soil was assumed to be normally consolidated and was modelled using a form of modified Cam Clay. Comparison of these results with an analysis, in which yield surface drift was negligible indicated that only the ‘correct’ method and the method involving projecting back along the plastic flow direction give accurate predictions. Substantiai errors occur if the other methods of correcting for yield surface drift are employed. It is recommended that the ‘correct’ method be adopted for finite element calculations. 相似文献
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A numerical model based on the theory of mixtures is proposed for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of flow and deformation in unsaturated porous media. Starting from the conservation laws, the governing differential equations and the finite element incremental approximations suitable for nonlinear large deformation static and dynamic analyses are derived within the updated Lagrangian framework. The coupling between solid and fluid phases is enforced according to the effective stress principle taking suction dependency of the effective stress parameter into account. The effect of hydraulic hysteresis on the effective stress parameter and soil water characteristic curve is also taken into account. The application of the approach is demonstrated through numerical analyses of several fundamental nonlinear problems and the results are compared to the relevant analytical solutions. The effects of suction, large deformations and hydraulic hysteresis on static and dynamic response of unsaturated soils are particularly emphasized. 相似文献
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方形平板锚抗拉承载力的大变形有限元分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于网格重分和改进的REP应力恢复技术,建立了三维大变形有限元方法研究拉力作用下方形平板锚与黏性土地基的相互作用。与常规的小变形有限元不同,大变形分析能够完整模拟平板锚的上拔过程,如果平板锚底面与土体始终保持接触,三维大变形计算得到的方板与圆板抗拉力相差很小;在无重土中的平板在加载初始即与土体脱离时,方板的承载力略低于圆板。大变形分析给出的立即脱离承载力系数与模型试验数据基本吻合,而小变形有限元与下限分析忽略了方形平板锚的长距离上拔过程对其抗拉力的影响,可能高估深锚的承载力。改进估计方形平板锚抗拉承载力的简化方法,方便于工程应用。 相似文献
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The development of a numerical procedure for the finite element analysis of anchors dynamically penetrating into saturated soils is outlined, highlighting its unique features and capabilities. The mechanical behaviour of saturated porous media is predicted using mixture theory. An algorithm is developed for frictional contact in terms of effective normal stress. The contact formulation is based on a mortar segment-to-segment scheme, which considers the interpolation functions of the contact elements to be of order N, thus overcoming a numerical deficiency of the so-called node-to-segment (NTS) contact algorithm. The nonlinear behaviour of the solid constituent is captured by the Modified Cam Clay soil model. The soil constitutive model is also adapted so as to incorporate the dependence of clay strength on strain rate. An appropriate energy-absorbing boundary is used to eliminate possible wave reflections from the artificial mesh boundaries. To illustrate the use of the proposed computational scheme, simulations of dynamically penetrating anchors are conducted. Results are presented and discussed for the installation phase followed by ‘setup’, i.e., pore pressure dissipation and soil consolidation. The results, in particular, reveal the effects of strain rate on the generation of excess pore pressure, bearing resistance and frictional forces. The setup analyses also illustrate the pattern in which pore pressures are dissipated within the soil domain after installation. Hole closure behind a dynamic projectile is also illustrated by an example. 相似文献
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This paper deals with the grouted pipe‐roofing reinforcement method that is used in the construction of tunnels through weak grounds. This system consists on installing, prior to the excavation of a length of tunnel, an array of pipes forming a kind of ‘umbrella’ above the area to be excavated. In some cases, these pipes are later used to inject grout to strengthen the ground and ‘connect’ the pipes. This system has proven to be very efficient in reducing tunnel convergence and water inflow when tunnelling through weak grounds. However, due to the geometrical and mechanical complexity of the problem, existing finite element frameworks are inappropriate to simulate tunnelling using this method. In this paper, a mathematical framework based on a homogenization technique to simulate ‘grouted pipe‐roofing reinforced ground’ and its implementation into a 3‐D finite element programme that can consider stage construction situations are presented. The constitutive model developed allows considering the main design parameters of the problem and only requires geometrical and mechanical properties of the constituents. Additionally, the use of a homogenization approach implies that the generation of the finite element mesh can be easily produced and that re‐meshing is not required as basic geometrical parameters such as the orientation of the pipes are changed. The model developed is used to simulate tunnelling with the grouted pipe‐roofing reinforcement method. From the analyses, the effects of the main design parameters on the elastic and the elastoplastic analyses are considered. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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M. E. Duncan Fama 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1989,13(3):331-337
It is shown that a finite element calculation which approximates an ‘infinite medium’; problem by a mesh with finite boundaries will yield greater accuracy when stress boundary conditions are applied on the far-field boundary than is obtainable with displacement boundary conditions. In particular, with Poisson's ratio close to 0.5, the accuracy of the latter model is severely impaired, whereas the stress boundary condition model is unaffected for Poisson's ratio of 0.49 and a reasonable mesh. The eight-node quadratic isoparametric element displays superb accuracy for the axisymmetric thick cylinder with either type of boundary condition. 相似文献
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The implementation of the non-linear elastic multi-surface plastic kinematic constitutive soil model ALTERNAT into a general uncoupled finite element program called ALTICA is described. The principal features of the model are discussed and its implementation into an initial stress type excess plastic stress redistribution algorithm. To show the abilities of the model and validate the algorithm, several examples are presented including the calibration of the model to a real sand with measured monotonic and cyclic properties. In the monotonic examples, the ability of ALTICA to accurately reproduce the predicted collapse load of geotechnical structures is demonstrated using the results of finite element simulations of two typical boundary value problems (with known analytical or numerical solutions). In the cyclic examples, results of cyclic liquefaction simulation using both a non-inertial ‘static’ and inertial ‘dynamic’ algorithm are presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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It is common in the analysis of piles under lateral loads to use a model of a beam on elastic foundation, or a finite element model with the pile represented by a one dimensional beam–column with its axis coinciding with the central line of the finite element mesh. In both cases the lateral stiffness of the pile itself, as a structural element, is a function of the product of its Young’s modulus of elasticity by the moment of inertia of the cross section (EI). For solid piles the moment of inertia is directly related to the radius but this is not the case when dealing with hollow piles where the value of the radius corresponding to a given moment of inertia is not unique. Both of the above models ignore the effect of the value of the radius of the soil cavity occupied by the pile. In this work a more accurate model of the pile with the soil around it represented. A consistent boundary matrix valid for static and dynamic analyses is used to evaluate the accuracy of the results provided by the model of a beam on elastic foundation. In addition, a 1D model of the pile is analyzed with finite elements for the soil. This analysis considers a fixed value of the product EI, but a variable radius in order to illustrate the importance of the radial dimension. Results are obtained for a pile fixed at the bottom, but long enough so that the top boundary conditions do not affect the results and for a shorter floating pile were the shear and moment at the bottom resulting from the underlying soil would not be zero. For the beam on elastic foundation model, the top of the pile was assumed to be fixed. 相似文献
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Analysis of large deformation of geomaterials subjected to time‐varying load poses a very difficult problem for the geotechnical profession. Conventional finite element schemes using the updated Lagrangian formulation may suffer from serious numerical difficulties when the deformation of geomaterials is significantly large such that the discretized elements are severely distorted. In this paper, an operator‐split arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) finite element model is proposed for large deformation analysis of a soil mass subjected to either static or dynamic loading, where the soil is modelled as a saturated porous material with solid–fluid coupling and strong material non‐linearity. Each time step of the operator‐split ALE algorithm consists of a Lagrangian step and an Eulerian step. In the Lagrangian step, the equilibrium equation and continuity equation of the saturated soil are solved by the updated Lagrangian method. In the Eulerian step, mesh smoothing is performed for the deformed body and the state variables obtained in the updated Lagrangian step are then transferred to the new mesh system. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed ALE method are verified by comparison of its results with the results produced by an analytical solution for one‐dimensional finite elastic consolidation of a soil column and with the results from the small strain finite element analysis and the updated Lagrangian analysis. Its performance is further illustrated by simulation of a complex problem involving the transient response of an embankment subjected to earthquake loading. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Finite element analyses are used to quantify the effects of construction technique on the performance of braced excavations. It is first shown that the computations can be continued to ‘collapse’ and that the results agree with limit plasticity solutions. A case study involving stratified deposits of marine clay and sand is used to carry out a Class C1 ‘prediction’ of field performance. The influence of construction technique on deformations and strut loads is shown. The results of the computations are in agreement with field observations, assuming a relatively ‘flexible’ construction technique. However, even if much ‘stiffer’ techniques had been used, large field deformations would have been unavoidable under certain circumstances. 相似文献
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In this paper an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method to solve dynamic problems involving large deformation is presented. This ALE method is based upon the operator-split technique in which the material displacements and mesh displacements are uncoupled. A brief history of the ALE method is first presented and then special issues such as time-stepping, mesh refinement, energy absorbing boundaries, dynamic equilibrium checks and remapping of state variables are explained. The ALE method and the updated-lagrangian (UL) method are then used to analyse some geotechnical problems to examine the significance of inertia effects, large deformation and contact mechanics. The results show the efficiency of the ALE method for solving dynamic geotechnical problems involving large deformation. 相似文献
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This paper outlines the development as well as implementation of a numerical procedure for coupled finite element analysis of dynamic problems in geomechanics, particularly those involving large deformations and soil-structure interaction. The procedure is based on Biot’s theory for the dynamic behaviour of saturated porous media. The nonlinear behaviour of the solid phase of the soil is represented by either the Mohr Coulomb or Modified Cam Clay material model. The interface between soil and structure is modelled by the so-called node-to-segment contact method. The contact algorithm uses a penalty approach to enforce constraints and to prevent rigid body interpenetration. Moreover, the contact algorithm utilises a smooth discretisation of the contact surfaces to decrease numerical oscillations. An Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) scheme preserves the quality and topology of the finite element mesh throughout the numerical simulation. The generalised-α method is used to integrate the governing equations of motion in the time domain. Some aspects of the numerical procedure are validated by solving two benchmark problems. Subsequently, dynamic soil behaviour including the development of excess pore-water pressure due to the fast installation of a single pile and the penetration of a free falling torpedo anchor are studied. The numerical results indicate the robustness and applicability of the proposed method. Typical distributions of the predicted excess pore-water pressures generated due to the dynamic penetration of an object into a saturated soil are presented, revealing higher magnitudes of pore pressure at the face of the penetrometer and lower values along the shaft. A smooth discretisation of the contact interface between soil and structure is found to be a crucial factor to avoid severe oscillations in the predicted dynamic response of the soil. 相似文献
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吸力贯入平板锚被用于系泊深海浮式结构,实际应用中必须预估平板锚旋转安装过程中的丢失埋深。采用大变形有限元方法探索非完全粗糙平板锚在正常固结黏土中的旋转过程。大变形有限元法通过网格重剖避免平板锚大幅值平动和转动引起的土体单元扭曲。根据平板锚旋转到达的埋深,实时更新“锚-土”界面上的摩擦剪切强度。将数值模拟结果与离心机模型试验进行对比验证,表明高岭土中平板锚表面的粗糙系数约为0.3。平板锚丢失埋深随粗糙系数的减小而增大,但粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响受平板锚厚度比和拉力偏心比的耦合作用。厚度比和偏心比越小,粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响越显著。 相似文献
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Xu Shi-Yu Lawal Abiodun Ismail Shamsabadi Anoosh Taciroglu Ertugrul 《Acta Geotechnica》2019,14(2):579-594
The Rankine earth pressure theory is extended herein to an inclined c–? backfill. An analytical approach is then proposed to compute the static passive and active lateral earth pressures for a sloping cohesive backfill retained by a vertical wall, with the presence of wall–soil interface adhesion. The proposed method is based on a limit equilibrium analysis coupled with the method of slices wherein the assumed profile of the backfill failure surface is a composite of log-spiral and linear segments. The geometry of the failure surface is determined using the stress states of the soil at the two boundaries of the mobilized soil mass. The resultant lateral earth thrust, the point of application, and the induced moment on the wall are computed considering global and local equilibrium of forces and moments. Results of the proposed approach are compared with those predicted by a number of analytical models currently adopted in the design practice for various combinations of soil’s frictional angles, wall–soil interface frictional angles, inclined angles of backfill and soil cohesions. The predicted results are also verified against those obtained from finite element analyses for several scenarios under the passive condition. It is found that the magnitude of earth thrust increases with the backfill inclination angle under both the passive and active conditions.
相似文献19.
A computational framework is presented for dynamic strain localization and deformation analyses of water‐saturated clay by using a cyclic elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive model. In the model, the nonlinear kinematic hardening rule and softening due to the structural degradation of soil particles are considered. In order to appropriately simulate the large deformation phenomenon in strain localization analysis, the dynamic finite element formulation for a two‐phase mixture is derived in the updated Lagrangian framework. The shear band development is shown through the distributions of viscoplastic shear strain, the axial strain, the mean effective stress, and the pore water pressure in a normally consolidated clay specimen. From the local stress–strain relations, more brittleness is found inside the shear bands than outside of them. The effects of partially drained conditions and mesh‐size dependency on the shear banding are also investigated. The effect of a partially drained boundary is found to be insignificant on the dynamic shear band propagation because of the rapid rate of applied loading and low permeability of the clay. Using the finer mesh results in slightly narrower shear bands; nonetheless, the results manifest convergency through the mesh refinement in terms of the overall shape of shear banding and stress–strain relations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Quasi-Stochastic Analysis of Uncertainty for Modelling Structurally Controlled Failures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In one approach to predicting the behaviour of rock masses, effort is being devoted to the use of probabilistic methods to model structures interior to a rock mass (sometimes referred to as ‘inferred’ or ‘stochastic’ structures). The physical properties of these structures (e.g. position, orientation, size) are modelled as random parameters, the statistical properties of which are derived from the measurements of a sample of the population (sometimes referred to as ‘deterministic’ structures). Relatively little attention has been devoted to the uncertainty associated with the deterministic structures. Typical geotechnical analyses rely on either an entirely stochastic analysis, or deterministic analyses representing the structures with a fixed shape (i.e. disc), position, size, and orientation. The simplifications assumed for this model introduce both epistemic and stochastic uncertainties. In this paper, it is shown that these uncertainties should be quantified and propagated to the predictions of behaviour derived from subsequent analyses. We demonstrate a methodology which we have termed quasi-stochastic analysis to perform this propagation. It is shown that relatively small levels of uncertainty can have large influence on the uncertainties associated with geotechnical analyses, such as predictions of block size and block stability, and therefore this methodology can provide the practitioner with a method for better interpretation of these results. 相似文献