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In recent years, surface wave seismology has become one of the leading directions in seismological investigations of the Earth’s structure and seismic sources. Various applications cover a wide spectrum of goals, dealing with differences in sources of seismic excitation, penetration depths, frequency ranges, and interpretation techniques. Observed seismic data demonstrates the great variability of phenomenology which can produce difficulties in interpretation for beginners. This tutorial review is based on the many years’ experience of authors in processing and interpretation of seismic surface wave observations and the lectures of one of the authors (ALL) at Workshops on Seismic Wave Excitation, Propagation and Interpretation held at the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (Trieste, Italy) in 1990–2012. We present some typical examples of wave patterns which could be encountered in different applications and which can serve as a guide to analysis of observed seismograms. 相似文献
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Michał Malinowski 《Acta Geophysica》2013,61(6):1437-1456
Controlled-source seismology (CSS) is the primary source of information regarding the fine structure of the lithosphere. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the methods that are commonly used to derive Earth models from CSS data with the focus on the wide-angle reflection/refraction method. Some outlook on the future of the CSS is presented with the special emphasis on the full-wavefield based methods like full-waveform inversion, which brings high level of objectivity into modeling, as well as significantly increases spatial resolution. It is stressed that the researchers should be aware of the limitations of how the elastic parameters transcribe into the actual rock properties which should stimulate them to go beyond the simple P-wave modeling and to build multiparameter Earth models based either on the seismic data or constrained by additional geophysical fields in order to derive sound geological interpretation of their models. 相似文献
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利用绿色、环保的人工震源，主动向地下发射地震波，构建地震雷达，实现大范围的地下探测，是地球科学的一个前沿课题.最早，探测地球内部利用的是天然地震产生的地震波，这是因为天然地震释放的能量大，一次天然地震释放的能量相当于万吨级炸药.几千公里远处仍可以接收到信噪比大于1的地震波信号，但天然地震发生频度低和震源位置定位精度低限制了利用天然地震进行地下探测的精度；后来，利用人工源的地震勘探得到迅速的发展，探测精度明显提高，但受到人工源能量的限制，探测的空间尺度有限；今天，以小当量激发实现大尺度探测是发展地震雷达的一个关键问题，是将地震波理论和现代信息科学相结合的一个新的领域.发展人工震源的编码和接收信号的解码等理论和技术，可以从电磁波雷达在过去半个世纪所经过的道路得到许多借鉴和启发.可以预期，地震雷达的发展将会对观测地震学带来全面的影响. 相似文献
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Improving Seismic Resolution Through Array Processing Techniques 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Seismic arrays, first introduced in the late 1950s to detect underground nuclear explosions, have helped to improve our knowledge about the structure of the Earth for the last 40 years. During these years, numerous array processing methods have been developed that use the high signal coherence and accurate timing of array data to generate high-resolution images of Earth structure. Here, we present an overview of resolution issues related to seismic array studies of Earth structure by first introducing basic array processing techniques and then discussing more advanced techniques applied to array data recently. The increase of seismic stations deployed in experiments or permanently in many regions of the globe allows a much denser sampling of the seismic wavefield. This dense sampling enables the adaptation of controlled source analysis techniques for the study of Earth structure using earthquakes with higher resolution than previously possible. Here we will discuss different migration methods of teleseismic data that use the incidence angle information of scattered arrivals to obtain images of Earth structure. Finally, we show data examples how these methods can be used to increase our knowledge of the structure of the Earth’s deep interior. 相似文献
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Sean C. Solomon 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1979,19(2):168-182
The cores of the terrestrial planets Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars differ substantially in size and in history. Though no planet other than the Earth has a conclusively demonstrated core, the probable cores in Mercury and Mars and Earth's core show a decrease in relative core size with solar distance. The Moon does not fit this sequence and Venus may not. Core formation must have been early (prior to ～4 · 109 yr. ago) in the Earth, by virtue of the existence of ancient rock units and ancient paleomagnetism and from UPb partitioning arguments, and in Mercury, because the consequences of core infall would have included extensional tectonic features which are not observed even on Mercury's oldest terrain. If a small core exists in the Moon, still an open question, completion of core formation may be placed several hundred million years after the end of heavy bombardment on tectonic and thermal grounds. Core formation time on Mars is loosely constrained, but may have been substantially later than for the other terrestrial planets. The magnitude and extent of early heating to drive global differentiation appear to have decreased with distance from the sun for at least the smaller bodies Mercury, Moon and Mars.Energy sources to maintain a molten state and to fuel convection and magnetic dynamos in the cores of the terrestrial planets include principally gravitational energy, heat of fusion, and long-lived radioactivity. The gravitational energy of core infall is quantifiable and substantial for all bodies but the Moon, but was likely spent too early in the history of most planets to prove a significant residual heat source to drive a present dynamo. The energy from inner core freezing in the Earth and in Mercury is at best marginally able to match even the conductive heat loss along an outer core adiabat. Radioactive decay in the core offers an attractive but unproven energy source to maintain core convection. 相似文献
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G. H. A. Cole 《Surveys in Geophysics》1986,8(4):439-457
The study of the cosmic chemical abundance of the elements suggests that water (which is a combination of the first and second most abundant chemically active elements) is likely to be the most abundant chemical compound in the solar system.It is found that water indeed appears to be a common constituent of planetary bodies even though its presence is not always directly detectable. The amount involved, and the form it takes, varies from one object to another. The Earth has surface liquid water and crustal hydrate materials and only Mars of the terrestrial planets is also likely to have non-atmospheric water and that in frozen form near the surface. The mantles of the icy satellites, and particularly those of Jupiter and Saturn, are the most extended locations of water in the solar system although Uranus and Neptune are likely to have substantial mid-mantle internal water components. Only Mercury and Moon appear to be devoid of water. The smaller bodies such as comets are excluded from the discussion even though they are now known to be composed largely of water-ice. 相似文献
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D. M. Pechersky D. M. Kuzina G. P. Markov V. A. Tsel’movich 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2017,53(5):658-676
Thermomagnetic and microprobe studies of native iron in the terrestrial upper-mantle hyperbasites (xenoliths in basalts), Siberian traps, and oceanic basalts are carried out. The results are compared to the previous data on native iron in sediments and meteorites. It is established that in terms of the composition and grain size and shape, the particles of native iron in the terrestrial rocks are close to each other and to the extraterrestrial iron particles from sediments and meteorites. This suggests that the sources of the origin of these particles were similar; i.e., the formation conditions in the Earth were close to the conditions in the meteorites’ parent bodies. This similarity is likely to be due to the homogeneity of the gas and dust cloud at the early stage of the solar system. The predominance of pure native iron in the sediments can probably be accounted for by the fact that interstellar dust is mostly contributed by the upper-mantle material of the planets, whereas the lower-mantle and core material falls on the Earth mainly in the form of meteorites. A model describing the structure of the planets in the solar system from the standpoint of the distribution of native iron and FeNi alloys is proposed. 相似文献
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地震台阵是为了监测核爆而发展起来的一种地震观测系统。近年来,地震台阵被推广到地球内部速度间断面的研究中并极大地推动了地震学的发展。本文主要介绍处理台阵资料的技术方法,如聚束、倾斜叠加、N次根叠加、频率波数法以及相位加权叠加等,并讨论各种方法的优缺点。在提取微弱但相关信号方面,重点讨论相位加权叠加方法及现有的研究成果。结果表明,这些方法都在不同程度上提高了记录的信噪比,高质量的台阵数据使得地球内部速度结构的成像研究更加精细。 相似文献
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在地震学研究中地震检测与震相识别是最基础的环节,其拾取速度和精度直接影响其在地震精确定位以及地震层析成像中的应用效率和精度。近年来,机器学习在地震学领域中引起广泛关注。机器学习可以改进传统地震检测和震相识别方法,使它们能达到更加准确,识别率更高的效果。把机器学习方法按照监督学习和无监督学习分类介绍,并对机器学习方法流程进行总结,并对目前在地震检测与震相识别方面应用较为广泛的机器学习方法(卷积神经网络、指纹和相似性阈值、广义相位检测、PhaseNet、模糊聚类)进行综述。结果表明:机器学习在地震事件检测和震相识别将会是主要的手段。数据驱动的机器学习在地震学中的应用和物理模型的联合运用将是未来的发展趋势。 相似文献
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The UK broadband seismology network 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alan Douglas 《Astronomy& Geophysics》2001,42(2):2.19-2.22
Alan Douglas considers the origins and the future of one of Britain's most successful seismic networks.
Broadband seismology is a powerful tool for geophysical research. Over the past decades, most seismometers have recorded only part of the spectrum of frequencies of vibration from earthquakes. Broadband seismology brings far greater research rewards. The UK has been a pioneer in its use and has had a broadband network for around 30 years. During this time, Britain has developed the technology and made significant research advances in the fields of earthquake source mechanisms, deep-Earth structure, detection and location of distant earthquakes and explosions, and nuclear explosion detection. The network has also played a part in the development of the Data Centre of the Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology. But changes in funding mean that the future of this pioneering network is now uncertain. 相似文献
Broadband seismology is a powerful tool for geophysical research. Over the past decades, most seismometers have recorded only part of the spectrum of frequencies of vibration from earthquakes. Broadband seismology brings far greater research rewards. The UK has been a pioneer in its use and has had a broadband network for around 30 years. During this time, Britain has developed the technology and made significant research advances in the fields of earthquake source mechanisms, deep-Earth structure, detection and location of distant earthquakes and explosions, and nuclear explosion detection. The network has also played a part in the development of the Data Centre of the Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology. But changes in funding mean that the future of this pioneering network is now uncertain. 相似文献
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G. H. A. Cole 《Surveys in Geophysics》1982,5(2):89-139
A deeper understanding of the constituents of the Solar System has been obtained over the last decade due primarily to the success of a variety of space missions which have provided a wealth of data to augment that obtained from Earth based observatories. Although the measurements refer directly to both the surface and atmospheric conditions, inferences can be made about conditions within the main bodies of the planets. This has been achieved through the closest collaboration between physicists, chemists and geologists in the study of these problems.In the present review we explore in a general way some of the types of problem involved with the physics of the interiors of planetary bodies. Concern will be with elucidating the structure of these bodies on the basis of the properties observed now. The arguments will be made in general terms and will not be concerned with any one planet in close detail. 相似文献
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Regional Scale Seismological Investigation on the Continent Crust Using Airgun Sources——A Perspective Review 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The investigations on the structure and temporal variations of the continent crust have been the long-lasting topics of seismology. The artificial sources play the most important role in these studies for their well-known locations and occur times among all the sources producing elastic waves, so that precise results are obtained. In past decades, we have successfully excited the airgun sources in on-land water bodies such as reservoirs, expanding their applications in marine seismology. Large volume airguns have been used to produce low frequency signals which can travel hundreds of kilometers after stacking, providing a source connecting the exploration seismology and traditional seismology at regional scale. In this review, we introduce the changes through which we turn the airgun into scientific instruments by experiments. We also present the advances on imaging the continental crust structure and monitoring the velocity variations using the highly repeatable signals emitted by airgun sources. The potential applications such as imaging the subsurface of urban areas and high resolution illuminating of mines are proposed and the challenges for further investigations are also discussed. 相似文献
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The seismicity of the Mediterranean, compiled by the Euro-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC), is presented for the period 1998–2010. The data set contains earthquakes recorded by more than 3000 stations operated by 78 networks. The Euro-Med Bulletin (EMB) provides parametric information for 273,000 tectonic events. The location resolution is characterised by a constant improvement over the years made possible by gathering steadily increasing data contribution. Dedicated collaboration with the network operators through regular discussion and interaction allow proper review of input and output information.In addition to natural events, seismic networks report data related to nontectonic activity. Discrimination is a crucial step in the production of seismicity catalogues to provide accurate information used for seismic hazard assessment. Over 13 years, 62,000 artificial events are characterised, mostly located in the vicinity of the largest mine and quarry areas of the region. While a large amount of man-related seismic activity is properly described, we show that through statistical analysis, discrimination in the EMB can still be improved. This is especially useful to scan past data, when routine discrimination was usually not performed by local networks.Seismicity catalogues are also useful for integrated access data portal to diverse and distributed seismological products as multi-disciplinary approaches of seismology is necessary. It leads us to propose and develop an e-Bulletin where the scientists could access all type of seismological and engineering products (from strong motion or broad band waveforms to macroseismic analysis) by simply connecting to a single event dedicated web page. 相似文献
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Taylor SR 《AGSO journal of Australian geology & geophysics》1997,17(1):27-31
It is not possible to consider the formation of the Earth in isolation without reference to the formation of the rest of the solar system. A brief account is given of the current scientific consensus on that topic, explaining the origin of an inner solar system rocky planet depleted in most of the gaseous and icy components of the original solar nebula. Volatile element depletion occurred at a very early stage in the nebula, and was probably responsible for the formation of Jupiter before that of the inner planets. The Earth formed subsequently from accumulation of a hierarchy of planetesimals. Evidence of these remains in the ancient cratered surfaces and the obliquities (tilts) of most planets. Earth melting occurred during this process, as well as from the giant Moon-forming impact. The strange density and chemistry of the Moon are consistent with an origin from the mantle of the impactor. Core-mantle separation on the Earth was coeval with accretion. Some speculations are given on the origin of the hydrosphere. 相似文献
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本文概述了自1978年5月提出震情窗口以来,经过6年多时间,在一些多震区不断实践和多种尝试所得的最新的全部成果.根据一震有多窗反应,并由此而能粗略地推测出未来大震的时间、空间、强度三要素的事实,今后若能在窗口附近设台以观察、研究其小震的活动与附近大震的关系,并根据各地窗口的区域特点而直接投入当地的监测预报,则可以达到应用的目的.提出了建立震情网或窗口网的设想,这不仅对地震学本身的研究工作有益,而且在以震报震方面具有现实意义.实际上,根据多震区现有的基础,已经具备了这种工作的现实性和可能性. 相似文献
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Preface to the special issue on complicated features on seismic sources and deep structures 
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下载免费PDF全文 Earthquake is a kind of natural phenomenon in the Earth.Earthquake seismology has been developed quickly since modern digital seismometers were applied to observations.From seismic records,seismologists study source properties of the earthquakes and detect multi-scale structural variations in the crust,mantle,and core. 相似文献
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Passive seismic techniques have revolutionarised seismology,leading for example to increased resolution in surface wave tomography,to the possibility to monitor changes in the propagation medium,and to many new processing strategies in seismic exploration.Here we review applications of the new techniques to a very particular dataset,namely data from the Apollo 17 lunar network.The special conditions of the lunar noise environment are investigated,illustrating the interplay between the properties of the noise and the ability to reconstruct Green's functions.With a dispersion analysis of reconstructed Rayleigh waves new information about the shallow shear velocity structure of the Moon are obtained.Passive image interferometry is used to study the effect of temperature changes in the subsurface on the seismic velocities providing direct observation of a dynamic process in the lunar environment.These applications highlight the potential of passive techniques for terrestrial and planetary seismology. 相似文献