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1.
基于第六次人口普查、第二次经济普查和问卷调查数据,定量描述和分析了上海都市区内部以街道为空间尺度的就业可达性及其空间格局,探讨了劳动者的工资收入与居住区位就业可达性的关系。结论表明：上海市的居民就业可达性呈现相对均衡的多中心分布格局,与北京就业可达性单中心的分布格局有明显的不同。同时,在控制个人经济社会属性和地区属性的条件下,上海的居民就业可达性对居民个人收入水平具有显著的正向影响。这一结论的政策含义是,地理区位较差的住房有损于居民收入,可能是吸引力不足的重要原因之一;政府通过提高地区的居民就业可达性,有助于改善就业机会,促进居民个人收入的增加。 相似文献
2.
This article explored China's urban employment dynamics with particular focus on the city size effect.Big data derived from the largest recruitment website were used to ex-amine the direct and indirect impacts of city size on employment demand by using mediating and moderating models.We also investigated the roles of the government and location fac-tors which have seldom been considered in literature.Results showed that the concentration degree of new jobs is higher than that of stock employment and population across cities,implying a path dependency mechanism of job creation and employment expansion.Mean-while,numerous job posts in inland central cities are probably a symptom of more even dis-tribution of employment in future China.Econometric models further verified the significant correlation between city size and job creation.Moreover,industrial diversity,fixed asset in-vestment,and spatial location have heterogeneous effects on employment demand in cities of different sizes and different levels of administration.These results can not only deepen our understanding of the crucial role of city size in urban employment growth but also demon-strate the future trend of labor and population geography of China.Policy implications are then proposed for job creation in cities of China and other developing countries. 相似文献
3.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):531-543
Poverty among inner-city residents is associated with their marginal status in the labor market. Marginalization in the labor market begins during youth when important educational and employment decisions are made. Analysis of 1990 U.S. Census tract data for San Antonio, Texas identifies the lack of a high school diploma, poverty, non-employment, and non-enrollment in school as conditions of marginality for youth. Spatial patterns of youth labor market marginalization show concentrations in the inner city and in sectors on the West, South, and Eastside. Regression analysis reveals that levels of youth marginalization are associated with neighborhood context represented by the employment, behavioral, and ethnic characteristics of the overall residential population of a census tract. 相似文献
4.
基于手机信令数据的北京市职住空间分布格局及匹配特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
职住空间作为城市系统最重要的组成部分,直接影响了城市的形态结构、居民的行为体验以及社会的和谐宜居,长期以来受到城市研究者的关注和重视。论文利用覆盖北京全市域并持续1个月的1亿多条手机信令数据,基于DBSCAN的聚类方法,通过OD定向联系,识别出同时具备居住—就业关系特征的职住空间。在此基础上,针对北京市辖区、环路、街道乡镇等不同空间尺度,综合运用空间错位指数、职住偏离度、职住分离率、通勤流动率等计算方法,研究北京职住空间分布格局及匹配特征。研究发现：① 北京市居住空间呈现大分散、小集聚特征,就业空间呈现大集聚、小分散特征;② 基于各个空间尺度、不同测度方法的分析结果均表明,职住空间的不匹配程度呈现出由中心城区向外围逐渐降低的态势,但基于街道乡镇尺度呈现出由内向外更细化的就业集聚—居住集聚—二者均衡的三段式变化特征;③ 无论是就业空间高度集聚导致的非集聚区就业岗位数量不足,还是包括就业高集聚区在内大量区域出现的双向通勤现象,均说明居住功能和就业功能空间重组的必要性。 相似文献
5.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):253-271
This research proposes two indexes, job proximity and accessibility, to measure workers' location advantage by residences with respect to their job markets. Job proximity is designed to capture the spatial separation between residents and jobs. Job accessibility measures one's ability to overcome such separation as may be affected by transportation means, road network, congestion, and intensity of competition for jobs among workers. The research compares the two measures among workers of various wage levels in an attempt to reveal who has the greatest advantage in job access and whether job access is a spatial or nonspatial issue. In Cleveland in 1990, the mean wage rate of 30,000 was a critical turning point: below this level, the higher the mean wage rate in a residential area, the farther the area was away from jobs; above this level, the trend is reversed. In other words, below a wage threshold, workers tend to trade better and more spacious housing (usually farther away from jobs) for more commuting; but above the threshold, workers retreat for saving in commuting (pertaining to their high opportunity cost of commuting). Although low-wage workers enjoy better job proximity, many of them (particularly some inner-city residents) have the worst job accessibility because of their limited transport mobility as indicated by a low level of automobile ownership. Job proximity declines with distance from the CBD and conforms to the monocentric model, as does job accessibility but to a less degree. Since workers with various wages respond differently to job access, the distribution of mean wage rates in the metropolitan area is hardly monocentric. 相似文献
6.
北京公交就业可达性及其地区和人群差异 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运用经济普查、人口普查数据和基于百度地图的公交出行时间数据,分析北京都市区基于公共交通的就业可达性及其在城市不同人群和地区间的差异。结果表明：北京都市区的居民可在60分钟内通过公共交通到达18.3%的都市区工作岗位,这比美国100个最大的都市区的平均就业可达性水平要高,接近于美国纽约都市区的就业可达性水平。同时,由于就业郊区化程度有限和以中心—放射式布局的公交网络,北京都市区内的公交就业可达性存在着巨大的区域差异,中心城区的就业可达性远远高于郊区。此外,人口居住的郊区化程度远远高于就业的郊区化程度,导致北京都市区宏观层面的职住不平衡。随着人口居住郊区化程度的提高,公共交通如何服务居住日益分散的人口,提高就业可达性,是一项巨大的挑战。研究还发现,由于城市中心区的大部分就业为高技术的就业岗位,因此高受教育程度人口能更多地享受目前公共交通系统的便利,而受教育程度低的人口和外来人口公交就业可达性较低。为解决弱势群体所面临的就业可达性的不平等问题,需要更多的规划与政策干预。 相似文献
7.
民用航空机场对城市和区域经济发展的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在对现代经济活动的地理特征的研究中,"接近空港"成为一个越来越重要的因素,在促进地方经济发展,尤其是发展中国家和地区的发展中,航空运输业正发挥着愈来愈大的作用。更好的理解和认识航空运输的性质,特别是航空业及机场在都市地域的作用也成为一个具有理论和实践意义的课题。以民航机场,特别是大型航空枢纽对所在城市和区域发展的影响为主题,从原生效益(primary effects)、次生效益(secondary effects)、衍生效益(tertiary effects)和永久性效益(perpetuity effects)4个层次,详细分析了接近航空枢纽的人口与产业所获得的经济利益与区位优势,以及枢纽对产业和经济活动,尤其是现代"新经济"活动的独特吸引力。 相似文献
8.
We used Longitudinal Employer Dynamics (LED) data for the analysis of the local workforce and job markets in Shelby County, Tennessee, which includes the city of Memphis. Memphis has earned the unique reputation in the US as America's Aerotropolis. However, the model has not yet received full attention by the urban geography community. This study analyzes the Memphis Aerotropolis (MA) defined as an economic hub extending outward from the Memphis International Airport into a surrounding area that specializes in transportation and warehousing. Our findings reveal polycentric pattern of employment which we grouped into centers, subcenters, and clusters. To understand industrial specialization of job areas, we used location quotient analysis. The area around the airport is consistent with the “Aerotropolis” concept, and attracts both jobs (it is the largest job concentration in the region) and housing. The area also has a greater share of higher-paying jobs, however female and minority workers benefit less than white male workers. This study contributes to the body of research on the spatial aspects of racial, gender, and paying/earning characteristics of both jobs and workers of a current-day metropolis. Availability of the LED data enables easy replication of the analysis of the local job and labor structure elsewhere within the United States. 相似文献
9.
市场转型背景下北京市中低收入居民的住房机会与职住分离研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
基于北京市9个不同类型中低收入社区的600位就业者的问卷调查数据,通过构建多元线性回归模型,验证了住房机会（住房搬迁机会）以及就业机会（工作单位类型）等市场转型过程中的制度性因素对中低收入者就业可达性的影响。研究表明,北京市中低收入居民中,国有企业单位及非国有企业单位就业者相对于行政事业单位就业者,显著地承受更大程度的职住分离,体现出单位制度残留的持续影响。由于政府保障性住房项目而搬迁的中低收入居民职住分离程度最大,而因个人原因发生居住搬迁的中低收入者职住距离则相对较近。拥有北京市户口的本地内生型中低收入者、非户主低收入者、男性低收入者的职住分离程度显著更大。最后,北京市中低收入者的月收入与其职住距离成显著正相关,表明市场因素开始发挥作用,但当考虑了住房搬迁机会变量后,部分市场化因素的影响不仅减弱并且变得不显著,而制度性因素的影响变得更强且统计上显著。由此说明,对于转型期的城市中低收入者而言,计划经济下再分配制度的残留与路径依赖以及城市空间的结构性调整对其职住关系的影响更为显著。 相似文献
10.
Elvin K. Wyly 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(4):431-444
This study analyzes commuting trends in a relatively vibrant setting during the 1980s to determine (a) how labor market segmentation correlates with differences in the spatial dimensions of local labor markets, and (b) whether this link represents a direct spatial effect, independent of earnings, travel mode, and part-time work. I use 1980 and 1990 PUMS data to analyze changes in racial and gender divisions in the workforce, and I develop an estimate of work trip distance to adjust for different travel modes. For all groups except white men, employment in a job “typical” of one's gender and racial group is associated with more localized commutes, but this effect is strongly mediated by variations in earnings and part-time work. Using a covariance structure model to control for these effects, I find no independent link between segmentation and longer commutes among African Americans. Earnings and commute distances remained unchanged over the decade for African Americans, providing no evidence of a purely spatial mismatch manifest in lengthening work trips without corresponding wage gains. The spatial dimensions of an employment mismatch for inner-city minorities are concealed through the replacement of production jobs by poorly paid service work in the expanding downtown economy of a vibrant regional center. 相似文献
11.
依托南京市郊区近千户城市拆迁安置家庭入户调查数据,对城市低收入居民被迫搬迁后的就业变动过程及形成原因开展统计分析,利用生命历程理论构建就业变动纵贯数据库,使用事件史分析模型动态模拟了被迫搬迁后城市低收入居民的就业变动经历,探究其影响因素。研究发现：① 90%以上的城市低收入居民被迫搬迁后经历了就业变动,就业变动集中发生在搬迁后的前4 a,研究期内人均变动1.5次;被迫搬迁后的就业变动类型多样、原因复杂,呈现明显的阶段差异,并非所有的就业变动都和被迫搬迁有关。② 性别、年龄、学历等个体社会经济属性,以及搬迁前后的职住空间关系对就业是否发生变动具有显著影响,搬迁时年龄越大、学历越低、女性、搬迁前职住距离较小、搬迁后职住距离较大以及前一年在中心城区工作受访者,就业发生变动的概率越大。③ 家庭搬迁年份较晚,社区周边就业机会增多以及新的地铁线开通,对个体就业变动发生呈现明显诱导作用,即就业岗位及其可达性对就业变动发生具有显著性影响。④ 前一年的职业类型对就业是否发生变动具有显著影响,具体表现为自营职业者比工作单位员工更不可能经历工作变化,意味着自营职业者的就业状态相对稳定;此外,家庭入住年数对受访者就业变动产生了显著影响,即随着时间推移,个体就业发生变动概率在降低,安置居民的就业状态趋向稳定。 相似文献
12.
《Urban geography》2013,34(2):211-235
This study examines the changing demography of the Spanish city of León, and aims to explore the manner in which its urban fabric was reshaped by processes of reurbanization, a dynamic whereby the inner city becomes more attractive to a wide variety of household types and social groups. We draw on sociodemographic analyses of municipal census data, as well as a customized questionnaire survey of local residents. Empirical evidence is provided both for the city as a whole and two inner-city districts, Casco Antiguo and El Ejido. Among other findings, it is argued that, although the contiguous built-up area of the city is clearly losing its inhabitants through out-migration and aging, there are a series of small-scale migration flows that increasingly concentrate "nontraditional" households in and around the city center. This is accompanied by an increasing trend toward "city-mindedness" as a residential choice and housing preference among both in-migrants and the long-time residential population. Overall, the evidence points to the emergence of a spatially fragile, fragmented reurbanization process. 相似文献
13.
Steven R. Holloway 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(4):445-458
The spatial mismatch hypothesis, which argues that job decentralization has had a major impact on the economic fortunes of inner-city minorities, has been a popular argument in academic and policy circles. It is possible, however, that employment decentralization was a temporary shock to inner-city labor markets and that labor supply has successfully adjusted by residential relocation and alterations in job search patterns. This paper examines this issue with an empirical analysis of the 1980 and 1990 employment probabilities of black and white male teenagers living in the largest metropolitan areas of the United States. Findings indicate that the impact of job accessibility on employment probabilities declined between 1980 and 1990, especially for black male teenagers not enrolled in school. Accessibility had a declining effect for this group because of losing the advantage of accessibility rather than overcoming the disadvantage of inaccessibility. By 1990, black male teens living in job-accessible areas no longer enjoyed as much of an employment advantage relative to teens living in job-inaccessible areas as they did in 1980. We should thus be cautious about ascribing too much theoretical or policy importance to job accessibility factors. 相似文献
14.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):317-334
This paper systematically analyzes alterations in the employment patterns in 11 different sectors for 1970, 1980, and 1990 for three native-born ethnic groups and four foreign-born subpopulations in New York City. We explicitly contrast two methods of employment-change analysis to unpack the complex urban labor-market process of sectorspecific job succession. Our account builds on Roger Waldinger's recent analysis of shifts in the ethnic division of labor in New York City in the 1970s that used an innovative method of employment change decomposition. Waldinger tested the hypothesis that the upward and outward social movement of native-born whites in the city in this decade created a variegated chain of vacancies that other native-born and immigrant groups differentially filled. This paper expands his analysis to a broader set of ethnicities and explores the extent to which the system of job change altered between the 1970s and 1980s. In doing this, we show how Waldinger's method relates to shift-share analysis—the well-known method of regional employment change analysis. We find support for the theory that a key force behind the recent profound changes in New York's labor market was the redistribution and exit of whites from New York's labor force in the 1970s. In advancing the analysis to understand employment change in the 1980s by ethnic group, we reveal that the role of native whites changed. The native-white exodus from jobs in the city continued but masked sectoral differences in comparative advantage by ethnic category. Immigrant blacks and Hispanics gained jobs in every sector of the economy in the 1970s and in every sector but manufacturing in the 1980s. Immigrant Asians gained jobs in every sector including manufacturing in both decades. Total native-Hispanic employment also increased, but shifted significantly out of manufacturing to advanced services and the public sector in the 1980s. In the 1980s, African Americans lost the competitive advantage they held in the 1970s, largely as a result of significant change in the public sector. FIRE and transportation were the only sectors in which native blacks held labor-market comparative advantage by 1990. 相似文献
15.
中国西部城市在大规模、快速度和高投资的交通基础设施推进的同时,审视其建设的社会经济效益就显得尤为重要。尤其对于城市低收入群体来说,公共交通基础设施投入是否能对提升就业水平、提升整体生活品质产生积极作用,值得规划者和决策者关注。论文基于乌鲁木齐2014年居民交通出行调查数据,采用带有交叉变量的多元线性回归和多元Logit回归方法,考察快速公交(Bus Rapid Transit, BRT)对于提升低收入群体就业可达性和通勤满意度的影响。分析结果显示：在就业可达性方面,低收入、男性和拥有住房产权者的通勤时间更长,距离BRT车站越近则通勤时间更短,私家车出行的通勤时间更长;在通勤满意度方面,低收入群体的通勤满意度水平更低,距离BRT车站近、选择私家车出行的通勤满意度水平更高。分析也表明,通勤时间短,通勤满意度水平不一定就高。这些研究结果表明,整体上公共交通基础设施建设对于提升就业可达性和满意度有着积极的带动作用,但个体经济社会属性的差异影响也不可忽视。研究乌鲁木齐公共交通基础设施对就业可达性和满意度的影响,有助于帮助西部城市制定提升低收入群体整体就业水平的公共政策,尤其对于促进地方就业稳定和带动区域经济发展有重要意义。 相似文献
16.
Poverty among inner‐city residents is associated with their marginal status in the labor market. Marginalization in the labor market begins during youth when important educational and employment decisions are made. Analysis of 1990 U.S. Census tract data for San Antonio, Texas identifies the lack of a high school diploma, poverty, non‐employment, and non‐enrollment in school as conditions of marginality for youth. Spatial patterns of youth labor market marginalization show concentrations in the inner city and in sectors on the West, South, and Eastside. Regression analysis reveals that levels of youth marginalization are associated with neighborhood context represented by the employment, behavioral, and ethnic characteristics of the overall residential population of a census tract. 相似文献
17.
郊区化背景下居民健身活动时空约束对心理健康影响——以广州为例 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
本文从健康地理跨学科的视角入手,以广州市典型郊区的102个样本为研究对象,并选择10个城区街道的927个样本作为参照组进行对比研究,重点探讨中国式快速郊区化背景下,郊区居民健身活动时空约束对心理健康状况的影响。通过构建多元线性回归模型,从微观层面探讨居民城市建成环境、健身行为和心理健康之间的相互关系。结果表明：基于WHO-5反映心理健康量表的评分,郊区样本心理健康状况平均分值只有8.411分,远低于城区样本的平均12.788分,郊区居民的心理健康问题需要引起重视。相对于城区居民,郊区居民健身活动受长距离的通勤及不完善的公共交通系统的时空约束更为明显,健身活动频率更低、时间更短、空间上主要集中在住宅附近。这种差异除了受个人经济社会属性、邻里社区融入等因素影响外,还明显受到建成环境因素的影响。研究结论对弥补过度市场化逐利下造成的城市公共性缺失,维护社会空间公平,完善中国式郊区化下的公共服务设施配套体系,改善郊区居民心理健康状况有重要意义,同时也可为郊区规划及公共政策制定提供参考。 相似文献
18.
《Urban geography》2013,34(2):139-172
Although welfare rolls have dropped considerably in recent years, most welfare recipients who find work are employed in low-wage, insecure jobs. The problem of "working poverty" is especially acute in large city-regions such as Los Angeles, where local labor market restructuring has created an expanding, low-wage economy, increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. This paper analyzes the employment outcomes of 6,931 women who completed the county's welfare-to-work program in 1996. I evaluate their earnings, labor market segmentation, and job stability. The results show that women were highly concentrated in low-wage service jobs and experienced high levels of turnover and unemployment. Many were unable to obtain employment in the formal labor market. I argue that the struggles of the working poor in a growing regional economy are explained not solely by human capital limitations, but by processes of local labor market restructuring that have contributed to widespread economic insecurity in Los Angeles County. 相似文献
19.
The revitalization of inner suburban areas is attracting a good deal of attention throughout the Western world, not least because it frequently involves a process of gentrification whereby middle-class individuals move into and renovate formerly working-class dwellings. Evidence from Sydney suggests that this process of revitalization is spatially very selective and as a result it is overly simplistic to talk about the inner suburbs as a whole, because within inner city areas there exists a very considerable mix of both land use and building quality. Moreover the socio-economic characteristics of residents and their attitudes towards the issues of preservation, rebuilding, and high-rise, tend to vary between the different types of residential environment. Consequently there can exist no single planning prognosis for all inner suburban areas. What seems to be needed is a blend of preservation and redevelopment that avoids forcing middle-class aesthetic values on working-class residents, for whom considerations of accessibility to central area employment and facilities appear dominant. 相似文献
20.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):230-256
The relationship between inner-city gentrification and the restructuring of metropolitan economies toward employment in the advanced services is well established. In this context, the paper examines the effects of the 1982-1983 recession, the deepest in Canada in 50 years, upon the incidence of gentrification in six major Canadian cities. Contrary to expectation, the rate of gentrification through the 1981-1986 period accelerated over the rate through the economically more buoyant years of the 1970s, although regional variations were more pronounced. This finding is explained by the more resilient metropolitan labor market in advanced services, even in times of national recession. A second objective of the paper is to examine the spatial patterning of gentrification within the six inner cities. Census tracts that underwent social upgrading during 1981-1986 are far more diverse than the more conservative pattern of the 1970s, where upgrading expanded wave-like from established middle class areas in the inner city. Neighborhood attributes that were effective predictors of gentrification in the 1970s are far less significant in the 1980s. The geography of gentrification has become more complex because, as a social process, it has become more chaotic. The overall effect, however, is that in Canadian cities with rapidly growing employment in the advanced services there are relatively few areas of private housing in the inner city that are likely to be immune from the impact of gentrification in the future. 相似文献