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1.
平流层准两年周期振荡对CH4双峰的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
分析了1992~2001年1月HALOE(卤素掩星试验装置)的CH4资料,研究了CH4的多年平均分布,结果表明:CH4混合比在平流层下层较大,向上迅速减小.同时,中纬度与热带CH4混合比的等压面梯度也随着高度逐渐减小,甚至在平流层顶附近和平流层上层形成双峰,这在北半球的春夏季特别明显.作者用NCAR的SOCRTAES二维模式的模拟结果来分析CH4混合比在平流层顶和平流层上层形成双峰的机理.模式作了以下两个模拟,其一为没有热带纬向风场QBO(准两年振荡)的状况,其二为加入QBO强迫后的模拟.结果发现QBO引起的余差环流对CH4混合比在热带和副热带平流层顶和平流层上层的输送是影响CH4双峰的一个主要原因.  相似文献   

2.
平流层臭氧纬向分布季节变化和行星波的关系   总被引:9,自引:7,他引:2  
郑彬  陈月娟  施春华 《高原气象》2006,25(3):366-374
通过分析1992—2001年的HALOE卫星资料,给出了各纬度带平流层的臭氧混合比的纬向分布结构,并分析了其季节变化的特征,同时,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了平流层行星波的结构及其与臭氧纬向分布的关系。结果表明:平流层臭氧混合比的纬向分布季节差异较大,在两半球的夏季平流层臭氧混合比的纬向分布较均匀,其它季节在中高纬的臭氧混合比高值区有一些扰动,并且随着纬度的增大其扰动加强,其中冬季它的扰动最强,这些都与平流层的行星波有相同的特点。对这两种资料进行波谱分析发现,在冬半球臭氧混合比在中高纬的纬向扰动有明显的1波信号,并且与位势高度的1波扰动有相同的位相,因此认为臭氧纬向扰动主要是由行星波引起的,并且在中高纬主要是1波的影响;而低纬地区由于不满足行星波上传的条件,所以臭氧纬向分布不受行星波的影响。分析行星波扰动对臭氧的输送作用也表明,行星波的扰动确实引起臭氧在经向上的输送,从而造成臭氧纬向分布的不对称,并且由于基本气流的输送作用,使得臭氧纬向扰动与行星波造成的原始扰动有一个位相差。  相似文献   

3.
中国平流层CH4的分布特征和季节变化   总被引:8,自引:5,他引:3  
郑彬  施春华  陈月娟 《高原气象》2006,25(4):609-615
利用UARS卫星上HALOE试验的1992—2003年CH4资料,分析了中国平流层的CH4混合比分布特征,并对CH4混合比在不同纬度上的季节变化作了详细分析。结果表明,中国平流层CH4混合比随着高度逐渐减小,在经向上有较大差异,总是南边大于北边,而各个纬度带上的分布则较均匀。分析结果还表明,中国平流层CH4混合比在DJF的季节距平与MAM有相反的符号,而且中心位置基本吻合。此外,季节变率最大的是MAM—DJF,而不是JJA—DJF。并且在平流层低层的夏半年有明显的高值带,这可能与上升运动和辐散辐合作用有关。  相似文献   

4.
采用UARS卫星1993—2004年卤素掩星试验的观测资料(HALOE),分析了青藏高原(下称高原)上空大气中H2O和CH4的分布和季节变化,也与同纬度其它地区作对比,找出它们的差异,并分析了H2O和CH4的多年变化趋势。结果表明:高原上空H2O混合比在对流层上层随高度迅速减少,在对流层顶和平流层底达到极小值,平流层里水汽混合比随高度增加。高原上空CH4混合比从140 hPa直至1 hPa随高度递减。在对流层上部和平流层下部H2O和CH4混合比季节差异最明显。高原上空H2O和CH4混合比与同纬度带其它地区相比有不少差异,这种差异在对流层上部和平流层下部更明显。分析还表明:高原上空对流层上部和平流层下部H2O和CH4的分布明显受到高原热力作用引起的垂直运动的影响,高原区域是平流层和对流层交换的活跃区。平流层中上层H2O和CH4的关系很密切,其原因主要是在平流层中上层CH4很容易被氧化成H2O。趋势分析表明,在对流层顶附近,水汽在1993—2004年呈下降趋势,而CH4在1998年以前和2001年以后也呈下降趋势;平流层中层1993—2000年H2O混合比呈增加趋势,CH4呈下降趋势,2000—2004年H2O混合比呈下降趋势,而CH4呈增加趋势。  相似文献   

5.
HALOE资料揭示的热带平流层CH4时空变化特征   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
中层大气微量成分的分布和变化是中层大气研究的重要问题之一,但是长期以来中层大气的资料非常少。卤素掩星试验(HALOE)对中层大气多种微量气体进行观测,形成中层大气多种微量元素的空间分布和时间演变资料组,这是对中层大气微量气体含量资料的极大补充。作者利用1992~2003年HALOE资料分析热带地区(20°S~20°N)平均的CH4的垂直分布和时间演变特征。结果表明:热带平流层CH4混合比在平流层下层有较充分的混合;热带平流层CH4混合比的季节变化明显,在平流层中上层以年循环为主,而在平流层下部以半年变化为主;热带平流层CH4混合比的年际变化主要有准2年和准5年振荡。    相似文献   

6.
郑彬  陈月娟  简俊 《大气科学》2003,27(5):821-833
利用1992~2000年HALOE的观测资料,分析了平流层NPx(这里是指NO和NO2)混合比的垂直经向分布结构、季节变化和年际变化,并与O3混合比的年际变化进行比较.结果表明:(1)在各纬度平流层NOx混合比的垂直结构基本相似,从平流层下层向上随高度增加,分别在1~2hPa(NO)和5~10 hPa(NO2)达到极大值,再向上NOx混合比随高度减小.另外,NO混合比在1.0×l0-5hPa高度附近还有一个极值区.在平流层下层,它们的极值区下方,NOx混合比基本从热带向两极增大.NO混合比在平流层位于1~2 hPa之间有一个高值区,在1.0×10-5hPa附近还有一个更大的极值.而NO2只有一个浓度高值区,位置在5~10 hPa.(2)NOx混合比在中低纬的高度分布和经向分布上都存在准两年周期振荡(简称QBO).NO2的QBO较NO更明显,赤道上空的NOx的QBO最明显,北半球NOx的QBO较南半球更明显,而20~5hPa的NOx的QBO又较其他气层更明显.(3)在热带30 km以上,NOx的QBO与O3混合比的QBO位相相反;而中纬地区及30 km以下的热带,它们有一个位相差,但不完全相反.  相似文献   

7.
王林  陈文  黄荣辉 《大气科学》2007,31(3):377-388
利用高分辨率的再分析资料ERA40,分析了纬向平均状态下北半球不同尺度的定常波对西风动量沿经向输送的气候态及其年变化。结果表明,对流层中定常波对西风动量输送最强的区域位于中纬度对流层的中上层,定常波在该区域长年向北输送纬向动量,且输送中心随季节有南北移动和强弱变化。此外,在高纬度地区的对流层中上层以及赤道对流层顶附近还有两个相对较弱的输送中心。前者对西风动量的输送长年向南,其垂直范围从对流层低层一直伸展到平流层下层,中心位置相对固定,强度有明显的季节变化。后者位置也相对固定,但输送方向随季节改变。平流层中定常波对西风动量的输送主要位于中高纬度的平流层中上层,定常波在该区域长年向北输送西风动量,中心位置非常稳定,而强度则随季节变化明显。行星尺度定常波的输送作用与总波动的输送作用非常一致,并在很大程度上决定了波动对动量输送强度的季节变化。天气尺度定常波和10波以上的短波的输送作用主要集中在中纬度对流层的中高层。前者与行星尺度定常波共同决定了该区域内的输送强度,并主导了输送中心的南北移动;后者的作用很小,除夏季外均可以忽略。作者给出的不同尺度定常波对西风动量输送的气候态分布不但可以作为日后研究其年际变化的基础,而且还可以为大气环流模式对大气环流模拟能力的评估提供重要的参考。  相似文献   

8.
陈文  黄荣辉 《大气科学进展》2002,19(6):1113-1126
利用变换欧拉平均方程讨论了行星波动力学,观测和模拟结果都表明,在北半球冬季准定常行星波的经向传播存在两支波导。一支为高纬度波导,另一支则为低纬度波导。这些结果与理论分析相当一致。通过对EP通量进一步的研究表明,平流层爆发性增温是沿高纬度波导传播的异常行星波与平均气流相互作用的结果。而热带风场的准两年周期振荡(QBO)是低纬度平流层下层大气纬向平均流的一个重要年际变化,它可以影响行星波沿低纬度波导的传播;此外,由一个行星波-平均流耦合模式模拟的结果表明,这个热带风场的变化还可以通过波流相互作用调制行星波沿高纬度波导的传播。行星波对臭氧的输运作用在中也进行了分析,行星波强迫出的剩余平均环流表明,耗散的行星波有强的输运作用;向北的涡动热量输送可以强迫出一个正的输运环流,其在低纬度上升并在高纬度下沉。同时研究还表明,热带风场的QBO对行星波传播的调制对输运环流也有重要影响,模式结果表明,在QBO的东风位相期间行星波引起的输运作用明显增强,其结果可用于解释平流层高纬度臭氧的年际变化。  相似文献   

9.
北半球冬季行星波的传播及其输运作用   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
利用变换欧拉平均方程讨论了行星波动力学。观测和模拟结果都表明,在北半球冬季准定常行星波的经向传播存在两支波导。一支为高纬度波导,另一支则为低纬度波导。这些结果与理论分析相当一致。通过对EP通量进一步的研究表明,平流层爆发性增温是沿高纬度波导传播的异常行星波与平均气流相互作用的结果。而热带风场的准两年周期振荡(QBO)是低纬度平流层下层大气纬向平均流的一个重要年际变化,它可以影响行星波沿低纬度波导的传播;此外,由一个行星波一平均流耦合模式模拟的结果表明,这个热带风场的变化还可以通过波流相互作用调制行星波沿高纬度波导的传播。 行星波对臭氧的输运作用在文中也进行了分析。行星波强迫出的剩余平均环流表明,耗散的行星波有强的输运作用;向北的涡动热量输送可以强迫出一个正的输运环流,其在低纬度上升并在高纬度下沉。同时研究还表明,热带风场的QBO对行星波传播的调制对输运环流也有重要影响,模式结果表明,在QBO的东风位相期间行星波引起的输运作用明显增强,其结果可用于解释平流层高纬度臭氧的年际变化。  相似文献   

10.
使用国家气候中心大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.1的30年模拟试验资料,对平流层纬向环流场、高空急流、极涡及爆发性增温过程进行了数值模拟研究,并使用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)和美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的再分析资料对模式输出结果进行了对比、分析。结果表明:(1) 在观测海温、二氧化碳、气溶胶等外强迫地驱动下,BCC模式能够很好地再现出与再分析资料一致的平流层纬向平均风场、温度场的分布特征和季节变化过程;模拟得到的温度廓线和高空急流与再分析资料的主要差别出现在南、北半球冬季的中高纬度地区;模拟得到的平流层温度普遍偏低,主要的差异位于对流层顶区域和平流层高层。(2) 模拟的对流层上层的副热带急流位置偏南、强度也偏弱,而平流层中的绕极极夜急流则位置偏北、强度更大。这样的急流分布特征使模拟的行星波向赤道的波导更强,向极的波导偏弱;同时由于模式中本身可以形成的行星波就比再分析资料弱,因此导致模拟结果中北半球冬季的平流层极涡更加稳定、极区温度更低。(3) BCC模式对于平流层极涡的季节变化特征模拟得较好,但对强极涡扰动过程,即北半球冬季的平流层爆发性增温(SSW)事件则模拟效果不佳,不论是增温事件出现的频率,还是增温的时间、强度,模拟结果和再分析资料都还存在一定偏差,需要在今后的工作中逐步改善。  相似文献   

11.
中国降水的季节性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
姚世博  姜大膀  范广洲 《大气科学》2017,41(6):1191-1203
本文使用一套基于中国气象局所属的2416个台站数据所得的高分辨降水资料,对1961~2013年中国降水季节性进行了研究。就全国平均而言,各季节降水占全年降水百分率最高的为夏季(56.5%),春季(19.3%)和秋季(18.9%)次之,冬季(5.3%)最少;针对不同地区,各季节降水百分率存在很大差异,例如华南春季降水最多、东北至高原一线秋季降水大于春季降水。春、夏两季降水百分率高值(低值)区域略呈现出降水百分率减少(增多)趋势,秋季整体上略微减少,冬季则显著增加;季节降水百分率的变率整体表现为夏季大而冬季小,其西部的变率与地形为显著负相关,东部变率的大值区位置随季节变化;秋冬两季的降水百分率变率有显著增加,各季节不同地区变率的变化趋势存在明显差异。  相似文献   

12.
This study investigates the seasonal scale variability of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), which is distinguished from the seasonal cycle with temporal variation throughout winter. Winters lasting 120 days (Nov. 17–Mar. 16) for a period of 64 years from the NCEP daily reanalysis data set are used to study the seasonal scale variability of the EAWM. Cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis is adopted to decompose the variability of the EAWM. The second CSEOF mode of 850-hPa temperature exhibits a seasonal scale variation, the physical mechanism of which is explained in terms of physically consistent variations of temperature, geopotential height, sea level pressure, wind, and surface heat fluxes. The seasonal-scale EAWM exhibits a weak subseasonal and a strong interannual variability and has gradually weakened during the 64 years. In a weak EAWM phase, the land-sea contrast of sea level pressure declines in East Asia. Consistent with this change, low-level winds decrease and warm thermal advection increases over the eastern part of mid-latitude East Asia. Latent and sensible heat fluxes are reduced significantly over the marginal seas in East Asia. However, during a strong EAWM phase, the physical conditions in East Asia reverse. A large fraction of the variability of the EAWM is explained by the seasonal cycle and the seasonal scale variation. A two-dimensional EAWM index was developed to explain these two distinct components of the EAWM variability. The new index appears to be suitable for measuring both the subseasonal and the interannual variability of the EAWM.  相似文献   

13.
This paper reports the seasonal feature of the relationship between ENSO and the stratospheric Polar Vortex Oscillation (PVO) variability in the Northern Hemisphere.It is shown that the lagged ENSO-PVO coupling relationship exhibits distinct seasonal feature,due to the strong seasonality of PVO and ENSO.Specifically,the PVO variability not only during winter,but also in autumn and spring months,is significantly correlated with ENSO anomalies leading by seasons;however,no significant effect of ENSO is found on the PVO variability in winter months of November and February.Although a significant ENSO effect is primarily observed when ENSO leads PVO by about one year,a significant correlation is also found between PVO in the following spring months (M +1 A +1) and ENSO anomalies in the previous autumn (A-1 S-1 O- 1 N -1) when ENSO anomalies lead by about 18 months.The significant correlation between PVO in various seasons and the corresponding ENSO anomalies leading by seasons could be explicitly verified in most of the individual years,confirming that the lagged ENSO effect can largely modulate the seasonal timescale variability of PVO.Moreover,the composite spatial patterns of the zonal-mean temperature anomalies further show that the ENSO effect on the PVO in various seasons is related to the interannual variability of the seasonal timescale PVO events.  相似文献   

14.
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are expected to lead to more frequent and intense summer temperature extremes, not only due to the mean warming itself, but also due to changes in temperature variability. To test this hypothesis, we analyse daily output of ten PRUDENCE regional climate model scenarios over Europe for the 2071–2100 period. The models project more frequent temperature extremes particularly over the Mediterranean and the transitional climate zone (TCZ, between the Mediterranean to the south and the Baltic Sea to the north). The projected warming of the uppermost percentiles of daily summer temperatures is found to be largest over France (in the region of maximum variability increase) rather than the Mediterranean (where the mean warming is largest). The underlying changes in temperature variability may arise from changes in (1) interannual temperature variability, (2) intraseasonal variability, and (3) the seasonal cycle. We present a methodology to decompose the total daily variability into these three components. Over France and depending upon the model, the total daily summer temperature variability is projected to significantly increase by 20–40% as a result of increases in all three components: interannual variability (30–95%), seasonal variability (35–105%), and intraseasonal variability (10–30%). Variability changes in northern and southern Europe are substantially smaller. Over France and parts of the TCZ, the models simulate a progressive warming within the summer season (corresponding to an increase in seasonal variability), with the projected temperature change in August exceeding that in June by 2–3 K. Thus, the most distinct warming is superimposed upon the maximum of the current seasonal cycle, leading to a higher intensity of extremes and an extension of the summer period (enabling extreme temperatures and heat waves even in September). The processes driving the variability changes are different for the three components but generally relate to enhanced land–atmosphere coupling and/or increased variability of surface net radiation, accompanied by a strong reduction of cloudiness, atmospheric circulation changes and a progressive depletion of soil moisture within the summer season. The relative contribution of these processes differs substantially between models.  相似文献   

15.
The seasonal mean variability of the atmospheric circulation is affected by processes with time scales from less than seasonal to interannual or longer. Using monthly mean data from an ensemble of Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) realisations, the interannual variability of the seasonal mean is separated into intraseasonal, and slowly varying components. For the first time, using a recently developed method, the slowly varying component in multiple AGCM ensembles is further separated into internal and externally forced components. This is done for Southern Hemisphere 500?hPa geopotential height from five AGCMs in the CLIVAR International Climate of the Twentieth Century project for the summer and winter seasons. In both seasons, the intraseasonal and slow modes of variability are qualitatively well reproduced by the models when compared with reanalysis data, with a relative metric finding little overall difference between the models. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is by far the dominant mode of slowly varying internal atmospheric variability. Two slow-external modes of variability are related to El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability, and a third is the atmospheric response to trends in external forcing. An ENSO-SAM relationship is found in the model slow modes of variability, similar to that found by earlier studies using reanalysis data. There is a greater spread in the representation of model slow-external modes in winter than summer, particularly in the atmospheric response to external forcing trends. This may be attributable to weaker external forcing constraints on SH atmospheric circulation in winter.  相似文献   

16.
IPCC AMIP模式对西南澳类季风环流的模拟   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
以西南澳类季风环流为出发点,考察了IPCC第四次评估报告AMIP提供的12个大气环流模式对于澳大利亚西南部(SWWA)地区降水的季节演化特征,西南澳类季风环流(SWAC)的季节特征、季节演化、对应的异常环流型及其年际变率的模拟性能进行了评估。结果表明,除了NCAR_CAM3模式以外,其余模式均能较好的再现SWWA地区近地层盛行风向季节性反转及副热带高压脊线的季节性跳跃特征。对副热带高压脊线的季节演化特征,虽然大部分模式可以模拟出其季节移动特征,但是对于副热带高压脊线的北跳、南撤时间、到达位置和年内振幅均不能很好模拟。其次,除了NCAR_CAM3,其余模式基本能刻画出与SWAC相联系的异常环流型结构;而对于SWAC的年际变率,基本所有模式均不能较好模拟。整体权衡,GISS_MODEL_E_R在模拟SWAC环流的年际变率方面表现出较其它模式稍好的性能,大致可以模拟出与观测SWAC相似的特征,对SWWA地区的冬季降水显示出了与观测相似的显著影响。  相似文献   

17.
The study quantified rainfall variability for March–May (MAM) and October–December (OND) seasons in Tharaka district, Kenya. The parameters analysed were inter-annual variability of seasonal rainfall, onset and cessation using daily rainfall data in three agro-ecological zones’ stations. Percentage mean cumulative method was used to determine onset and cessation, and seasonal variability was estimated using rainfall variability indices. Although both seasons are highly variable, OND has been persistently below mean over time while MAM shows high within-season variability. Despite the near uniformity in the mean onset and cessation dates, the former is highly variable on an inter-annual scale. The two rainfall seasons are inherently dissimilar and therefore require specific cropping in agro-ecological zone LM4 and LM4-5. It is possible that farmers in IL5 are missing an opportunity by under-utilising MAM rainfall. The results should be incorporated in implications of climate variability and vulnerability assessment in semi-arid Tharaka district.  相似文献   

18.
Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI) at three different probability levels (20%, 50%, and 80%) was used to quantify drought affecting rain-fed maize production in the Free State Province of South Africa based on climate data from 227 weather stations. Results showed high spatial variability in the suitability of different areas: the southern and southwestern localities are unsuitable due to high drought incidences; the northern, central, and western regions are marginally suitable; the eastern, northerneastern areas and a few patches in the northwest are highly suitable with relatively low drought severity. Proper choice of maize varieties to suit conditions at different localities is crucial. The Mann–Kendall test and coefficient of variation were further used to determine trends and temporal variability, respectively, in the WRSI, seasonal rainfall, and seasonal maize water requirements. Results of this analysis revealed no significant positive trends in the WRSI, no significant negative trends in seasonal rainfall, and no significant positive trends in maize water requirements, contradicting previous findings of increased drought severity. Seasonal rainfall and the WRSI showed high interseasonal variability, while seasonal maize water requirements showed low variability. In view of these observations, it is apparent that realignment of management practices is an overdue prerequisite for sustainable maize production.  相似文献   

19.
利用ERA-Interim再分析资料分析了夏秋季西北太平洋季风槽的气候特征以及季节和年际变化特征及其对西北太平洋热带气旋和台风(TCs)生成大尺度环境因子的影响。研究结果表明了西北太平洋季风槽有很明显的季节变化,在6~7月,季风槽和强对流活动区在5°N~15°N的南海和西北太平洋西侧上空,并逐渐东伸;到了8~9月,季风槽和强对流活动区向北移动、并向东扩展,一般位于10°N~20°N的南海和西北太平洋西侧、中部上空,有的年份可东伸到西北太平洋东侧,强度加强;到了10~11月,季风槽迅速减弱,并成为涡旋,强对流活动区也向南移和向西收缩。同时,研究还表明了西北太平洋季风槽有明显的年际变化。在季风槽强的年份,季风槽和强对流活动区可以从南海经西北太平洋西侧和中部东伸到西北太平洋的东侧上空;而在季风槽弱的年份,季风槽和强对流活动区主要位于南海和西北太平洋西侧和中部上空,季风槽强度的年际变化对它的季节变化也有重要影响。此外,研究还表明了随着季风槽的季节和年际变化,西北太平洋TCs生成的大尺度环境因子分布也发生很明显的变化。  相似文献   

20.
Standard deviations of mesoscale, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual fluctuations of the air and water temperature are calculated from long-term measurements. The contributions of each type of fluctuation to the total temporal variability are estimated. The intraannual cycle of variability of monthly (long-term) means of mesoscale and synoptic fluctuations is considered.  相似文献   

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