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1.
城市扩展引起的区域增温效应一直都是城市热环境研究中的热门领域。本研究首先基于1980-2015年7期城市扩展遥感监测数据,通过熵值法构建了京津冀地区58个气象站周边2 km半径范围内城市扩展程度指数;然后使用四分位法对该指数进行分级,将站点划分为低度城市扩展（C1）、中度城市扩展（C2）和高度城市扩展站点（C3）;最后通过3类站点年和季节平均气温变化趋势对比分析,揭示了城市扩展对气温变化的影响程度及其贡献率。结果表明：① 1980-2015年京津冀地区几乎所有站点周边都有城市扩展现象,58个气象站周边城市扩展程度指数平均为0.377,C3类站点周边城市扩展程度指数为0.650;② 3类站点年和季节平均气温增温速率均表现为C1 < C2 < C3,C3类站点年平均气温的增温速率为0.536 ℃/10a;在季节平均气温上,C1、C2和C3站点春季的增温速率均最高,其中C3类站点的为0.637 ℃/10a,而夏季或秋季最低;③ 城市扩展对C3类站点年和季节平均气温增温影响和贡献率均高于C2类站点,对C3类站点年平均气温的增温影响和贡献率分别为0.342 ℃/10a和63.81%;在季节平均气温上,城市扩展对C2和C3类站点的增温影响均在冬季最高,分别为0.229 ℃/10a和 0.410 ℃/10a,而在春季或夏季最低;城市扩展对C2和C3类站点的增温贡献率均在秋季最高,分别为73.24%和82.96%,而在春季最低。  相似文献   

2.
1 Introduction The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the highest plateau with the most complex topography in the world, covers an area of more than 200km2, with a mean elevation of more than 4000m a.s.l. (Ye and Gao, 1979). Surrounded by the Earth’s highest mountains, such as the Himalayas, Pamir, Kunlun Mountains, the plateau plays a significant role in climate change in China even in the world, thus attracted great attention of researchers. Up to now, many achievements have been gained by…  相似文献   

3.
Ye  Liping  Zhang  Ruifeng  Sun  Qizhen  Jin  Jie  Zhang  Jing 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2018,36(6):2181-2193
King George Island, situated in the South Shetland Islands archipelago, is one of the most visited sites in Antarctica. Antarctica attracts much attention because it is one of the most sensitive areas under the influence of global warming. To understand its hydrochemistry characteristics, we collected various types of water samples, including samples from streams, meltwaters, ground waters, snow and ice from around the Great Wall Station, Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, from January to February, 2015. Major ions, alkalinities, silicate, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and electric conductivities were measured. Several approaches were applied to identify processes that af fect the hydrochemistry on Fildes Peninsula, including ternary diagrams, principal components analysis and cluster analysis. Our data suggest that atmospheric seasalt deposition is the main factor controlling the hydrochemistry on Fildes Peninsula. After atmospheric influences were corrected for seasalt, we defined the weathering of local rocks to be another important factor on the Peninsula's hydrochemistry. Processes such as Ca dissolution from the Ca-bearing basalt, Si loss through secondary mineralization and biological uptake influence the chemical composition of runof fs on the peninsula. Cluster analysis identified 4 groups of streams based on their hydrochemical features, which reflect their original weathering characters under icecap and the combined effects with melt snow, biological activity and the anthropogenic input.  相似文献   

4.
基于遥感和BP人工神经网络的城乡气象站点划分分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
城市热岛是城市环境和全球变化研究的重要组成部分,利用气象观测资料研究城市热岛的影响一般采用城市和乡村气象站的同步实测气温,并计算其平均气温差,因此,城乡气象站点划分的准确性,将直接影响城市热岛研究的科学性。鉴于以行政单元统计人口为依据的划分方式未考虑人口在行政单元内的实际空间分布,本文以安徽省为例,利用从遥感影像上提取的土地利用信息,采用BP人工神经网络方法,建立站点缓冲区内土地利用类型比例的城乡站点划分模型,并利用空间化后的人口格网数据对该模型的精度进行了验证。结果表明,该模型有效地建立了气象站点周边缓冲区内的土地利用类型比例与城乡站点类型之间的定量关系,避免直接采用行政单元统计人口数据的不足,客观地模拟了缓冲区内土地利用对气象站点的综合作用,科学地划分出城市和乡村气象站点,为城市热岛研究提供科学、可靠的数据保障,并可用于大区域研究。另外,本文利用划分出的乡村站点建立背景温度场,得出2000年安徽省各城市站点平均热岛强度为0.4℃。  相似文献   

5.
Antisana is a stratovolcano with an associated glacier located in the Ecuadorian Andes. Dr Aguirre made meteorological readings every day, at every hour from sunrise to sunset, from December 1845 to December 1846, at Antisana using a meteorological station at 4060 mamsl (meters above mean sea level). Unfortunately, only the monthly average data have been preserved. These meteorological data are here studied and compared with the closest modern stations for monthly values of temperature, rainfall, and pressure. According to these comparisons, the year 1846 was rainy and cold in comparison with the current climate. Moreover, these observations have been useful to help resolve a debate about a possible El Niño event in 1846 with the high precipitation in Antisana and Quito in 1846 discarding the occurrence of an El Niño event. The probable occurrence of a La Niña event is discussed. These data are the earliest known systematic instrumental meteorological observations taken at above 4000 mamsl.  相似文献   

6.
The correlation between mean surface air temperature and altitude is analyzed in this paper based on the annual and monthly mean surface air temperature data from 106 weather stations over the period 1961–2003 across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results show that temperature variations not only depend on altitude but also latitude, and there is a gradual decrease in temperature with the increasing altitude and latitude. The overall trend for the vertical temperature lapse rate for the whole plateau is approximately linear. Three methods, namely multivariate composite analysis, simple correlation and traditional stepwise regression, were applied to analyze these three correlations. The results assessed with the first method are well matched to those with the latter two methods. The apparent mean annual near-surface lapse rate is −4.8 °C /km and the latitudinal effect is −0.87 °C /olatitude. In summer, the altitude influences the temperature variations more significantly with a July lapse rate of -4.3°C /km and the effect of latitude is only −0.28°C /olatitude. In winter, the reverse happens. The temperature decrease is mainly due to the increase in latitude. The mean January lapse rate is −5.0°C /km, while the effect of latitude is −1.51°C /olatitude. Comparative analysis for pairs of adjacent stations shows that at a small spatial scale the difference in altitude is the dominant factor affecting differences in mean annual near-surface air temperature, aided to some extent by differences of latitude. In contrast, the lapse rate in a small area is greater than the overall mean value for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (5 to 13°C /km). An increasing trend has been detected for the surface lapse rate with increases in altitude. The temperature difference has obvious seasonal variations, and the trends for the southern group of stations (south of 33° latitude) and for the more northerly group are opposite, mainly because of the differences in seasonal variation at low altitudes. For yearly changes, the temperature for high-altitude stations occurs earlier clearly. Temperature datasets at high altitude stations are well-correlated, and those in Nanjing were lagged for 1 year but less for contemporaneous correlations. The slope of linear trendline of temperature change for available years is clearly related to altitude, and the amplitude of temperature variation is enlarged by high altitude. The change effect in near-surface lapse rate at the varying altitude is approximately 1.0°C /km on the rate of warming over a hundred-year period.  相似文献   

7.
利用ECMWF再分析地表资料，结合GPT2w模型提供的水汽递减率和温度递减率计算中国区域对流层延迟值的精度。首先，以中国地区75个探空站2015年地表实测气象参数为参考值，利用ECMWF地表资料得到的气象参数（P，T，e）的精度分别为1.76 hPa、1.96 K、1.98 hPa。然后，以相同测站2010~2015年探空站分层数据算得的ZTD为参考值，对ECMWF地表资料计算的ZTD的精度进行分析，并与利用探空仪地面观测数据为输入参数计算的ZTD的精度进行对比。结果显示，利用ECMWF地表资料计算的ZTD的平均bias为0.07 cm，平均RMS为3.72 cm，在低纬度地区优于利用探空仪地面观测数据为输入参数计算的ZTD的结果。以陆态网237个GNSS测站2015年的ZTD作为参考值，比对利用ECMWF地表资料计算的ZTD的精度，结果为3.41 cm。由此可知，ECMWF地面资料计算的ZTD的精度能满足普通用户对流层延迟的计算需求，可用于缺少气象参数的测站进行对流层延迟值的计算及其他相关应用。  相似文献   

8.
Variations and trends in extreme climate events are more sensitive to climate change than the mean values,and so have received much attention.In this study,twelve indices of temperature extremes and 11 indices of precipitation extremes at 32 meteorological stations in Hengduan Mountains were examined for the period 1961-2008.The results reveal statistically significant increases in the temperature of the warmest and coldest nights and in the frequencies of extreme warm days and nights.Decreases of the diurnal temperature range and the numbers of frost days and ice days are statistically significant.Regional averages of growing season length also display the trends consistent and significant with warming.At a large proportion of the stations,patterns of temperature extremes are consistent with warming since 1961:warming trends in minimum temperature indices are greater than those relating to maximum temperature.As the center of the Shaluli Mountain,the warming magnitudes decrease from inner to outer.Changes in precipitation extremes is low:trends are difficult to detect against the larger inter-annual and decadal-scale variability of precipitation,and only the wet day precipitation and the regional trend in consecutive dry days are significant at the 0.05 level.It can be concluded that the variation of extreme precipitation events is not obvious in the Hengduan Mountains,however,the regional trends generally decrease from the south to the north.Overall,the spatial distribution of temporal changes of all extreme climate indices in the Hengduan Mountains illustrated here reflects the climatic complexity in mountainous regions.  相似文献   

9.
GPS基准站运行和GPS接收机校准数据管理   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
鉴于连续GPS固定站的广泛用途，为方便对多个固定站进行统一管理、维护及数据的统一处理．设计和编写了一套用于GPS基准站的自动控制软件。该软件分为基准站部分和中央控制站部分，适合多个连续GPS基准站及中央控制站的自动数据观测、记录、通讯、管理、以及运行状态远程监测和控制等。该套软件通过中央控制站能够远程管理和监控多台连续GPS固定站的运行状态，实现对观测时段、数据采样率、高度角、气象数据等参数的设置；按指定的观测时段及数据格式自动将观测数据打包并上传到中央控制站，以便进行统一处理。另一方面，基准站的数据可以及时上传存放在指定服务器中．让授权用户可以通过网络下载，以满足各种测量应用的需要。通过在同济大学基准站近一年时间的稳健运行，证明该软件切实可行，并且具备继续拓展的空间。此外．由于同济大学GPS基准站还承担着校准实验室中GPS校准的任务，结合GPS数据的特点，对GPS接收机校准的数据管理也进行了探索。  相似文献   

10.
针对气象台站气温观测资料序列存在站址迁移可能造成的资料非均一性影响,利用环县等6个站址迁移气象站的逐年平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温序列,采用SNHT(标准正态检验)客观分析方法,结合6个气象站的元数据及历史沿革资料等信息进行主观分析,对因迁站造成的气温序列不均一性进行检验,表明站址迁移对气温资料影响较大,并且因地理地形环境而有所差异。结果表明:台站迁移后造成新旧站址的地理环境差异显著且海拔高度差异过大,是引起气温序列非均一性的主要原因。地理环境、气候条件相似的台站迁移对气温资料的均一性无明显影响。  相似文献   

11.
??????????????Χ??GPS??????????????з?????????t???????λ?????????α?????50 km??Χ????GPS????α???????????????????70 mm????????????30 s???????λ??????????????????α????????λ???????????У???С?????о???????????????29 km????????λ???21 mm????????150 km???λ???1??2 mm????GPS???????α????????????????????????????????????????????λ?????и???20 km????????廬?????0.6 m??GPS????????α??о????????????????????????????????ε?????????????????  相似文献   

12.
高时空分辨率的气温栅格数据是多种地学模型和气候模型的重要输入。山区地形复杂,气温空间异质性强,如何获取高时空分辨率的山区地表气温数据一直是研究热点与难点。本文选择地形复杂的河北省张家口市作为试验区,基于局部薄盘样条函数对ERA5再分析日均近地表气温（2 m高度）进行空间插值,并利用随机森林算法,结合少量气象站观测气温数据、地形地表参数数据构建日均气温订正模型和气温逐时化模型,实现空间分辨率由0.1 °（约11 km）到30 m的逐时气温降尺度,最后将该模型拓展应用于其他时间与区域,检验本文发展的降尺度方法在没有站点观测数据条件下的时空移植性。结果显示,本文降尺度方法得到的高时空分辨率山区气温数据精度较高,1月均方根误差（RMSE）平均值为2.4 ℃,明显优于气象站点插值结果,且气温相对高低的空间分布更为合理、纹理更加丰富;将该方法应用到其他时间与区域的RMSE平均值分别为2.9 ℃与2.5 ℃,均小于再分析资料直接插值所产生的误差。研究结果总体表明,在气象站点较少甚至没有时,可利用本文方法通过ERA5再分析气温准确获取复杂地形条件下的山区高时空分辨率气温数据。  相似文献   

13.
Daily meteorological data are the critical inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models. This study modified mountain microclimate simulation model （MTCLIM） with the data from 19 weather stations, and compared and validated two methods （the MTCLIM and the modified MTCLIM） in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China to estimate daily temperature （i.e., maximum temperature, minimum temperature） and precipitation at six weather stations from i January 2000 to 31December 2009. The algorithm of temperature in modified MTCLIM was improved by constructing the daily linear regression relationship between temperature and elevation, aspect and location information. There are two steps to modify the MTCLIM to predict daily precipitation： firstly, the linear regression relationship was built between annual average precipitation and elevation, location, and vegetation index; secondly, the distance weight for measuring the contribution of each weather station on target point was improved by average wind direction during the rainy season. Several regression analysis and goodness-of-fit indices （i.e., Pearson＇s correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, root-mean-square error and modelingefficiency） were used to validate these estimated values. The result showed that the modified MTCLIM had a better performance than the MTCLIM. Therefore, the modified MTCLIM was used to map daily meteorological data in the study area from 2000 to 2009. These results were validated using weather stations with short time data and the predicted accuracy was acceptable. The meteorological data mapped could become inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models applied in the Qilian Mountains.  相似文献   

14.
Gongga Mountain, locates on the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau of China, is the highest mountain in China except summits in Tibet. Only limited meteorological data on Gongga Mountain have been published so far. Here we present the meteorological records from two stations, Moxi Station (at 1,621.7 m above sea level (a.s.l.), 1992–2010) and Hailuogou Station (at 2,947.8 m a.s.l., 1988–2010), on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain. In the past two decades, the annual precipitation decreased while the annual mean temperature increased at Hailuogou Station. Both precipitation and temperature increased at Moxi Station. The precipitation variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain is influenced by both East Asian Monsoon and Indian Monsoon, so that the precipitation concentrated between May and October. The temperature variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain in the past two decades showed similar trends as that of the northern hemispheric and global. In the past two decades, the temperature increased 0.35°C and 0.3°C/decade at Hailuogou Station and Moxi Station respectively, which was higher than the increase extents of northern hemispheric and global temperature. The most intense warming occurred at the first decade of 21st century. The winter temperature increased more at Hailuogou Station than at Moxi Station. A remarkable increase of temperature in March was observed with only a little precipitation at both high and low altitude stations.  相似文献   

15.
 本文对近20年来中国地表气温变化估算方法进行了全面的总结,并对不同研究者所采用的资料、时间尺度及研究结果进行了对比分析。结合当前国际上应用较多的几种升温估算方法,本文以1970-2007年的气温数据为基础,分别应用直接算术平均法、逐站计算法、区域面积加权法、一级差分法和空间插值法,对中国大陆近40年的升温幅度分别进行了估算,从结果的对比分析中揭示中国地表气温变化估算中存在的不确定性:中国大陆地区近40年来的增温趋势在0.30~0.43℃/10a之间,升温幅度在1.16~1.56℃之间;冬季升温最为显著,夏季升温最少;整体上北方升温幅度高于南方。不同计算方法计算得到的增温速率在绝对值上有着一定差异,但整体趋势是相同的。  相似文献   

16.
上海定点形变异常特征及机理分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
2009年11月上海松江地震序列距佘山形变观测点约18 km,距查山形变台约32 km。地震前这两个定点的形变观测均出现不同程度的异常。结合形变资料和震源机制解分析结果发现,此次异常的应力方向与该区域的背景应力场方向基本一致,因此认为,观测到的形变异常很可能反映的是区域构造应力场的变化情况。  相似文献   

17.
The objective of this study was to provide reliable basis for decision making for national food security and layout and structure adjustment of grain production in the northeastern China. The data of mean daily air temperature of 1961-2009 from 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China were chosen in this study. Using statistical methods and isoline method, the spatio-temporal changes of various decadal ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature and the climatic means of ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature were studied in this paper. The results showed that 1) The geo-graphical distribution of ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature in the northeastern China could be influenced directly by the latitude, longitude and altitude. If latitude moved one degree northward, the average decrease amplitude of the climatic means was 101.9℃ in the study area. 2) The means of decadal ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature rose since the 1980s, and their increase amplitudes became larger in the 1990s and the 2010s obviously. Compared with those of the 1980s, ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 100℃ in the mountainous and plain areas in the 1990s; compared with those of the 1990s, ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 200℃ in the Hulun Buir High Plain and the Songnen Plain, and 100℃ in the Sanjiang Plain and the Liaohe Plain in the 2010s. 3) The means of the decadal ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature for 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China increased with the rate of 145.57℃/10yr in 1961-2009. 4) The climatic means of ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature increased from 1961-1990 to 1971-2000 and 1981-2009. Compared with the climatic mean of 1971-2000, that of 1981-2009 had increased by above 50℃ in most of the study area, even up to 156℃. Compared with the climatic mean of 1961-1990, that of 1981-2009 increased by above 100℃ in most parts of the study area, even up to 200℃. 5) The maximum northward shift, eastward and westward extension amplitudes of 3100℃, 3300℃ and 3500℃ isolines were larger among all isoli-nes for the climatic means of the three phases. Compared with the positions of the isolines of 1961-1990, those ampli-tudes of 3100℃ isoline of 1981-2009 were 145 km, 109 km and 64 km, respectively; those of 3300℃ isoline were 154 km, 54 km and 64 km, respectively; and the maximum northward shift of 3500℃ isoline was about 100 km.  相似文献   

18.
Trends in temperature and precipitation extremes from 1961 to 2008 have been investigated over Circum-Bohai-Sea region,China using daily temperature and precipitation data of 63 meteorological stations.The re-sults show that at most stations,there is a significant increase in the annual frequency of warm days and warm nights,as well as a significant decrease in the annual frequency of cold days,cold nights,frost days,and annual diurnal temperature range(DTR).Their regional averaged changes are 2.06 d/10yr,3.95 d/10yr,-1.88 d/10yr,-4.27 d/10yr,-4.21 d/10yr and-0.20℃/10yr,respectively.Seasonal changes display similar patterns to the annual results,but there is a large seasonal difference.A significant warming trend is detected at both annual and seasonal scales,which is more contributed by changes of indices defined by daily minimum temperature than those defined by daily maximum tem-perature.For precipitation indices,the regional annual extreme precipitation displays a weak decrease in terms of magnitude and frequency,i.e.extreme precipitation days(RD95p),intensity(RINTEN),proportion(RPROP) and maximum consecutive wet days(CWD),but a slight increase in the maximum consecutive dry days(CDD),which are consistent with changes of annual total precipitation(PRCPTOT).Seasonally,PRCPTOT and RD95p both exhibit an increase in spring and a decrease in other seasons with the largest decrease in summer,but generally not significant.In summary,this study shows a pronounced warming tendency at the less rainy period over Circum-Bohai-Sea region,which may affect regional economic development and ecological protection to some extent.  相似文献   

19.
选取中国大陆构造环境监测网（陆态网）提供的155个测站2014~2018年对流层延迟产品,基于BP-Adaboost算法将多个弱神经网络预测器集成为强预测器,建立新的无气象参数对流层延迟计算模型。利用陆态网2019年参与建模的141个建模测站、未参与建模的62个测站的对流层延迟产品和中国区域86个无线电探空站解算出的对流层延迟精确值对BP-Adaboost模型进行精度评定,结果表明,新模型的平均偏差分别为0.62 mm、-1.16 mm和12.32 mm,均方根误差分别为25.30 mm、26.72 mm和46.29 mm,优于常见的无气象参数模型;BP-Adaboost模型在内陆地区或海拔2 km以上地区具有更高的精度,能够满足中国大陆区域卫星导航用户实时对流层延迟改正的需求。  相似文献   

20.
通过分析广西4个探空站资料，结合GGOS Atmosphere格网Tm数据，建立随高程增大的温度递减率模型。根据温度递减率模型分别采用反距离加权法、双线性插值法、新反距离加权法和新双线性插值法计算探空站Tm，通过分析插值误差建立广西非气象参数Tm模型，并与Bevis模型、中国东部模型、广西模型进行比较。结果表明，温度递减率模型的Tm插值精度相对其他3种模型有比较明显的提升，4种方法的平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）在1~2 K之间；广西非气象参数Tm模型的插值精度得到进一步提高，百色站的MAE约为2 K，其余站点的MAE和RMSE均在1 K左右，能满足可降水量反演的精度要求。  相似文献   

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