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1.
沉积铁矿形成过程中的生物作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
沉积赤铁矿和层控黄铁矿、菱铁矿的成矿过程中都离不开生物的作用。不同情况下，其表现形式不尽相同。生物的活动形成赤铁矿受层石、毒球状黄铁矿以及有机质的还原作用由赤铁矿转变为菱铁矿。
冀西北宣龙地区铁质叠层石和铁质核形石同心纹层中普遍含有微体古植物化石，属于低等蓝藻类，形态以丝状体为主，部分为羽状体，它们直接地参与了铁的成矿作用。
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冀西北宣龙地区铁质叠层石和铁质核形石同心纹层中普遍含有微体古植物化石，属于低等蓝藻类，形态以丝状体为主，部分为羽状体，它们直接地参与了铁的成矿作用。
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2.
陡山沱期在生物进化中是一个重要的阶段，这一时期不仅在动物界而且在植物界均有明显的变化。峡东陡山沱组多种多样的微化石已有众多报道。这个生物群落包括浮游的球形体、底栖的藻丝体和瓶状微化石。最近笔者重新研究了陡山沱组薄片中的微化石，这些微生物三维地保存在几乎未蚀变的条件下，以丰富的具刺疑源类为特征，主要者有Baltisphaeridium，Filisphaeridium，Tianzhushania和Comaspheridium等。陡山沱组的碳酸盐岩相具刺疑源类和瓶状微化石与产自Spitsbergen的化石近似。这似乎说明陡山沱组与位于Spitsbergen东北部的Svanbergfjellet组沉积可以对比。但由于化石只发现在少数薄片中，因此上述结论可能是片面的，这些化石可能只代表峡东陡山沱组生态环境的一部分。 相似文献
3.
华南滇东地区震旦(Ediacaran)系顶部Longfengshaniaceae藻类化石的发现及意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文报道了在中国云南东部晋宁、江川地区的震旦(Ediacaran)系顶部渔户村组旧城段新发现的龙凤山藻科(Longfengshaniaceae)化石,与华北燕山地区新元古代青白口系长龙山组及北美中元古代小达尔群产出的Longf engshania化石明显不同,叶状体形态更为多样,呈梭形、枣核形、铲形、长条带形或球囊形等,拟茎较粗壮,与叶状体的接合很平缓,部分可见盘状、短茎状、披针状固着构造和叶状体萌生现象。依据形态记述了2属6种,包括1新属2新种3相似种,讨论和修订了龙凤山藻的科、属特征。华南滇东地区这些宏体藻类化石的发现进一步表明震旦(Ediacaran)纪末期也存在后生植物的多样化发展,可能为早寒武世“澄江生物群”的爆发性演化奠定了生态基础。 相似文献
4.
宣龙铁矿的铁质鲕粒由各种不同的核心和微层状外壳组成。核心的组分主要是石英砂粒、赤铁矿内碎屑和凝块以及粒状菱铁矿等。外壳的纹层分别由显微结构不同的板状、片状、均匀和不均匀粒状泥晶赤铁矿以及少量菱铁矿组成。其中板伏、片状、均匀粒状赤铁矿和菱铁矿主要是以化学或生物化学方式在核心表层逐层沉积结果;不等粒状赤铁矿微层则是鲕粒滚动中对铁质颗粒粘附而成。菌藻类生长繁殖改变沉积环境的物化性质,对铁质沉积起着重要作用。 相似文献
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本文报道的科姆藻化石,发现于湘中地区下二叠统茅口组顶部P_1M~4层含放射虫泥晶炭泥质硅质岩中,在新化及邵东地区不仅含量高,而且保存完好,是划分地层的重要标志,是研究科姆藻化石的重要新层位。与科姆藻化石共存的其他生物化石有(虫廷)科、有孔虫、假儒孔藻、翁格达藻、苔藓虫、腕足类、腹足类、介形虫及棘皮动物等。 相似文献
6.
当前,在许多国家和地区古生物工作者十分重视研究古老的微植物化石,特别对于晚元古代及早古生代的微古植物化石的研究,取得了显著成绩。根据外貌特征,微古植物可以分成六个主要群落:球状藻(Sphaeromorphida),棱状藻(Scaphomorphida),多面藻(Edromorphida),刺球藻(Sphaerohystrichomorphida),卵形藻(Ooidomorphida)及椭状藻(Ellipasoidomorphida)。并包括几个亚群落和很多 相似文献
7.
通过对云南禄劝付腥田铁矿区的地质普查工作,发现了2个赤铁矿体、2个磁铁矿体和3个铁矿化点,铁矿体受控于中元古界美党组五段、三段,矿床成因为美党组高含铁质碎屑沉积再经后期热液改造的沉积变质型铁矿床. 相似文献
8.
数年前,由于选矿工作需要,我们在江油广利寺泥盆纪宁乡式铁矿中,发现一种黑色鲕粒矿物。经我们进一步研究,证明乃是一种铁绿泥石(Daphnite)。一、产状铁绿泥石产于四川江油广利寺泥盆纪宁乡式铁矿的上矿层中,鲕状赤铁矿由三个似层状——透镜体组成。有分支复合现象,分上下二矿层。含铁绿泥石层,沿走向及倾向 相似文献
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The occurrence, types, morphology, and mineralogical characteristics of tube microfossils were studied in gossanites from twelve VHMS deposits of the Urals. Several types of tube microfossils were recognized, including siboglinids, polychaetes and calcerous serpulids, replaced by a variety of minerals (e.g. hematite–quartz, hematite–chlorite, carbonate–hematite) depending on the nature of the substrate prior to the formation of the gossanites. Colonial hematite tube microfossils (~ 150 μm across,1–2 mm long) are composed of hematitic outer and inner walls, and may exhibit a cellular structure within their cavities. Spherical forms are saturated with Fe-oxidizing bacteria inside the tubes – probably analogues of trophosomes. Colloform stromatolitic outer wall surfaces are characterized by the presence of numerous interlaced filaments of hematite (2–3 μm diameter, up to 1–2 mm long). Between tube microfossils, the hematitized cement contains bundles of hematitized filaments with structures similar to the hyphae of fungi. Hematite–chlorite tube microfossils are scattered in gossanites, mostly as biological debris. They are typically 30 to 300 μm in diameter and 1 to 5 mm long. The layered structure of their tube walls is characterized by hematite–quartz and chlorite layers. Abundant filamentous bacteria coated by glycocalix and chlorite stromatolite are associated with hematite–chlorite tubes. The carbonate–hematite tube microfossils (up to 300 μm across, 2–3 mm long) occur in carbonate-rich gossanites. The tubes are characterized by fine (~ 10 μm thick) walls of hematite and cavities dominated by relatively dark carbonate or hematite. Carbonates may be present both in walls and cavities. Stromatolite-like leucoxene or hematite–carbonate aggregates were also found in association with tubes. Randomly oriented filaments are composed of ankerite. Single filaments are composed of individual cells, typically smaller than 100 nm across, similar to that of magnetotactic bacteria.Three dimensional tomographic images of all types of tube microfossils demonstrate a clear wavy microlayering from outer and inner walls, which may reflect segmentation of the tube worms. The traces of burrowing or fragments of glycocalix with relict spheres are typical of tube microfossils from gossanites.The carbon isotopic composition of carbonates associated with tube microfossils from hematite–quartz, hematite–carbonate, and hematite–chlorite gossanites average − 7.2, − 6.8, –22.8‰, PDB, respectively. These values are indicative of a biogenic origin for the carbonates. The oxygen isotopic composition of these carbonates is similar in all three gossanite types averaging + 13.5, + 14.2, + 13.0‰ (relative to SMOW), and indicative of active sulfate reduction during the diagenetic (and anadiagenetic) stages of the sediments evolution. The trace element characteristics of hematite from tube microfossils are characterized by high contents of following trace elements (average, ppm): Mn (1529), As (714), V (540), W (537), Mo (35), and U (5). Such high contents are most likely the result of metal and metalloid sorption by fine particles of precursor iron hydroxides during the oxidation of sulfides and decomposition of hyaloclasts via microbially-mediated reactions. 相似文献
12.
赤铁矿和针铁矿是自然界中最稳定的两种铁氧化物,广泛存在于地球的各个圈层。很多沉积物的颜色都是由它们引
起的,它们的形成和保存具有重要的环境指示意义。实验室中赤铁矿和针铁矿的表征和鉴定手段很多,但受其含量低、结
晶差、颗粒细小难分离等因素的困扰以及某些测试方法自身的限制,能用于铁氧化物定量分析的方法很少。文中就常用的
基于X射线衍射（XRD） 和漫反射光谱（DRS） 的铁氧化物定量方法进行了系统评价。在定性分析的基础上,采用基于
XRD的K值法获得西藏床得剖面红色页岩中赤铁矿的含量为3.81％~8.11％,采用DRS与多元线性回归相结合的方法获得北
大西洋ODP1049C孔12X岩芯段棕色层中赤铁矿和针铁矿的含量分别为0.13％~0.82％和0.22%~0.81％,橙色层中赤铁矿和
针铁矿的含量分别为0.19%~0.46％和0.29%~0.67％。与其它分析结果的比较表明,这两种定量方法在白垩纪大洋红层中的
应用是可行的。但在实际应用时,首先要通过XRD和DRS相结合来提高定性分析的准确性,然后通过综合分析铁氧化物的
预判含量范围和结晶程度来选择合适的定量方法。 相似文献
13.
应用电子探针研究蒙其古尔铀矿床含矿砂岩岩石学特征及铀矿物分布规律 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
国内外铁矿石价格对标基准多采用离岸价或到岸价,而非盈亏平衡运营成本,难以揭示我国铁矿石所面对的真实市场承压价格。为了厘清国际一线生产商的铁矿石盈亏平衡运营成本价格,本文对世界上最重要的条带状铁建造（BIF）矿产地——西澳哈默斯利盆地高品位赤铁矿矿床的矿化特征及代表性铁矿石产品展开系统研究,同时引入巴西铁四角地区的铁英岩型赤铁矿矿石作为对照,分析全球典型高品位赤铁矿矿石经济指标。结合前人研究成果,将西澳哈默斯利盆地与BIF相关的高品位赤铁矿的富集矿化类型划分为假象赤铁矿-针铁矿、微板状赤铁矿与河道沉积型赤铁矿,巴西铁四角主要为铁英岩型赤铁矿。上述各矿化类型对应的铁矿石产品的铁元素含量均高于56%;在杂质元素含量上,假象赤铁矿-针铁矿的磷含量高,微板状赤铁矿的磷、硫含量较高,河道沉积型赤铁矿的磷、硫含量较低,铁英岩型赤铁矿含锰。经定量估算,西澳力拓、必和必拓、FMG和巴西淡水河谷的铁矿石盈亏平衡运营成本价格分别为34.66、36.76、47.35、38.07美元/干吨,可为中国海外权益铁矿项目开发提供运营成本的参考。 相似文献
14.
Alexandre Raphael Cabral Nikola Koglin Ant?nio Augusto Seabra Gomes Bernd Lehmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2012,101(1):377-383
Dissolution cavities in weathered pebbly quartzite of the ~2.5-Ga Moeda Formation at Capanema, Quadrilátero Ferrífero of Minas
Gerais, Brazil, are decorated with suspended filaments of opaline silica. The filaments sustain xenotime–hematite aggregates
in the open space. Xenotime occurs as inclusions in buds and botryoidal aggregates of hematite. The filamentous structures
consist of strand-forming buds, hypha-like extensions, and thin strands that compose mat-like arrangements. They resemble
microbial filaments that were replaced by opaline silica and fossilized. The occurrence of spherical hematite as protuberances
on hematite-free opaline hyphae is interpreted as accretion of dissolved iron onto extracellular polymers. Phosphate sites
in polymeric substances expelled from the microbial filaments might have adsorbed yttrium and heavy rare-earth elements from
groundwater to the iron-accreting polymers. These would have resulted in botryoidal aggregates of hematite with xenotime inclusions.
The presence of authigenic xenotime in the weathering zone opens a new possibility to constrain the evolution of lateritic
profiles by xenotime geochronology. 相似文献
15.
Alan Levett Emma J. Gagen Hui Diao Paul Guagliardo Llew Rintoul Anat Paz Paulo M. Vasconcelos Gordon Southam 《地学前缘(英文版)》2019,10(3):1125-1138
Demonstrating the biogenicity of presumptive microfossils in the geological record often requires supporting chemical signatures, including isotopic signatures. Understanding the mechanisms that promote the preservation of microbial biosignatures associated with microfossils is fundamental to unravelling the palaeomicrobiological history of the material. Organomineralization of microorganisms is likely to represent the first stages of microbial fossilisation and has been hypothesised to prevent the autolytic degradation of microbial cell envelope structures. In the present study, two distinct fossilisation textures(permineralised microfossils and iron oxide encrusted cell envelopes)identified throughout iron-rich rock samples were analysed using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry(NanoSIMS). In this system, aluminium is enriched around the permineralised microfossils, while iron is enriched within the intracellularly, within distinct cell envelopes. Remarkably,while cell wall structures are indicated, carbon and nitrogen biosignatures are not preserved with permineralised microfossils. Therefore, the enrichment of aluminium, delineating these microfossils appears to have been critical to their structural preservation in this iron-rich environment. In contrast,NanoSIMS analysis of mineral encrusted cell envelopes reveals that preserved carbon and nitrogen biosignatures are associated with the cell envelope structures of these microfossils. Interestingly, iron is depleted in regions where carbon and nitrogen are preserved. In contrast aluminium appears to be slightly enriched in regions associated with remnant cell envelope structures. The correlation of aluminium with carbon and nitrogen biosignatures suggests the complexation of aluminium with preserved cell envelope structures before or immediately after cell death may have inactivated autolytic activity preventing the rapid breakdown of these organic, macromolecular structures.Combined, these results highlight that aluminium may play an important role in the preservation of microorganisms within the rock record. 相似文献
16.
P. Mukherjee Y. Gao 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(5):1195-1206
Organic ligands, especially oxalate, play an important role in iron dissolution from iron-containing minerals. To study the effects of organic acid ligands on the dissolution of iron-containing minerals, the dissolution kinetics of hematite in the presence of oxalate, acetate, and formate were studied under ultraviolet radiation with varying ligand concentrations (10–3 mM). The results indicate that for adsorption dissolution, oxalate is the dominating ligand for producing soluble iron (III) from hematite; for photoreductive dissolution under ultraviolet radiation and in oxic conditions, the production of iron (II) is highly proportional to the concentrations of oxalate, whereas the effects of varying concentrations of formate and acetate are not significant. At low oxalate concentrations (10–500 µM), the photoreductive dissolution of iron (II) is substantially low, while at high oxalate concentrations (3 mM), oxalate is equally effective as formate and acetate for producing photoreduced iron (II) from hematite. Combining with field data from other works, it is likely that the ratios of oxalate to total iron need to be higher than a threshold range of ~1.2–5.5 in order for oxalate to effectively produce photoreduced iron (II) from hematite. This study demonstrates that the iron (II) yield from photoreduction of hematite is significantly lower when the hematite surface is pre-coated with organic ligands versus when it is exposed to ultraviolet radiation instantaneously. 相似文献
17.
YML铁矿区位于几内亚福雷卡里亚省,富铁矿以条带状赤铁矿和铁角砾岩矿为主。矿区内共发育7条矿体,条带状赤铁矿体6条,铁角砾岩矿体1条。条带状赤铁矿体赋存部位多为向形地段,次级紧密褶皱发育,沿走向和倾向有逐渐变薄和尖灭的趋势;铁角砾岩矿体覆盖于地表,以风化壳的形式出现。矿床类型属复合类型,即海底热液喷气沉积叠加后期构造变质型+风化淋滤型。该区具备铁矿形成和保存的地质条件,且已发现具一定储量、品位较高的条带状赤铁矿和大面积的铁角砾岩分布区,区内铁矿找矿远景较好。 相似文献
18.
Outcrop of wad, about 3–5 m thick, associated with low to medium-grade manganese ore deposits in Iron Ore Group (IOG), is present in large quantum in Bonai-Keonjhar belt, Orissa. It is often inter-bedded with volcanic ash layers. Wad is powdery, fine grained, black to blackish-brown in colour, very soft, readily soils the fingers and its hardness on the Mohs’ hardness scale is 1–3. The wad zone is capped by a thin lateritic zone and overlies manganese ore beds of variable thickness in Dalki, Guruda and Dubna mines. Wad constitutes two mineral phases, viz. manganese oxides (δ-MnO2, manganite, romanechite with minor pyrolusite) and iron oxides (goethite/limonite and hematite) with minor clay and free quartz. Mixed limonite-clay and cryptomelane-limonite are commonly observed. Under microscope the ore appears oolitic, pisolitic, elipsoidal to globular in shape having small detritus of quartz, pyrolusite / romanechite and hematite at the core. The ore contains around 23% Mn and 28% Fe with ～7% of combined alumina and silica. Wad might have developed in a swampy region due to slow chemical precipitation of Fe-Mn-Co enriched fluid, nucleating over quartz/hematite grains. Influence of a marine environment is indicated from δ-MnO2 phase. Remnants of some microfossils, like algal filament, bacteria, foraminifera and diatomite are observed in wad sample under SEM. These microorganisms might have been responsible for the oxidation of dissolved Mn2+ and Fe2+ precipitates. These findings suggest biochemogenic origin of wad in Bonai-Keonjhar belt of Orissa. 相似文献
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The atomic and electronic structure of mineral surfaces affects many environmentally important processes such as adsorption phenomena. They are however rarely considered relevant to dissimilatory bacterial reduction of iron and manganese minerals. In this regard, surface area and thermodynamics are more commonly considered. Here we take a first step towards understanding the nature of the influence of mineral surface structure upon the rate of electron transfer from Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 outer membrane proteins to the mineral surface and the subsequent effect upon cell “activity.” Cell accumulation has been used as a proxy for cell activity at three iron oxide single crystal faces; hematite (001), magnetite (111) and magnetite (100). Clear differences in cell accumulation at, and release from the surfaces are observed, with significantly more cells accumulating at hematite (001) compared to either magnetite face whilst relatively more cells are released into the overlying aqueous phase from the two magnetite faces than hematite. Modeling of the electron transfer process to the different mineral surfaces from a decaheme (protoporphyrin rings containing a central hexacoordinate iron atom), outer membrane-bound cytochrome of S. oneidensis has been accomplished by employing both Marcus and ab initio density functional theories. The resultant model of electron transfer to the three oxide faces predicts that over the entire range of expected electron transfer distances the highest electron transfer rates occur at the hematite (001) surface, mirroring the observed cell accumulation data. Electron transfer rates to either of the two magnetite surfaces are slower, with magnetite (111) slower than hematite (001) by approximately two orders of magnitude. A lack of knowledge regarding the structural details of the heme-mineral interface, especially in regards to atomic distances and relative orientations of hemes and surface iron atoms and the conformation of the protein envelope, precludes a more thorough analysis. However, the results of the modeling concur with the empirical observation that mineral surface structure has a clear influence on mineral surface-associated cell activity. Thus surface structure effects must be accounted for in future studies of cell-mineral interactions. 相似文献