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1.
鄱阳湖水系重金属元素地球化学特征及入湖通量   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
江西省多目标区域地球化学调查显示,鄱阳湖流域河流两岸土壤(河漫滩沉积物)中存在明显的重金属异常带。为揭示河流两岸河漫滩沉积物(土壤)中重金属元素的来源、输送通量及其沉积历史,分别于丰水期和枯水期系统采集了鄱阳湖流域赣江、信江、饶河、抚河、修水及鄱阳湖湖水、悬浮物等样品,分析As、Cd、Pb等元素含量。研究表明：As、Pb、Cu、Zn等元素在研究区河流中的含量普遍较高,不同时期河水中的元素含量有较大的差异;各重金属元素在研究区河流迁移形式有很大的差别,As和Cd主要以离子态形式迁移,但Cd悬浮态迁移形式所占比例也很大;Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni主要以悬浮态形式迁移;重金属在河流水体和悬浮物两相中的分配受水体pH值、温度和悬浮物浓度等因素影响,不同的元素受这些因素的影响程度有很大的差别;按各支流输送通量,赣江和信江对湖区重金属元素输入通量的贡献最大,是鄱阳湖Cd等重金属元素的最主要来源。  相似文献   

2.
The results of more than 40 years long authors’ investigations in the field of the freshwater (river input) and marine (ocean waters) hydrospheres are summarized. The latest estimations of the global average concentrations of many chemical elements in river water and suspended matter and in ocean water and suspended matter are presented. It is shown that particulate suspended forms of many elements are predominant in river waters (“rivers are the kingdom of suspended forms of elements”), while their dissolved forms prevail in ocean waters (“ocean is the kingdom of dissolved forms of elements”). Sedimentary and biogeochemical processes of the river material transformation in the river-sea mixing zone (the so-called “marginal filter of the ocean”) were studied thoroughly. It was shown that radical quantitative and qualitative changes of dissolved and particulate suspended substances take place in this zone, resulting in the governed transformation of dissolved forms into suspended particulate forms and their following deposition on the bottom. The first data on the losses of 35 chemical elements in the river-sea mixing zone are presented. These data prove that the concentrations of dissolved elements in river and ocean waters are in regular and close relationship with their losses in the river-sea mixing zone and with the types of element distribution in ocean water column (conservative, biogenic, and lithogenic). This indicates the existence of a geochemical system in the entire (freshwater and marine) hydrosphere, which calls for deep and detailed investigations.  相似文献   

3.
The relationship between the geochemistry of dissolved and particulate materials and geographic conditions was investigated. Samples of water and suspended particulate matter were collected from five locations in three of the major rivers of China (the Huanghe, Changjiang, and Zhunjiang rivers). Because these rivers generally flow parallel to latitudes and flow through diverse geologic and climate zones, they provide excellent opportunities for comparisons of solute transport. The geochemistry of these rivers is influenced strongly by climate. The low discharge of the Huanghe River influences the character of the major ionic materials (Cl?+SO4 2? and Na++K+) as well as the high degree of mineralization within the system. Dissolved concentrations of both major ions and trace elements are lower in the southern reaches of the rivers. The highly mobile ions, such as, Na+ and Ca2+, are depleted from the suspended particulate material in the southern regions, while the relatively immobile ions of Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, and trace metals are concentrated within the suspended mateiral. The relative mobility of some elements as measured by the Dissolved Transport Index (DTI) changes with climate. The geology of the area drained by the rivers has a major influence on the geochemistry in areas of similar climate. Lowest leaching rates in the southern climates occur in areas dominated by granite, which is resistant to weathering. The composition of both cations and anions among the three tributaries of the Zhujiang River are dependent on the rocks that dominate each eregion. Some particulate forms of the rare earth elements are present in the highest concentrations in regions dominated by granite. The DTI calculated for the major rivers in China are much smaller than those computed for other major rivers of the world. The low concentration of heavy metals in the particulate material suggests that pollution in the rivers of China is less serious than in rivers of other industrialized countries.  相似文献   

4.
The fractionation of rare earth elements (REE) was evaluated under the conditions of natural acidic water mixing with fresh and sea waters using the example of unique objects on Kunashir Island (the Kislaya and Lesnaya rivers). It was shown that the concentrations and fractionation of REE in the water types considered are diverse and controlled by a number of factors. The concentrations of dissolved REE normalized to the North American Shale Composite show an increase from the light to the heavy REE, which reflects both the character of the REE input with the thermal waters and the more active sorption of the light REE and their preferential removal to suspended solids. This is supported by the similar REE patterns in the suspended matter of the Kislaya River. The mixing of the waters of the Kislaya and Lesnaya rivers, which are assigned to different chemical types, is accompanied by active REE coprecipitation with Fe, Al, and Mn oxides and the more extensive removal of the light REE compared with the heavy REE. During acidic water mixing with seawater, more than 80% of the REE were precipitated at a salinity of 8‰.  相似文献   

5.
古新世特提斯北缘前黑海地区盆地的演化与油气远景   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本文以ＥＸＸＯＮ公司Ｐ．Ｒ．Ｖａｉｌ等人创立的层序地层学理论为准，对华南泥盆系的层序地层进行了区域上的研究、分析、对比。研究结果表明，从下泥盆统的洛赫科夫阶至上泥盆统的法门阶可识别出２０～２１个Ⅲ级层序。华南泥盆系的岩石地层、生物地层、年代地层的系、统、阶界线均已确定，与层序地层研究结果对比，生物地层界线均比相应的层序地层界线滞后。本文试图以层序地层序列为准，建立一新的地层系统作为相应的生物地层、年代地层的系、统、阶相对应的辅助性地层系统。研究结果表明，在岩石地层、生物地层、年代地层研究程度高的地区，可建立层序地层的系、统、阶界线系统以利于野外作业。华南地区的泥盆系内，除弗拉斯阶与法门阶的阶间界线置于饥饿层（ｓｔａｒｖｅｄｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ）外，其他的阶、统、系界线均位于有关阶（统）顶部层序中的ＨＳＴ的顶面。  相似文献   

6.
The Tinto and Odiel rivers drain 100 km from the Rio Tinto sulphide mining district, and join at a 20-km long estuary entering the Atlantic Ocean. A reconnaissance study of heavy metal anomalies in channel sand and overbank mud of the river and estuary by semi-quantitative emission dc-arc spectrographic analysis shows the following upstream to downstream ranges in ppm (μg g?1): As 3,000 to <200, Cd 30 to <0.1, Cu 1,500 to 10, Pb 2,000 to <10, Sb 3000 to <150, and Zn 3,000 to <200. Organic-rich (1.3–2.6% total organic carbon, TOC), sandysilty overbank clay has been analyzed to represent suspended load materials. The high content of heavy metals in the overbank clay throughout the river and estuary systems indicates the importance of suspended sediment transport for dispersing heavy metals from natural erosion and anthropogenic mining activities of the sulfide deposit. The organic-poor (0.21–0.37% TOC) river bed sand has been analyzed to represent bedload transport of naturally-occurring sulfide minerals. The sand has high concentrations of metals upstream but these decrease an order of magnitude in the lower estuary. Although heavy metal contamination of estuary mouth beach sand has been diluted to background levels estuary mud exhibits increased contamination apparently related to finer grain size, higher organic carbon content, precipitation of river-borne dissolved solids, and input of anthropogenic heavy metals from industrial sources. The contaminated estuary mud disperses to the inner shelf mud belt and offshore suspended sediment, which exhibit metal anomalies from natural erosion and mining of upstream Rio Tinto sulphide lode sources (Pb, Cu, Zn) and industrial activities within the estuary (Fe, Cr, Ti). Because heavy metal contamination of Tinto-Odiel river sediment reaches or exceeds the highest levels encountered in other river sediments of Spain and Europe, a detailed analysis of metals in water and suspended sediment throughout the system, and epidemiological analysis of heavy metal effects in humans is appropriate.  相似文献   

7.
Zhifang Xu  Guilin Han   《Applied Geochemistry》2009,24(9):1803-1816
The Xijiang River is the main channel of the Zhujiang (Pearl River), the second largest river in China in terms of water discharge, and flows through one of the largest carbonate provinces in the world. The rare earth element (REE) concentrations of the dissolved load and the suspended particulate matter (SPM) load were measured in the Xijiang River system during the high-flow season. The low dissolved REE concentration in the Xijiang River is attributed to the interaction of high pH and low DOC concentration. The PAAS-normalized REE patterns for the dissolved load show some common features: negative Ce anomaly, progressively heavy REE (HREE) enrichment relative to light REE (LREE). Similar to the world’s major rivers the absolute concentration of the dissolved REE in the Xijiang River are mainly pH controlled. The degree of REE partitioning between the dissolved load and SPM load is also strongly pH dependent. The negative Ce anomaly is progressively developed with increasing pH, being consistent with the oxidation of Ce (III) to Ce (IV) in the alkaline river waters, and the lack of Ce anomalies in several DOC-rich waters is presumably due to both Ce (III) and Ce (IV) being strongly bound by organic matter. The PAAS-normalized REE patterns for the dissolved load and the SPM load in rivers draining the carbonate rock area exhibit middle REE (MREE) enrichment and a distinct maximum at Eu, indicating the preferential dissolution of phosphatic minerals during weathering of host lithologies. Compared to the Xijiang River waters, the MREE enrichment with a maximum at Eu disappeared and light REE were more depleted in the South China Sea (SCS) waters, suggesting that the REE sourced from the Xijiang River must be further fractionated and modified on entering the SCS. The river fluxes of individual dissolved REE introduced by the Xijiang River into the SCS vary from 0.04 to 4.36 × 104 mol a−1.  相似文献   

8.
水和悬浮物是河流重金属元素迁移的主要载体.对嫩江中下游悬浮物及滤后水重金属元素分布特征进行了较系统的研究,结果表明：丰水期是嫩江流域内悬浮物迁移的主要季节,支流的汇入会影响嫩江干流悬浮物浓度,大安市生产生活对水体悬浮物浓度产生明显影响;齐齐哈尔市的生产生活对嫩江水体悬浮物重金属含量影响不大,而对水中Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn元素产生明显影响;雅鲁河是向嫩江输入重金属Cr、Ni最多的支流,年输入嫩江通量分别为1223、100．46 t;阿伦河是向嫩江输入重金属Cd、Cu、Pb最多的支流,年输入嫩江通量分别为0．08、10．93、9．96 t;嫩江向松花江年输入重金属As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni通量分别为113．7、0．32、0．79、438、164、152、440、224 t.  相似文献   

9.
As evidenced by catastrophic cadmium and mercury poisonings in japan, heavy metals belong to the most toxic environmental pollutants. Through the investigation of sediments, the extent, distribution and provenance of heavy metal contamination in rivers and lakes can be determined and traced. Eight heavy metals from the clay fraction of sediments from major rivers within the Federal Republic of Germany were determined by means of atomic adsorption spectrometry. Heavy metals especially known for their high toxicity are enriched most: mercury, lead and zinc by a factor of 10; cadmium by a factor of 50, as compared with the natural background of these elements. A mobilisation of heavy metals from the suspended load and from the sediments, as to be observed in rivers approaching the marine enviromment, could endanger marine organisms, thus negatively influencing the acquatic food chain. With a further increase of heavy metal pollution, a threat to the drinking water supplied by rivers and lakes cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

10.
The authors determine the concentrations of dissolved (<0.22 μm) rare earth elements (REE) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) of typical karst rivers in Guizhou Province, China during the high-flow period. The concentrations of acid-soluble REE extracted from SPM using diluted hydrochloric acid are also obtained to investigate water/particle interaction in the river water. The dissolved REE contents in the river water are extremely low in the rivers of the study. The dissolved REE distribution patterns normalized by the Post Archean Australia Shale (PAAS) in the karst rivers are not flat, show slight enrichment of heavy REE to light REE, and also have significant negative Ce and Eu anomalies. The acid-soluble REE appears to have similar distribution patterns as characterized by MREE enrichment and slight LREE depletion, with unremarkable Ce and Eu anomalies. The PAAS-normalized REE distribution patterns of SPM are flat with negative Eu anomalies. The contents and distribution patterns of REE in the SPM are closely related to the lithological character of the source rocks. The SPM contains almost all the REE produced in the process of surficial weathering. This demonstrates that particle-hosted REE are the most important form of REE occurrence. REE fractionation, which takes place during weathering and transport, leads to an obvious HREE enrichment in the dissolved loads relative to the SPM. Y/Ho ratio can be used to shed light on REE behaviors during water/particle interaction.  相似文献   

11.
中国东部主要入海河流As元素分布、来源及影响因素分析   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
为查明中国河流中As等重金属元素的分布规律,于2007—2008年分丰水期和枯水期对中国东部30余条入海河流水体、悬浮物统一进行采样分析。结果表明:东部河流中As元素溶解态含量均值为3.1μg/L,同世界河流相比,明显偏高;且频率分布直方图具有多个峰值,反映出明显的人为污染。利用富集系数的研究表明,悬浮物同样受到较明显的人为污染。As在河水中的迁移形式以溶解态为主,pH值和温度对As的迁移形式有明显影响。流域内岩石类型对河流中As含量影响显著,火山岩、火山碎屑岩类广泛分布的流域河水中As含量明显偏高,花岗岩及中、深变质岩广泛分布的流域河流中As含量则偏小。利用生活、工业污水作为As元素人为来源端元,对海河、黄河、长江、珠江等河流人为源进行了估算,分别为46.7%、18.7%、13.5%、8.3%。  相似文献   

12.
辽东湾北部浅海区泥沙输送及其沉积特征   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16  
苗丰民  李淑媛 《沉积学报》1996,14(4):114-121
根据实测资料，本文定量分析了辽东湾北部泥沙输送及其分布，并对辽河三角洲沉积区划作了初步讨论。研究表明本区泥沙以纵向搬运为特征。双台子河以西来沙和辽河西水道入海泥沙是区域东部拦门沙体和浅滩发育的主导因素。汛季大潮期，泥沙自西向东运移落淤在河口及毗邻浅水域；小潮期，泥沙除向东扩散外，大部泥沙向海方搬运。调查区可划分六个现代沉积作用区，即潮坪沉积区、辽河水下三角洲细粒沉积区、河口沙洲沉积区、波浪潮流冲蚀沉积区、河口冲积沉积区以及潮汐水道沉积区。  相似文献   

13.
Water samples from eight major Texas rivers were collected at different times during 1997–1998 to determine the dissolved and particulate trace metal concentrations, expected to show differences in climate patterns, river discharge and other hydrochemical conditions, and human activities along the different rivers. Specifically, two eastern Texas rivers (Sabine, Neches) lie in a region with high vegetation, flat topography, and high rainfall rates, while four Central Texas rivers (Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, and San Antonio) flow through large population centers. Relatively high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the eastern Texas rivers and lower pH led to higher Fe and Mn concentrations in river waters. The rivers that flow through large population centers showed elevated trace metal (e.g., Cd, Pb, Zn) concentrations partly due to anthropogenically produced organic ligands such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) present in these rivers. Trace metal levels were reduced below dams/reservoirs along several Texas rivers. Statistical analysis revealed four major factors (suspended particulate matter [SPM], EDTA, pH, and DOC) that can explain most of the observed variability of trace metal concentrations in these rivers. SPM concentrations directly controlled particulate metal contents. Variation in pH correlated with changes of dissolved Co, Fe, Mn, and Ni, and particulate Mn concentrations, while DOC concentrations were significantly related to dissolved Fe concentrations. Most importantly, it was found that, more than pH, EDTA concentrations exerted a major control on dissolved concentrations of Cd and Zn, and, to a lesser extent, Cu, Ni, and Pb.  相似文献   

14.
Winter seasonal concentrations of dissolved rare earth elements (REE) of two major river systems (the Wujiang River system and the Yuanjiang River system) in karst-dominated regions in winter were measured by using a method involving solvent extraction and back-extraction and subsequent ICP-MS measurements. The dissolved REE concentrations in the rivers and their tributaries are lower than those in most of the large rivers in the world. High pH and high cation (i.e., Na+ + Ca2+) concentrations of the rivers are the most important factors controlling the concentrations of dissolved REE in the river water. The dissolved load (<0.22 μm) REE distribution patterns of high-pH river waters are very different from those of low-pH river waters. The shale (PAAS)-normalized REE patterns for the dissolved loads are characterized by light REE-enrichment and heavy REE-enrichment. Water in the upper reaches of the Wujiang River generally shows light REE-enriched patterns, while that in the middle and lower reaches generally shows heavy REE-enriched patterns. The Yuanjiang River is heavy REE enriched with respect to the light REE in the same samples. Water of the Wuyanghe River draining dolomite-dominated terrains has the highest heavy REE-enrichment. Most river water samples show the shale-normalized REE patterns with negative Ce and Eu anomalies, especially water from Wuyanghe River. Y/Ho ratios show that the water/particle interaction might have played an important role in fractionation between HREE and LREE.  相似文献   

15.
Arctic rivers typically transport more than half of their annual amounts of water and suspended sediments during spring floods. In this study, the Sagavanirktok, Kuparuk and Colville rivers in the Alaskan Arctic were sampled during the spring floods of 2001 to determine levels of total suspended solids (TSS) and dissolved and particulate metals and organic carbon. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased from 167 to 742 μmol/L during peak discharge in the Sagavanirktok River, at about the same time that river flow increased to maximum levels. Concentrations of dissolved Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe in the Sagavanirktok River followed trends observed for DOC with 3- to 25-fold higher levels at peak flow than during off-peak discharge. Similar patterns were found for the Kuparuk and Colville rivers, where average concentrations of dissolved trace metals and DOC were even higher. These observations are linked to a large pulse of DOC and dissolved metals incorporated into snowmelt from thawing ponds and upper soil layers. In contrast with Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn, concentrations of dissolved Ba did not increase in response to increased discharge of water, TSS and DOC. Concentrations of particulate Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn were more uniform than observed for their respective dissolved species and correlated well with the Al content of the suspended particles. However, concentrations of particulate Al were poorly correlated with particulate organic carbon. Results from this study show that >80% of the suspended sediment and more than one-third of the annual inputs of dissolved Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and DOC were carried to the coastal Beaufort Sea in 3 and 12 d, respectively, by the Kuparuk and Sagavanirktok rivers.  相似文献   

16.
喀斯特河流溶解态稀土元素组成变化及其控制因素   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
韩贵琳  刘丛强 《中国岩溶》2004,23(3):177-186
以化学萃取- 反萃取分离法为手段,结合等离子质谱分析仪测量了喀斯特地区乌江、沅江两大水系的枯水期河流的溶解态稀土元素含量。该两河流的化学组成代表了流经碳酸盐岩地层的河水的化学组成。与世界其它地区低pH的河水不同,喀斯特地区河水溶解态稀土元素含量较低,页岩标准化配分模式并不平坦,轻、重稀土元素分异因河流的不同而不同,乌江水系上游轻稀土元素( LREE)相对重稀土元素( HREE)富集,中下游HREE相对于LREE富集,沅江水系河水HREE相对于LREE富集,页岩标准化配分模式具明显的Ce、Eu负异常。乌江、沅江及其支流有高的溶解盐,含有较高的溶质浓度,河水水化学(高碱度、高离子含量、高pH值)和水/粒相互作用控制了喀斯特河水中溶解态稀土元素的含量和轻、重稀土元素的分异。   相似文献   

17.
The present study was carried out in Haraz basin (Iran) that is located in south of the Caspian Sea. The goal of this study was to establish correlations amongst total suspended solids concentration (TSS) and turbidity with total pollutant concentrations to evaluate the dissolved and particle-bound concentrations of major toxic metals. It also aimed to validate TSS and/or turbidity measurements as proxies to monitor pollutant fluxes. Eight metals, namely nickel, lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, cobalt, arsenic and strontium were analyzed for dissolved and total concentrations in water at ten locations within the catchment. TSS and turbidity were also measured. Sampling campaigns were designed to cover both the rainy (December) and the dry (May) season within the basin. The robust relationship between TSS (202–1212 mg/l) and turbidity (63–501 NTUs) in both seasons warranted their interchangeable potential as proxies within the observed ranges. Total element concentrations were plotted in separate attempts versus TSS and turbidity for all locations and both events. Very good linear correlations were attained where the slopes represent the metals concentration on suspended solids and the intercept the dissolved concentration in water. The results achieved by these linear regressions were in very good agreement with independently measured values for dissolved concentration and concentrations on river bed sediments taken at the same locations. This demonstrates that turbidity and/or TSS measurements may be used for monitoring of metal loads if once calibrated against total concentration of metals. The results also revealed that in the lower Haraz catchment metal concentrations on suspended and river bed sediment were homogeneously distributed along the investigated river stretch. This is assumed to be due to intensive gravel and sand mining activities in the upper and middle part of the catchment.  相似文献   

18.
The Moselle river flows in the north-east of France, from Vosges Mountains to neighboring countries Luxembourg and Germany. One of its tributaries, the Fensch river, drains a highly industrialized watershed, strongly impacted by mining, smelting and surfacing activities. The objective of this work, part of a general research program on Moselle watershed (Zone Atelier Moselle) was to assess the impact of the polluted Fensch river on the global quality of the Moselle river. For that purpose, water, sediments and suspended particulate matter were sampled in both rivers, upstream and downstream the junction. Four main sampling campaigns were carried out, in winter during a flood event and in spring at low water level. On a first step, mineralogical analyses (XRD and FTIR) and chemical analyses (ICP-MS, ICP-AES), were performed on sediments, suspended particulate matters and filtered waters. Major and trace elements concentrations were obtained on two different granulometric fractions (0–2 mm and 0–50 μm) revealing the enrichment in heavy metals of fine particles. From one collecting campaign to another, seasonal variations could be evidenced on suspended matter composition even though major minerals (calcite, quartz and kaolinite) were always present. Furthermore, spatial variations were evidenced for Fensch and Moselle downstream sediments. Thus, very fine-grained sediments, poorly crystallized, displaying at the same time higher metal concentrations and higher organic matter content than in Fensch river material, were collected downstream, in a low hydrodynamic conditions zone, assumed as a preferential sedimentary zone or even as a placer. Strong correlations could be revealed between iron content and contaminant concentrations, confirming the origin of polluted material.  相似文献   

19.
Silicon isotope compositions of main channel samples of the Yangtze River were systematically investigated along with their chemical compositions. The concentration of suspended matter in the Yangtze River tends to decrease from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, corresponding to settling of the sediments in the lakes and reservoirs due to reduction of the velocity of water flow. The silica contents of suspended matter vary from 52.1% to 56.9% and their δ30Si values vary from 0 to −0.7‰, both similar to those of shales. From the upper to lower reaches, the silica contents of suspended matter tend to increase, whilst their δ30Si values tend to decrease. Both trends reflect the increase of clay minerals and decrease of carbonates in suspended matter.The concentrations of dissolved silicon vary from 97 to 121 μmol/L and their δ30Si values vary over a wide range from 0.7 to 3.4‰. From the upper to lower reaches, dissolved silica concentrations tend to decrease and their δ30Si values tend to increase. These trends mainly reflect the change of chemical and isotopic characteristics of the tributaries from the upper to lower reaches. The major factors responsible for these changes may be the high meteoric precipitation and significant silicon absorption by grass (in wetlands) and rice (in paddy fields) in drainage areas of the middle and lower reaches.There is no correlation between δ30Si of dissolved silicon and that of suspended matter. The Δ30SiDiss-SPM values vary over a wide range of 1.0-3.7‰, indicating that (1) they are out of isotopic equilibrium, (2) dissolved silicon and the associated suspended matter do not belong to one physico-chemical system, and (3) isotopic exchange rate between them is very slow.The δ30Si value of dissolved silicon output from the Yangtze River to the East Sea is estimated to be 3.0‰, much higher than the values reported for the Amazon and Congo rivers. This increases the δ30Si range of dissolved silicon in the world’s rivers from 0.4-1.2%; to 0.4-3.4%.  相似文献   

20.
Analysis of Neogene cores from the Eastern Venezuela Basin along 65 km of a west–east trending shoreline allows characterization of the sedimentological and ichnological signatures of wave, river and tidal processes. The area displays deltas prograding northward from the Guyana Shield. Twenty‐three facies are defined and grouped into four categories (wave‐influenced, river‐influenced, tide‐influenced and basinal). Wave‐dominated deltaic deposits occur mostly in the Tácata Field. The delta plain was characterized by tide‐influenced distributary channels separated by interdistributary bays. Fluvial discharge in the delta front and prodelta was repeatedly interrupted by storm‐wave reworking and suspended sediment fallout. Delta‐front and prodelta deposits contain some ichnotaxa that typically do not occur in brackish water (for example, Chondrites and Phycosiphon). Amalgamated storm deposits are unburrowed or contain vertical Ophiomorpha. Lateral (especially on the updrift side) to the river mouths, waves caused nearly continuous accretion of the associated strandplains. These deposits are the most intensely bioturbated, and are dominated by the estenohaline echinoid‐generated ichnogenus Scolicia. River‐dominated deltaic deposits are present in the Santa Bárbara, Mulata, Carito and El Furrial Fields. Low‐sinuosity rivers characterized the alluvial plain, whereas the subaerial delta plain was occupied by higher‐sinuosity rivers. The subaqueous delta plain includes distributary channels and tide‐influenced interdistributary bays. Further seaward, successions are characterized by terminal distributary‐channel and distributary mouth‐bar deposits, as well as by delta‐front and prodelta deposits showing evidence of sediment gravity‐flow and fluid‐mud emplacement. Delta‐front and prodelta deposits are unbioturbated to sparsely bioturbated, suggesting extreme stress, mostly as a result of high fluvial discharge and generation of sediment gravity flows. Tidal influence is restricted to interdistributary bays, lagoons and some distributary channels. From an ichnological perspective, and in order of decreasing stress levels, four main depositional settings are identified: river‐dominated deltas, tide‐influenced delta plains, wave‐dominated deltas and wave‐dominated strandplain–offshore complexes.  相似文献   

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