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R.K.R. Vupputuri 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):359-374
Abstract A coupled 1‐D radiative‐convective and photochemical diffusion model is used to study the influence of ozone photochemistry on changes in the vertical temperature structure and surface climate resulting from the doubling of atmospheric CO2, N2O, CH4 and increased stratospheric aerosols owing to the El Chichón volcanic eruption. It is found when CO2 alone is doubled, that the total ozone column increases by nearly 6% and the resulting increase in the solar heating contributes a smaller temperature decrease in the stratosphere (up to 4 K near the stratopause level). When the concentration of CO2, N2O and CH4 are simultaneously doubled, the total ozone column amount increases by only 2.5% resulting in a reduced temperature recovery in the stratosphere. Additional results concerning the effect of the interaction of ozone photochemistry with the stratospheric aerosol cloud produced by the El Chichón eruption show that it leads to a reduction in stratospheric ozone, which in turn has the effect of increasing the cooling at the surface and above the cloud centre while causing a slight warming below in the lower stratosphere. 相似文献
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平流层对对流层的作用是准确评估、预测对流层气候变化的一个重要方面。其中平流层成分尤其是臭氧的变化,可以改变平流层乃至对流层的辐射平衡,从而影响平流层、对流层的热动力过程。本文从辐射、动力2个角度介绍了平流层臭氧影响对流层气候变化的若干研究进展。平流层臭氧可以通过长短波辐射的方式对对流层大气造成辐射强迫,利用大气化学气候模式可以定量计算平流层臭氧变化引起的辐射强迫,但是辐射强迫的估算受模式中辐射传输模块本身缺陷的影响存在不确定性。动力方面,平流层臭氧变化产生的辐射效应可以改变温度的垂直和经向梯度,造成波折射指数的变化,进而影响平流层甚至对流层内波的折射与反射,通过上对流层下平流层区域内的波—流相互作用,对对流层气候产生影响。另外,南极臭氧损耗可通过大气环状模影响冬春季中高纬度对流层的天气气候,但是其影响的强度大小以及物理机制仍需进一步的确认。值得注意的是,北极平流层臭氧的变化与北半球中高纬度气候变化之间的关系相比南半球要更加复杂,需要更为深入的研究。 相似文献
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To analyze the mechanism by which water vapor increase leads to cooling in the stratosphere, the effects of water-vapor increases on temperature in the stratosphere were simulated using the two-dimensional, interactive chemical dynamical radiative model (SOCRATES) of NCAR. The results indicate that increases in stratospheric water vapor lead to stratospheric cooling, with the extent of cooling increasing with height, and that cooling in the middle stratosphere is stronger in Arctic regions. Analysis of the radiation process showed that infrared radiative cooling by water vapor is a pivotal factor in middle-lower stratospheric cooling. However, in the upper stratosphere (above 45 km), infrared radiation is not a factor in cooling; there, cooling is caused by the decreased solar radiative heating rate resulting from ozone decrease due to increased stratospheric water vapor. Dynamical cooling is important in the middle-upper stratosphere, and dynamical feedback to temperature change is more distinct in the Northern Hemisphere middle-high latitudes than in other regions and signiffcantly affects temperature and ozone in winter over Arctic regions. Increasing stratospheric water vapor will strengthen ozone depletion through the chemical process. However, ozone will increase in the middle stratosphere. The change in ozone due to increasing water vapor has an important effect on the stratospheric temperature change. 相似文献
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Impact of increasing stratospheric water vapor on ozone depletion and temperature change 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Using a detailed, fully coupled chemistry climate model (CCM), the effect of increasing
stratospheric H2O on ozone and temperature is investigated. Different CCM time-slice runs have
been performed to investigate the chemical and radiative impacts of an assumed 2 ppmv increase in
H2O. The chemical effects of this H2O increase lead to an overall decrease of the total column ozone
(TCO) by ～1% in the tropics and by a maximum of 12% at southern high latitudes. At northern high
latitudes, the TCO is increased by only up to 5% due to stronger transport in the Arctic. A 2-ppmv H2O
increase in the model's radiation scheme causes a cooling of the tropical stratosphere of no more than 2 K,
but a cooling of more than 4 K at high latitudes. Consequently, the TCO is increased by about 2%--6%.
Increasing stratospheric H2O, therefore, cools the stratosphere both directly and indirectly, except in
the polar regions where the temperature responds differently due to feedbacks between ozone and H2O changes.
The combined chemical and radiative effects of increasing H2O may give rise to more cooling in the tropics
and middle latitudes but less cooling in the polar stratosphere. The combined effects of H2O increases on
ozone tend to offset each other, except in the Arctic stratosphere where both the radiative and chemical
impacts give rise to increased ozone. The chemical and radiative effects of increasing H2O cause dynamical
responses in the stratosphere with an evident hemispheric asymmetry. In terms of ozone recovery, increasing
the stratospheric H2O is likely to accelerate the recovery in the northern high latitudes and delay it in
the southern high latitudes. The modeled ozone recovery is more significant between 2000--2050 than between
2050--2100, driven mainly by the larger relative change in chlorine in the earlier period. 相似文献
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The interactively coupled chemistry-climate model ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM is employed in sensitivity calculations to investigate feedback mechanisms of dynamic, chemical, and radiative processes. Two multi-year model simulations are carried out, which represent recent atmospheric conditions. It is shown that the model is able to reproduce observed features and trends with respect to dynamics and chemistry of the troposphere and lower stratosphere. In polar regions it is demonstrated that an increased persistence of the winter vortices is mainly due to enhanced greenhouse gas mixing ratios and to reduced ozone concentration in the lower stratosphere. An additional sensitivity simulation is investigated, concerning a possible future development of the chemical composition of the atmosphere and climate. The model results in the Southern Hemisphere indicate that the adopted further increase of greenhouse gas mixing ratios leads to an intensified radiative cooling in the lower stratosphere. Therefore, Antarctic ozone depletion slightly increases due to a larger PSC activity, although stratospheric chlorine is reduced. Interestingly, the behavior in the Northern Hemisphere is different. During winter, an enhanced activity of planetary waves yields a more disturbed stratospheric vortex. This "dynamical heating" compensates the additional radiative cooling due to enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations in the polar region. In connection with reduced stratospheric chlorine loading, the ozone layer clearly recovers. 相似文献
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本文介绍一个简单、经济的适用于各种多层大气环流模式中计算臭氧加热率的参数化方案,利用这一方案,可根据臭氧总量气候观测值及其垂直分布资料计算臭氧加热率,也可以在模式中加入臭氧方程,用预报的臭氧含量计算臭氧加热率.用此方案对单站气候资料试算,结果指出,随着高度的增加,臭氧吸收太阳辐射对大气太阳加热率的贡献逐渐接近、达到并在平流层50hPa附近明显超过其它物质如水汽的贡献.此方案用于九层大气环流模式时,对其辐射加热率的计算有较理想的改进,并使模拟的大气温度垂直分布更符合观测事实. 相似文献
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通过WACCM-3模式中气溶胶光学厚度与卫星资料的对比发现,模式可以很好地再现全球气溶胶的主要分布特征,但在一些区域还存在数值上的差异。利用数值试验研究对流层气溶胶的直接气候效应对平流层气候的影响,结果表明:对流层气溶胶对平流层气候有明显影响,平流层化学过程在这一影响中起重要作用,而对流层气溶胶对平流层辐射的影响不是其直接气候效应对平流层影响的主要原因。其机制可能是对流层气溶胶改变对流层的辐射平衡,影响对流层的温度和大气环流,进而影响行星波的上传,使得平流层气候发生变化;影响区域主要位于高纬度和极地地区,南半球的变化比北半球大,温度变化最大达10 K,纬向风变化最大可达12 m/s,臭氧体积分数最多减少0.8×10-6。 相似文献
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Increasing greenhouse gases and likely ozone recovery will be the two most important factors influencing changes in stratospheric temperatures in the 21st century. The radiative effect of increasing greenhouse gases will cause cooling in the stratosphere, while ozone recovery will lead to stratospheric warming. To investigate how stratospheric temperatures change under the two opposite forcings in the 21st century, we use observed ozone and reanalysis data as well as simulation results from four coupled oceanic and atmo- spheric general circulation models （GISS-ER, GFDL-CM20, NCAR-CCSM3, and UKMO-HadCM3） used in the IPCC （Intergovernment Panel for Climate Change） Fourth Assessment Report （AR4）. Observational analysis shows that total column ozone and lower stratospheric temperatures all show increasing in the past 10 years, while middle stratospheric temperatures demonstrate cooling. IPCC AR4 simulations show that greenhouse forcing alone will lead to stratospheric cooling. However, with forcing of both increasing greenhouse gases and ozone recovery, the middle stratosphere will be cooled, while the lower stratosphere will be warmed. Warming magnitudes vary from one model to another. UKMO-HadCM3 generates relatively strong warming for all three greenhouse scenarios, and warming extends to 40 hPa. GFDL-CM20 and NCAR-CCSM3 produce weak warming, and warming mainly exists at lower levels, below about 60 hPa. In addition, we also discuss the effect of temperature changes on ozone recovery. 相似文献
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Temperature trends in the upper stratosphere are investigated using satellite measurements from Stratospheric Sounding Unit(SSU) outputs and simulations from chemistry–climate models(CCMs) and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6). Observational evidence shows a lack of cooling in the Antarctic, in contrast to strong cooling at other latitudes, during austral winter over 1979–97. Analysis of CCM simulations for a longer period of1961–97 also shows a significant contrast in the... 相似文献
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青藏高原东北侧臭氧垂直分布与平流层-对流层物质交换 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用臭氧和温度探空廓线,结合NCEP/NCAR资料、TOMS臭氧总量卫星观测资料和NOAAHYSPLIT后向轨迹模式资料,通过个例分析探讨了影响青藏高原(下称高原)附近臭氧垂直分布的因子和过程。结果表明,动力过程是影响高原上空臭氧垂直分布的主要因子,特别是中高纬度高臭氧浓度的空气向南入侵会导致高原上空臭氧浓度的升高,影响高原上空臭氧低谷的范围大小和形态;尽管大气化学过程对高原上空的平流层下层臭氧垂直分布的影响并不显著,但是高原上空的平流层臭氧变化与温度变化具有较好的一致性。同时还发现,对流层上层的强反气旋系统,特别是中高纬度阻塞高压的边缘有明显的平流层空气向对流层入侵,从而导致对流层内臭氧浓度的增加。 相似文献
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采用1979—2013年6—8月欧洲中期数值预报中心ERA-Interim逐月再分析资料和2004—2010年6—8月美国国家大气和海洋管理局太阳光谱辐照度资料,利用北京气候中心大气辐射模式,计算了北半球平流层夏季臭氧加热率(Ozone Heating Rate,OHR)和净加热率(Net Heating Rate,NHR),分析了太阳准11 a变化中太阳活动强年与弱年纬向平均OHR(NHR)的差异,并讨论了差异形成的原因。结果表明:太阳活动强年比弱年的紫外辐射明显要强,导致OHR、NHR整层增强,且随高度增加而增加;臭氧浓度在平流层下层较小,在平流层上层较大,该变化导致OHR、NHR有类似的变化型,且稍向高处偏移;OHR、NHR在平流层上层的变化,由紫外辐射和臭氧共同作用,其他地区均为臭氧起主要作用。 相似文献
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R. Krishna Rao Vupputuri 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):214-236
A mean meridional circulation model of the stratosphere, incorporating radiative heating and photochemistry of the oxygen‐hydrogen‐nitrogen atmosphere, is used to simulate the meridional distributions of O3, HOX, N2O,NOX, temperature and the three components of mean motion for the summer and winter seasons under steady‐state conditions. The results are generally in good agreement with the available observations in the normal stratosphere. The model has been applied to assess the effects of water vapour and nitrogen oxide perturbations resulting from aircraft emissions in the stratosphere. It is found that a fleet of 500 Boeing‐type sst's, flying at 20 km and 45°N in the summer hemisphere and inserting NOx at a rate of 1.8 megatons per year, has the effect of reducing the global total ozone by 14.7%. Similar calculations for 342 Concorde/TU‐114's, cruising at 17 km and injecting NOx at a rate of 0.35 megatons per year, show a global‐average total‐ozone reduction of 1.85%. Although water vapour is considered important, because of its ability to convert NO2 into HNO3, the direct effect on global‐average total‐ozone reduction resulting from the 100% increase in the stratospheric water content is less than 1%. The changes in the chemical structure (HO^NO^), temperature, and mean motions associated with the ozone reduction are also investigated in the case of the 1.8‐megaton‐per‐year NOX perturbation. It is shown that the reduced meridional temperature gradient in the middle and upper stratosphere resulting from the NOx perturbation leads to the weakening of the tropical easterly jet in the summer hemisphere and mid‐latitude westerlies in the winter season. The sensitivity of the model solutions to an alternate choice of input parameters (diffusion coefficients and solar photodissociation data) is tested and the main deficiency of the model is pointed out. 相似文献
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Air Temperature Changes over the Tibetan Plateau and Other Regions in the Same Latitudes and the Role of Ozone Depletion 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3 
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下载免费PDF全文 Using radiosonde and satellite observations, we investigated the trends of air temperature changes over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） in comparison with those over other regions in the same latitudes from 1979 to 2002. It is shown that Over the TP, the trends of air temperature changes in the upper troposphere to lower stratosphere were out of phase with those in the lower to middle troposphere. Air temperature decreased and a decreasing trend appeared in the upper troposphere to lower stratosphere. The amplitude of the annual or seasonal mean temperature decreases over the TP was larger than that over the whole globe. In the lower to middle troposphere over the TP, temperature increased, and the increasing trend was stronger than that over the non-plateau regions in the same latitudes in the eastern part of China. Meanwhile, an analysis of the satellite observed ozone data in the same period of 1979-2002 shows that over the TP, the total ozone amount declined in all seasons, and the ozone depleted the most compared with the situations in other regions in the same latitudes. It is proposed that the difference between the ozone depletion over the TP and that over other regions in the same latitudes may lead to the difference in air temperature changes. Because of the aggravated depletion of ozone over the TP, less （more） ultraviolet radiation was absorbed in the upper troposphere to lower stratosphere （lower to middle troposphere） over the TP, which favored a stronger cooling in the upper troposphere to lower stratosphere, and an intenser heating in the lower to middle troposphere over the TP. Therefore, the comparatively more depletion of ozone over the TP is possibly a reason for the difference between the air temperature changes over the TP and those over other regions in the same latitudes. 相似文献
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Bused on January 1962-October 1993 mean value series of monthly mean temperature anomalies of 16 Antarctic stations on 10 standard isobanc surfaces from the surface to the 30 hPa,long term trends and periodic features of climate changes from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere over the Antarctic region are investigated by maximum entropy power spectrum analysis,and the relation between climate change of the stratosphere (troposphere) and tolal ozone (southern 500 hPa circulation) is discussed. 相似文献
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Based on January 1962–October 1993 mean value series of monthly mean temperature anomalies of 16 Antarctic stations on 10
standard isobaric surfaces from the surface to the 30 hPa, long term trends and periodic features of climate changes from
the troposphere to the lower stratosphere over the Antarctic region are investigated by maximum entropy power spectrum analysis,
and the relation between climate change of the stratosphere (troposphere) and total ozone (southern 500 hPa circulation) is
discussed.
This work is supported by the research item on the Theory and Method of Long Range Weather Forecasts. 相似文献
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Releases of halocarbons into the atmosphere over the last 50 years are among the factors that have contributed to changes in the Earth’s climate since pre-industrial times. Their individual and collective potential to contribute directly to surface climate change is usually gauged through calculation of their radiative efficiency, radiative forcing, and/or Global Warming Potential (GWP). For those halocarbons that contain chlorine and bromine, indirect effects on temperature via ozone layer depletion represent another way in which these gases affect climate. Further, halocarbons can also affect the temperature in the stratosphere. In this paper, we use a narrow-band radiative transfer model together with a range of climate models to examine the role of these gases on atmospheric temperatures in the stratosphere and troposphere. We evaluate in detail the halocarbon contributions to temperature changes at the tropical tropopause, and find that they have contributed a significant warming of ~0.4 K over the last 50 years, dominating the effect of the other well-mixed greenhouse gases at these levels. The fact that observed tropical temperatures have not warmed strongly suggests that other mechanisms may be countering this effect. In a climate model this warming of the tropopause layer is found to lead to a 6% smaller climate sensitivity for halocarbons on a globally averaged basis, compared to that for carbon dioxide changes. Using recent observations together with scenarios we also assess their past and predicted future direct and indirect roles on the evolution of surface temperature. We find that the indirect effect of stratospheric ozone depletion could have offset up to approximately half of the predicted past increases in surface temperature that would otherwise have occurred as a result of the direct effect of halocarbons. However, as ozone will likely recover in the next few decades, a slightly faster rate of warming should be expected from the net effect of halocarbons, and we find that together halocarbons could bring forward next century’s expected warming by ~20 years if future emissions projections are realized. In both the troposphere and stratosphere CFC-12 contributes most to the past temperature changes and the emissions projection considered suggest that HFC-134a could contribute most of the warming over the coming century. 相似文献
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未来甲烷排放增加对平流层水汽和全球臭氧的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用一个耦合的大气化学-气候模式(WACCM3)研究了地表甲烷排放增加对平流层水汽和全球臭氧变化的影响.结果表明,如果地表甲烷的排放量在2000年的基础上增加50%(达到政府间气候变化专门委员会A1B排放情景中2050年的值),平流层水汽体积分数将平均增加约0.8×10-6.南半球平流层甲烷转化为水汽的效率比北半球高.在北半球平流层中,1mol甲烷分子可以转化为约1.63mol的水汽分子,而在南半球1mol甲烷分子大概可以转化为约1.82mol的水汽分子.甲烷排放增加50%将使全球中低纬度地区以及北半球高纬度地区的臭氧柱总量增加1%-3%,使南半球高纬度地区臭氧柱总量增加近8%,而秋季(南半球春季)南极地区臭氧柱总量增加幅度可高达20%,南极臭氧的这种显着增加主要是由于甲烷增加造成的化学反馈所致.在北半球中高纬度地区,甲烷增加引起的臭氧变化主要与甲烷氧化导致的水汽增加有关.研究还表明,未来甲烷排放增加对臭氧的恢复作用其实与溴化物排放的减少一样重要. 相似文献
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将包含多形状冰晶粒子的冰云辐射参数化方案应用于全球气候模式中,详细讨论了冰云粒子从球形假定到多形状假定的变化对辐射场和气候场的影响。结果显示,冰晶粒子形状假定的引入对冰云光学厚度、辐射通量和加热率以及温度场均有明显的影响。采用新的冰云方案使得全球平均云光学厚度值降低0.28（23%）;热带地区降低最为明显,其差异绝对值可达1.02,而在中高纬度陆地地区,两者的冰云光学厚度差别较小。冰晶粒子形状假定改变将导致全球平均的大气顶出射长波辐射通量增加5.52 W/m2（2.3%）。与观测资料的比较表明,多形状冰晶粒子假定明显减小了球形粒子假定对长波出射辐射的低估。对大气加热率廓线的模拟显示,多形状冰晶粒子假定会减弱短波辐射对大气的加热作用,同时增强长波辐射对大气的冷却作用;在热带对流层中高层,这两种影响尤为显著。冰晶粒子形状假定的改变对温度场有明显的影响,热带地区的对流层高层大气温度降低幅度可超过1.5 K。研究表明,冰晶粒子形状假定的改变对模拟的辐射和温度场均有重要的影响。 相似文献