共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
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Introduction The migrationof electromagnetic field is like that of elastic wave in seismic prospecting, butthere are some differences between them (Lee et al, 1989). The elastic wave field satisfies thegeneral wave equation, while the electromagnetic field in our study satisfies the diffusion equation.Both the electromagnetic field and the elastic wave field have a similar mechanism. The imagingfunction named map can characterize the interface of different mediums (MA, 1989), that is … 相似文献
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Cracks, induced by different stress states, are studied systematically on thin slices of crinoidal limestone samples. Samples
damaged by tension are compared to samples in which first damage is induced by compressive stresses, followed by tensile stresses.
To quantify the effect of the compressive stresses, samples only damaged by compression are also studied. The tensile stresses
cause the occurrence of an intergranular crack. When the sample is first damaged by compressive stresses, former induced damage
influences the growth of this crack. It results in an intergranular crack with a zigzag profile. The average orientation of
the intergranular crack is, however, the same as in the samples damaged by tension only. 相似文献
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本文将调谐液体阻尼器(TLD)和黏弹性阻尼器(VED)同时作用于结构,构成混合被动控制系统。通过对两类阻尼器分别进行优化设计并考虑两者间的相互影响,在充分发挥两者各自优良控制性能的同时,克服了VED大量使用导致控制系统整体造价过高的问题。算例分析表明,混合控制可以得到令人满意的整体减震效果,同时大大节约了VED用量,提高了控制系统的综合经济性能。 相似文献
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Micheline C. Roufosse 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1979,19(4):348-354
Steady-state creep in the earth's mantle is controlled by the diffusion coefficient and by the distances traveled by defects between sources and sinks. In this paper, we investigate the role played by additional vacancies created by natural radioactivity. According to recent studies, bombardment of solids by energetic particles can act as a perturbation. The resulting strain rate is proportional to the rate of vacancy creation and, contrary to ordinary creep mechanisms, is only weakly dependent on the temperature and the energy necessary to create those vacancies; it is independent of the grain size. The strain rate is of the same order of magnitude as the diffusion mechanism but smaller than the dislocation-climb rate by two to three orders of magnitude. Consequently, the strain rate produced by natural radioactivity does not play a major role in the observed rate of deformation, although it could constitute a lower limit to the creep rate and act as a regulatory mechanism. Furthermore, being less strongly affected by temperature and the vacancy-formation energy than are the other mechanisms, it is also less strongly affected by depth. 相似文献
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LIU Rui-feng CHEN Yun-tai Peter Bormann REN Xiao HOU Jian-min ZOU Li-ye YANG Hui 《地震学报(英文版)》2006,19(1)
By using orthogonal regression method, a systematic comparison is made between surface wave magnitudes determined by Institute of Geophysics of China Earthquake Administration (IGCEA) and National Earthquake Information Center of US Geological Survey (USGS/NEIC) on the basis of observation data collected by the two institutions between 1983 and 2004. A formula is obtained which reveals the relationship between surface wave magnitudes determined by China seismograph network and US seismograph network. The result shows that, as different calculation formulae and observational instruments are used, surface wave magnitude determined by IGCEA is generally greater by 0.2 than that determined by NEIC: for M=3.5～4.5 earthquakes, it is greater by 0.3;for M=5.0～6.5 earthquakes, it is greater by 0.2;and for M≥7.0 earthquakes, it is greater by no more than 0.1. 相似文献
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A new method of computing the mean velocity of overland flow using dye tracing is proposed in which a specified cross-section is divided into zones of relatively uniform flow characteristics, termed partial sections. The mean surface velocity for each partial section is determined by timing the passage of injected dye, and this figure is multiplied by 0.67, 0.70, or 0.80, depending on whether the flow is laminar, transitional, or turbulent, to give mean velocity. The mean velocity for the entire cross-section is calculated by multiplying the mean velocity of each partial section by its cross-sectional area, summing the products for all the partial sections, and dividing by the total area of the cross-section. A field test shows that mean velocity derived in this manner differs from mean velocity derived by the discharge method (i.e. by dividing discharge measured volumetrically by cross-sectional area) by an average of only 7.07 per cent. Thus the partial-section technique appears to provide a reliable method of estimating mean velocity of overland flow. 相似文献
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目的:探讨IQQA-Liver自动分析软件在多排螺旋CT（MDCT）及核磁共振成像（MRI）检查中测量肝脏体积的准确性及重复性。方法:①对12例家兔行MDCT及MR（FIESTA、LAVA序列）检查,扫描所得的CT及MR图像传至IQQA-Liver肝脏CT影像解读分析系统测量兔肝体积。扫描完成后立即处死家兔,解剖后取得肝脏,使用排水法测量兔肝脏的实际体积（ALV）,对三种方法得到的兔肝体积进行对比评价。②重复性研究:半个月后对所有家兔及临床病例进行重复性的研究。结果:①MDCT、MR两个序列（FIESTA、LAVA）测量所得的兔肝体积分别为（126.4±35.8）cm3、（125.0±35.4）cm3、（125.8±35.7）cm3,排水法测得的兔肝真实体积为（126.6±36.4）cm3,MDCT、FIESTA、LAVA所测得的兔肝体积与实际兔肝体积具有明显的相关性（r值分别为0.997、0.997及0.998,P值均<0.05）,Bland-Altman图分析显示MDCT、FIESTA、LAVA与“金标准”排水法测量结果一致性较好。②2名操作者各自前后重复测量兔肝脏体积的组内相关系数ICC值分别为0.995和0.985;2名操作者间两次测量兔肝脏体积的组内相关系数ICC值分别为0.996和0.987。结论:CT与MR均能基于IQQA-Liver自动分析软件快速测得较为精确的肝脏体积,并具有较高重复性。 相似文献
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Characterization of Fault Zones 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
— There are currently three major competing views on the essential geometrical, mechanical, and mathematical nature of faults. The standard view is that faults are (possibly segmented and heterogeneous) Euclidean zones in a continuum solid. The continuum-Euclidean view is supported by seismic, gravity, and electromagnetic imaging studies; by successful modeling of observed seismic radiation, geodetic data, and changes in seismicity patterns; by detailed field studies of earthquake rupture zones and exhumed faults; and by recent high resolution hypocenter distributions along several faults. The second view focuses on granular aspects of fault structures and deformation fields. The granular view is supported by observations of rock particles in fault zone gouge; by studies of block rotations and the mosaic structure of the lithosphere (which includes the overall geometry of plate tectonics); by concentration of deformation signals along block boundaries; by correlation of seismicity patterns on scales several times larger than those compatible with a continuum framework; and by strongly heterogeneous wave propagation effects on the earth's surface. The third view is that faults are fractal objects with rough surfaces and branching geometry. The fractal view is supported by some statistical analysis of regional hypocenter locations; by long-range correlation of various measurements in geophysical boreholes; by the fact that observed power-law statistics of earthquakes are compatible with an underlying scale-invariant geometrical structure; by geometrical analysis of fault traces at the earth's surface; and by measurements of joint and fault surfaces topography.¶There are several overlaps between expected phenomenology in continuum-Euclidean, granular, and fractal frameworks of crustal deformation. As examples, highly heterogeneous seismic wavefields can be generated by granular media, by fractal structures, and by ground motion amplification around and scattering from an ensemble of Euclidean fault zones. A hierarchical granular structure may have fractal geometry. Power-law statistics of earthquakes can be generated by slip on one or more heterogeneous planar faults, by a fractal collection of faults, and by deformation of granular material. Each of the three frameworks can produce complex spatio-temporal patterns of earthquakes and faults. At present the existing data cannot distinguish unequivocally between the three different views on the nature of fault zones or determine their scale of relevance. However, in each observational category, the highest resolution results associated with mature large-displacement faults are compatible with the standard continuum-Euclidean framework. This can be explained by a positive feedback mechanism associated with strain weakening rheology and localization, which attracts the long-term evolution of faults toward progressive regularization and Euclidean geometry. A negative feedback mechanism associated with strain hardening during initial deformation phases and around persisting geometrical irregularities and conjugate sets of faults generates new fractures and granularity at different scales. We conclude that long-term deformation in the crust, including many aspects of the observed spatio-temporal complexity of earthquakes and faults, may be explained to first order within the continuum-Euclidean framework. 相似文献
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Abstract Starting from the nonlinear shallow water equations of a homogeneous rotating fluid we derive the equation describing the evolution of vorticity by a fluctuating bottom topography of small amplitude, using a multiple scale expansion in a small parameter, which is the topographic length scale relative to the tidal wave length. The exact response functions of residual vorticity for a sinusoidal bottom topography are compared with those obtained by a primitive perturbation series and by harmonic truncation, showing the former to be invalid for small topographic length scales and the latter to be only a fair approximation for vorticity produced by planetary vortex stretching. In deriving the exact shape of the horizontal residual velocity profile at a step-like break in the bottom topography, it is shown that the Lagrangian profile only exists in a strip having the width of the amplitude of the tidal excursion at both sides of the break, and that it vanishes outside that interval. Moreover, in the limit of small amplitude topography at least, it vanishes altogether for the generation mechanism by means of planetary vortex stretching. The Eulerian profile is shown to extend over twice the interval of the Lagrangian profile both for production by vortex stretching and by differential bottom friction. These finite intervals over which the residual velocity profiles exist for a step-like topography are not reproduced by harmonic truncation of the basic equation. This method gives exponentially decaying profiles, indicating spurious horizontal diffusion of vorticity. In terms of orders of magnitude, the method of harmonic truncation is reliable for residual velocity produced by vortex stretching but it overestimates the residual velocity produced by differential bottom friction by a factor 2. 相似文献
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Environmental monitoring is performed on seafloor communities since these organisms are relatively stationary and integrate the environmental conditions over many years. Standard practices involve sampling by grab. Epifaunal taxa, often missed by grab sampling, are likely to have different ecological functions. We investigate how current environmental assessments represent the benthic community as a whole by comparing taxonomic and functional components sampled by grabs and epibenthic trawls. Faunal communities sampled by trawl (filtrating or predator, epifauna) and grab (infaunal, detrivore) differs widely by sampling distinct functional components, and these may be expected to respond to different human-induced stressors. Neither component appears to be a good surrogate for the community as a whole. We suggest a benthic monitoring by combining both techniques. Sustainable ecosystem functioning is intimately tied to the health of both components of the benthic community, and is recognized as an important goal by signatories of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 相似文献
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This article describes the characteristics of debris obtained from the basal ice in a borehole in the Agassiz ice cap, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories by the Canadian Polar Continental Shelf Project in 1979. The debris appears to have been incorporated by basal freezing at a time when the base of the glacier upstream was near the pressure melting point and some 19°C warmer than at the present site. Such an occurrence may be explained by a different flow regime, by a thicker ice sheet, by the influence of irregular bedrock topography on basal ice conditions at some stage in the past, or by a combination of these factors. 相似文献
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基于中国数字地震台网记录的日本本州地区2009年发生的一次震源深度为167.2 km、 震级为mb6.0地震的宽频带波形资料,利用二维射线追踪方法给出P波三重震相的理论时 距曲线,并采用试错法构建出与观测时 距曲线拟合效果最优的低速异常模型,发现在中国东部海域下方410 km间断面上、下均存在局部的P波低速异常:300—410 km深度范围内低速异常为4%—5%,而410—460/470 km深度范围内的低速异常则达到4%—7%．结合前人地震层析成像结果,发现该区域不存在明确外源热流,因而,本文认为该低速异常与俯冲板片脱水引起的部分熔融有关． 相似文献
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The spatial features of the aftershock sequences triggered by three moderate magnitude events with coda-duration magnitudes 4.1, 5.1 and 5.6, which occurred in Northeastern Italy and Western Slovenia, were investigated. The fractal dimension and the orientations of the planar features fitting the hypocentral data have been inferred. The spatial organization is articulated through two temporal phases. The first phase is characterized by the decreasing of the fractal dimension and by vertically oriented planes fitting the hypocentral foci. The second phase is marked by an increase of the fractal dimension and by the activation of different planes, with more widespread orientation. The aftershock temporal distribution is analysed with a model based on a static fatigue process. The process is favoured by the decrease of the overburden pressure, the sharp variations of the mechanical properties of the medium and the unclamping effect resulting from positive normal stress changes caused by the mainshock stress step. 相似文献
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最近完成的岩石力学三轴实验表明,岩石的破坏既能由最大主应力的增加引起,又能由中等主应力的变化(增加或减小)或最小主应力的减小引起,因此联系到地震的发生也是如此。地震前必须有一个应力和能量的增加过程,但地震不一定发生在应力和能量的增加过程中,地震也可以发生在应力和能量的减小过程中。文章还讨论了能够引起地壳中应力减小的作用,並从地震活动性方面探索应力减小引起地震的可能性。 相似文献
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M. H. SAFAR 《Geophysical Prospecting》1976,24(4):773-787
A new technique is developed for shaping the pressure bubble pulse radiated by an array of air-guns. It involves the proper spacing of identical units. It is shown that considerable shortening of the pressure bubble pulse can be achieved provided there is sufficient mutual coupling between all the air-guns. The existing air-gun array technique for reducing the bubble pulse involves the redistribution of the energy of the bubble pulses which are produced by an array of variable sized air-guns such that no energy of the bubble pulses is radiated along the perpendicular to the array axis and only the sum of the initial pulses produced by the air-guns forming the array is radiated along that direction. However, the new air-guns array technique involves the damping of the bubble pulses which are produced by an array of identical air-guns by means of mutual interaction and the effective pressure pulse radiated by the array is given by the sum of the damped bubble pulses produced by the mutually coupled identical air-guns. Preliminary field trials gave results consistent with the theoretical predictions. A comparison between the waveforms of the pressure bubble pulses radiated by a single air-gun and by an array of four identical air-guns shows that, due to the presence of mutual coupling between the four air-guns, effective damping of the bubble pulse radiated by the array is about 50% greater than that of the bubble pulse radiated by the single air-gun. 相似文献
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本文利用同步辐射X射线对一沁水盆地无烟煤样在24 keV的能量下进行了成像,并重构得到其CT切片。分别采用数字地形模型（DTM）和数据约束模型（DCM）对样品的CT切片进行分析。研究结果表明,对本文所用煤样,DTM计算得到的煤样孔隙率与真密度和视相对密度实验法测得孔隙率较为接近,但利用DTM确定的阈值进行阈值分割提取到的样品孔隙率与DTM计算所得孔隙率之间偏差较大。DCM计算得到的孔隙率与DTM计算得到的孔隙率及实验测试结果均较为接近。DCM模型考虑了样品CT成像过程中的部分体积效应,得到小于CT体元的孔隙分布信息,在一定程度上拓展了CT成像技术的表征尺度。DCM计算结果显示,煤样中孔隙更多与煤基质和矿物组分以部分占据CT体元的形式存在。 相似文献
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SMALL项目数字化地磁资料可靠性分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
在对中美合作 SMALL (中国低纬地磁台阵 )项目安装在北京地磁台 (白家疃 )和云南通海地磁台的磁通门磁力仪记录资料与磁变仪模拟记录资料进行了详细的对比分析后 ,得出的结果表明 ,两者的日变形态、日变幅有较好的一致性 ,所选特定事件的变化幅度非常一致 ,说明磁通门磁力仪记录到的变化磁场的资料是真实可靠的。尽管目前磁通门磁力仪的基线值存在温度影响和离散度较大的问题 ,但随温度变化有明显的规律性 ,若能采取改进观测条件和观测方法以及缩短观测时间等措施 ,并对基线值进温度校正 ,磁通门磁力仪完全可以提供长期连续可靠的资料。而其为地震预报 ,空间环境预报 ,为日地物理 ,空间物理和地磁学的研究提供的高精度、高分辨率、连续可靠的数字化变化磁场资料是磁变仪模拟记录无法比拟的。 相似文献