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1.
Methane hydrate‐bearing sediments exist throughout the world in continental margins and in Arctic permafrost. Hydrates are ice‐like compounds when dissociate due to temperature rise or reduction in fluid pressure, release gas. Because of the mechanical property changes caused by dissociation in which the loads supported by the hydrates are transferred to soil grains, these sediments may become unstable. To quantify the risk of ground instability triggered by dissociation, which may happen during operation to extract methane gas or from climate changes, a reliable predictive model is indispensable. Even though many models have been proposed, a detailed validation of the ability to model dissociation impact is still needed. This study investigated the adequacy of an spatially mobilized plane constitutive model and a modeling framework using laboratory‐induced dissociation tests under shear from literature. Using laboratory‐imposed temperature and pressure changes and the resulting hydrate saturation changes as input, this study was able to capture the geomechanical responses and determine the stability state of methane hydrate‐bearing sediments as observed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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松散沉积物中天然气水合物生成、分解过程与声学特性的实验研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为了解松散沉积物中天然气水合物的生成和分解规律以及水合物对沉积物声学特性的影响,在粒径为0.18~0.28mm天然沙中进行了甲烷水合物的生成和分解实验,并利用超声波探测技术和时域反射技术实时测量了反应体系的声学参数与含水量。结果表明:根据水合物的生成和分解速率,可将水合物的生成过程分为初始生长期、快速生长期和稳定期3个阶段,分解过程可分为初始分解期和样品表层水合物快速分解期以及样品内、外层水合物均快速分解期3个阶段;由温度和压力数据的分析,得出水合物先在沉积物表层生长,然后在沉积物内、外层迅速生成;由水合物分解过程3个阶段的平均分解率,得出水合物的分解是一个由慢到快的过程。对声学参数的研究表明:水合物在松散沉积物中先胶结骨架颗粒而生成,使纵波速度和声波衰减在饱和度0~1%之间陡然增大;随后水合物开始在沉积物孔隙中形成悬浮粒子,造成超声波信号在饱和度1%~90%间淬熄,声波速度无法获取。研究结果在揭示沉积物中水合物与颗粒间接触机制的同时,为海上地球物理勘探中地震信号的解释提供了新的思路。 相似文献
3.
D. A. Gunn L. M. Nelder C. A. Rochelle K. Bateman P. D. Jackson M. A. Lovell P. R. N. Hobbs D. Long J. G. Rees P. Schultheiss J. Roberts T. Francis 《地学学报》2002,14(6):443-451
ABSTRACT Recently developed effective stress-controlled geophysical property models are used in passive-margin slope instability analyses including simulated earthquake motion. The pressure–temperature (P–T) history of sediment-hosted gas hydrate may significantly alter the geophysical property profile of the sediment column (e.g. metastable cement or increased pore pressures). This can result in significant amplification of earthquake ground motion, and thus seabed instability, where hydrates are present. Published studies suggest destabilization of these high-pressure/low-temperature sediment-hosted hydrates could trigger catastrophic slope failures with consequent liberation of 'greenhouse' gases and significant effects on global climate. To provide improved ground models for slope instability analyses we are investigating the influence of P–T history on hydrate distribution in sediments through the development of laboratory techniques to enable geophysical quantification of hydrate morphology and fabric on hydrate stability. 相似文献
4.
Christian Hermanrud Jon Marius Venstad Joe Cartwright Lars Rennan Kristine Hermanrud Hege M. Nordgård Bolås 《Mathematical Geosciences》2013,45(1):1-30
Both water level drops and erosion have previously been suggested as causes of fluid overpressures in the subsurface. Quantification of the relevance of these processes to supra-lithostatic fluid pressure formation with a wide selection of input parameters is lacking, and thus desired. The magnitudes and drop times that are required for water level drops to result in supra-lithostatic pore pressures in a variety of situations are calculated. Situations with pore fluids consisting of water, water with dissolved methane, water with a gas hydrate layer and dissolved methane in the underlying sediments, and water with dissolved methane, a gas hydrate layer, and free gas accumulation below the hydrate layer are separately addressed. The overpressure formation from reservoir gas expansion is also simulated. The simulation results demonstrate that high fluid overpressures can develop in a rock as a response to a water level drop without the presence of gas, provided that the rock has a sufficiently low compressibility. The contribution to fluid overpressuring is however dramatically increased if the pore water is saturated with methane prior to the water level drop, and is further amplified by the presence of gas hydrates and free gas accumulations beneath such hydrates. Gas expansion in reservoirs should be expected to significantly increase the fluid overpressures in shallow, sealed pressure compartments that experience erosion or water level drops, even if the water level drop duration exceeds one million years. Enough relationships between the calculated overpressure formation and the main controlling factors are provided in order to enable readers to make inferences about a variety of geological settings. Analyses of simulation results prompt us to suggest that pockmarks are likely to be triggered by gas expansion in vertical fluid migration pathways, that the giant craters at the seabed west of Albatross South in the Barents Sea result from hydrate dissociation, and that overpressure build-up due to gas expansion has contributed to reservoir overpressuring in many eroded basins, including the Hammerfest Basin in the Barents Sea. 相似文献
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沉积物中天然气水合物减压分解实验 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
基于自行研发的天然气水合物开采实验装置,进行了沉积物中甲烷水合物减压分解实验研究,并用时域反射技术(TDR)实时监测水合物分解过程中其饱和度的变化。实验采用粒径为0.18~0.35 mm的干砂,003%的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)水溶液和高纯甲烷气体。实验结果表明：水合物减压分解过程中不同层位的温度与水合物饱和度存在差异,体现了一定沉积环境下水合物的分解规律,位于沉积物上层与外侧的水合物先分解;TDR技术测量水合物饱和度时,压力迅速降低不会对TDR波形产生影响,TDR曲线变化仅由水合物分解引起;水合物分解时TDR技术测得其饱和度变化规律与根据分解气体总量计算的结果一致,说明该技术可以准确实时监测水合物饱和度变化。 相似文献
6.
Mechanical properties of methane hydrate‐bearing soils are complex. Their behavior undergoes a significant change when hydrates dissociate and become methane gas. On the other hand, methane hydrates are ice‐like compounds and, depending on the hydrate accumulation habits and the degree of hydrate saturation, may cement soil particles into stronger and stiffer soils. A new constitutive model is proposed that is capable of capturing essential characteristics of hydrate‐bearing soils. The core of the model includes the spatial mobilized plane concept; a transformed stress, tij; the critical state; and the subloading framework. The proposed model gives soil responses due to stress changes or hydrate saturation changes or both. The performance of the model has been found satisfactory, over a range of hydrate saturation and confining pressures, using triaxial test data from laboratory‐synthesized samples and from field samples extracted from Nankai Trough, Japan. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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多孔介质中天然气水合物稳定性的实验研究进展 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
勘探表明天然气水合物多产出于细碎屑沉积物中,其分布和赋存形式受温度、压力、水化学条件等多种物理化学因素的影响。前人的实验研究表明不同孔径尺度中的甲烷水合物稳定性有别于块状、层状水合物,同时孔隙表面的润湿性也是影响因素之一。在综合分析前人研究成果的基础上,系统阐述了孔隙的孔径、孔隙内表面润湿性对所含天然气水合物稳定性的影响规律,总结了可能的内在机理;并指出了当前应当尽快建立包括空间效应、温度、压力和组分等因素的综合天然气水合物相图,查明含天然气水合物沉积物的孔隙结构和表界面特征,建立天然气水合物的稳定性模型,将有助于精确预测天然气水合物的分布和规模,对于水合物开发和甲烷存储技术的研发也有着重要的意义。 相似文献
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LIU Liping SUN Zhilei ZHANG Lei WU Nengyou Yichao Qin JIANG Zuzhou GENG Wei CAO Hong ZHANG Xilin ZHAI Bin XU Cuiling SHEN Zhicong JIA Yonggang 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(3):731-755
Natural gas hydrates have been hailed as a new and promising unconventional alternative energy, especially as fossil fuels approach depletion, energy consumption soars, and fossil fuel prices rise, owing to their extensive distribution, abundance, and high fuel efficiency. Gas hydrate reservoirs are similar to a storage cupboard in the global carbon cycle, containing most of the world’s methane and accounting for a third of Earth’s mobile organic carbon. We investigated gas hydrate stability zone burial depths from the viewpoint of conditions associated with stable existence of gas hydrates, such as temperature, pressure, and heat flow, based on related data collected by the global drilling programs. Hydrate-related areas are estimated using various biological, geochemical and geophysical tools. Based on a series of previous investigations, we cover the history and status of gas hydrate exploration in the USA, Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, the polar areas, and China. Then, we review the current techniques for hydrate exploration in a global scale. Additionally, we briefly review existing techniques for recovering methane from gas hydrates, including thermal stimulation, depressurization, chemical injection, and CH4–CO2 exchange, as well as corresponding global field trials in Russia, Japan, United States, Canada and China. In particular, unlike diagenetic gas hydrates in coarse sandy sediments in Japan and gravel sediments in the United States and Canada, most gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea are non-diagenetic and exist in fine-grained sediments with a vein-like morphology. Therefore, especially in terms of the offshore production test in gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area in the north slope of the South China Sea, Chinese scientists have proposed two unprecedented techniques that have been verified during the field trials: solid fluidization and formation fluid extraction. Herein, we introduce the two production techniques, as well as the so-called “four-in-one” environmental monitoring system employed during the Shenhu production test. Methane is not currently commercially produced from gas hydrates anywhere in the world; therefore, the objective of field trials is to prove whether existing techniques could be applied as feasible and economic production methods for gas hydrates in deep-water sediments and permafrost zones. Before achieving commercial methane recovery from gas hydrates, it should be necessary to measure the geologic properties of gas hydrate reservoirs to optimize and improve existing production techniques. Herein, we propose horizontal wells, multilateral wells, and cluster wells improved by the vertical and individual wells applied during existing field trials. It is noteworthy that relatively pure gas hydrates occur in seafloor mounds, within near-surface sediments, and in gas migration conduits. Their extensive distribution, high saturation, and easy access mean that these types of gas hydrate may attract considerable attention from academia and industry in the future. Herein, we also review the occurrence and development of concentrated shallow hydrate accumulations and briefly introduce exploration and production techniques. In the closing section, we discuss future research needs, key issues, and major challenges related to gas hydrate exploration and production. We believe this review article provides insight on past, present, and future gas hydrate exploration and production to provide guidelines and stimulate new work into the field of gas hydrates. 相似文献
9.
天然气水合物研究中的几个重要问题 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
综述了当前关于天然气水合物研究中的几个重要问题，提出了今后的主要研究方向，全球大约有10^19g碳以天然气水合物的形式储存在沉积物中，大约是其它所有化石燃料沉积物形式储存量的2倍多，因此，天然气水合物被认为是21世纪具有商业开发无景的潜在的战略资源，天然气水合物是一种亚稳态物质，极易受到温度和压力条件的影响，海底天然气水合物的分解将会影响沉积物的物理化学性质（如剪切强度和流变性等），地球物理性质（如地震波速和电导性），以及地球化学性质（如孔隙流体成分）的明显变化，导致诸如海底滑塌等地质灾害的发生，天然气水合物的分解会产生导致“温室效应”的甲烷气体，该气体进入大气圈中会引起全球气候和环境的变化。 相似文献
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海底扩散体系含天然气水合物沉积物制样方法与装置 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
天然气水合物是分布在海洋和大陆多年冻土中的一种具有巨大商业开发价值的新型战略性替代能源。同时,含天然气水合物地层中水合物的分解将带来严重的地质灾害和气候问题的关注。试验室内开展含天然气水合物沉积物物理力学性质研究需要首先解决的是制样问题,即在试验室内快速形成符合现场原位形成模式的试样,并且水合物均匀分布于土样孔隙中。海洋天然气水合物主要是在扩散体系中形成的,即溶解在水中的气体以扩散迁移的方式进入温压条件适合的地层内与水结合生成天然气水合物。文中试验方法与装置利用高压恒流泵驱动溶有气体的去离子水在土样中循环,采用磁力搅拌装置加速和增大气体在水中的溶解,使土样在较短时间内被溶气水饱和,然后将土样温度降低至与气体压力相对应的相变温度以下后,溶于水中的气体与水结合生成水合物析出,且均匀地填充土样孔隙中。采用粉土和CO2气体试验表明,制得含水合物沉积物大约需1 d的时间,通过观察和测试含水率证明,所制得试样具有良好的均匀性,解决了目前在试验中采用的制样方法所制得的试样中水合物分布不均匀以及水合物形成时间过长的问题,为进一步开展含天然气水合物沉积物物理力学试验提供了技术保证 相似文献
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A constitutive mechanical model for gas hydrate bearing sediments incorporating inelastic mechanisms
Gas hydrate bearing sediments (HBS) are natural soils formed in permafrost and sub-marine settings where the temperature and pressure conditions are such that gas hydrates are stable. If these conditions shift from the hydrate stability zone, hydrates dissociate and move from the solid to the gas phase. Hydrate dissociation is accompanied by significant changes in sediment structure and strongly affects its mechanical behavior (e.g., sediment stiffenss, strength and dilatancy). The mechanical behavior of HBS is very complex and its modeling poses great challenges. This paper presents a new geomechanical model for hydrate bearing sediments. The model incorporates the concept of partition stress, plus a number of inelastic mechanisms proposed to capture the complex behavior of this type of soil. This constitutive model is especially well suited to simulate the behavior of HBS upon dissociation. The model was applied and validated against experimental data from triaxial and oedometric tests conducted on manufactured and natural specimens involving different hydrate saturation, hydrate morphology, and confinement conditions. Particular attention was paid to model the HBS behavior during hydrate dissociation under loading. The model performance was highly satisfactory in all the cases studied. It managed to properly capture the main features of HBS mechanical behavior and it also assisted to interpret the behavior of this type of sediment under different loading and hydrate conditions. 相似文献
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沉积物与流体流动的性质是影响水合物形成和聚集的两个重要因素,为研究水合物在沉积地层中的赋存机制必须探明高压环境下含水合物沉积物在非饱和渗流条件下的相互影响关系。以逸度差为水合物反应驱动力,反应动力学常数为Arrhenius类型,建立了包括非饱和流体流动-沉积物特征-水合物形成动力学耦合的二维模型,从理论上研究了多孔介质内流体与沉积物参数如含水率、去饱和系数、水力分布和水合物饱和度等在孔隙内的相互影响规律。结果表明,在设定的条件下,随着反应的进行孔隙水压力随时间逐渐大,在相同条件下水合物饱和度与温度增加导致孔隙水压力变大,其中水合物饱和度的影响较小,而沉积物基质吸力、去饱和系数与本征动力学常数则与孔隙水压力成反向变化,其中本征动力学常数的影响较大。 相似文献
14.
Methane hydrate (MH) is a new energy resource in the 21st century. But the dissociation of MH from sediments during the MH exploration or oil/gas exploration under a hydrate layer accompanied by the softening of soils and formation of excess pore gas pressure may lead to ground failures and environmental disasters. In this study, experiments on modeling the weakening and failure of the sediment by heat‐induced dissociation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate were presented. The failure mode of gas outburst was observed. Gas outbursts is a process where gas and soils in hydrate‐dissociation zone burst out after the continuous skeleton of over‐layer is fractured during the expansion of the dissociation zone and the formation of gas zone and excess pore gas pressure. An analytical method is presented by decoupling heat transfer and soil deformation. The geometrical and mechanical similarities for gas outburst are obtained. An empirical criterion for the occurrence of outburst is proposed using the theory of thermal conduction, rigid plastic mechanics, and the experimental data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
含天然气水合物沉积物分解过程的有限元模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
温度和压力的变化会引起含天然气水合物沉积物的分解,其过程伴随着相态转换、孔隙水压力和气压力耗散、热传导、骨架变形等过程的相互耦合作用。基于多孔介质理论建立了描述含天然气水合物沉积物分解过程的数学模型,考虑了水合物分解产生的水、气流动、水合物相变和分解动力学过程、热传导、骨架变形等过程的耦合作用。基于有限元法,建立了模拟水合物分解过程的数值模型,并编制了计算机分析程序。通过对降压法和升温法开采过程的数值模拟,揭示了在水合物分解过程中沉积物储层的变形、压力、温度等因素的变化规律。结果表明：降压法和升温法都会导致储层变形以及产生超孔隙压力,但两种方法作用效果不同;同时,水合物分解过程包含渗流及热传导作用。 相似文献
16.
海底天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿研究进展 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
综述了近年来天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿等方面的研究成果。天然气水合物的汇聚与地质构造或地层圈闭有关，其溶解受物质转换控制，分解则受热转换控制。水合物释放甲烷的运移方式包括分散式、中心式和大规模排放式。缺氧氧化和耗氧氧化是甲烷在海洋环境中的2种主要转化方式。天然气水合物释放甲烷的最终归宿主要为：①重新形成天然气水合物；②形成化能自养生物群落和沉淀出碳酸盐沉积；③与氧发生氧化后转变为CO2；④直接排放进入到大气中。沉积物中的微构造、化能自养生物群落、自生碳酸盐矿物及其碳氧同位素组成是水合物释放事件的指纹记录。 相似文献
17.
Lin Lin Jun Cao Jin Qian Jiu-jing Shang Wei Zhang Jin-gan Lu Jin-qiang Liang 《China Geology》2022,5(2):267-275
Evaluating velocity-porosity relationships of hydrate-bearing marine sediments is essential for characterizing natural gas hydrates below seafloor as either a potential energy resource or geohazards risks. Four sites had cored using pressure and non-pressure methods during the gas hydrates drilling project (GMGS4) expedition at Shenhu Area, north slope of the South China Sea. Sediments were cored above, below, and through the gas-hydrate-bearing zone guided with logging-while-drilling analysis results. Gamma density and P-wave velocity were measured in each pressure core before subsampling. Methane hydrates volumes in total 62 samples were calculated from the moles of excess methane collected during depressurization experiments. The concentration of methane hydrates ranged from 0.3% to 32.3%. The concentrations of pore fluid (25.44% to 68.82%) and sediments (23.63% to 54.28%) were calculated from the gamma density. The regression models of P-wave velocity were derived and compared with a global empirical equation derived from shallow, unconsolidated sediments data. The results were close to the global trend when the fluid concentration is larger than the critical porosity. It is concluded that the dominant factor of P-wave velocity in hydrate-bearing marine sediments is the presence of the hydrate. Methane hydrates can reduce the fluid concentration by discharging the pore fluid and occupying the original pore space of sediments after its formation.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office. 相似文献
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《China Geology》2020,3(2):221-229
The permeability of a natural gas hydrate reservoir is a critical parameter associated with gas hydrate production. Upon producing gas from a hydrate reservoir via depressurization, the permeability of sediments changes in two ways with hydrate dissociation, increasing with more pore space released from hydrate and decreasing due to pore compression by stronger effective stress related to depressurization. In order to study the evolution of sediment permeability during the production process with the depressurization method, an improved pore network model (PNM) method is developed to establish the permeability change model. In this model, permeability change induced by hydrate dissociation is investigated under hydrate occurrence morphology of pore filling and grain coating. The results obtained show that hydrate occurrence in sediment pore is with significant influence on permeability change. Within a reasonable degree of pore compression in field trial, the effect of pore space release on the reservoir permeability is greater than that of pore compression. The permeability of hydrate containing sediments keeps increasing in the course of gas production, no matter with what hydrate occurrence in sediment pore. 相似文献
20.
Presented here are halogen concentrations (Cl, Br and I) in pore waters and sediments from three deep cores in gas hydrate fields of the Nankai Trough area. The three cores were drilled between 1999 and 2004 in different geologic regions of the northeastern Nankai Trough hydrate zone. Iodine concentrations in all three cores increase rapidly with depth from seawater concentrations (0.00043 mmol/L) to values of up to 0.45 mmol/L. The chemical form of I was identified as I−, in accordance with the anaerobic conditions in marine sediments below the SO4 reduction depth. The increase in I is accompanied by a parallel, although lesser increase in Br concentrations, while Cl concentrations are close to seawater values throughout most of the profiles. Large concentration fluctuations of the three halogens in pore waters were found close to the lower boundary of the hydrate stability zone, related to processes of formation and dissociation of hydrates in this zone. Generally low concentrations of I and Br in sediments and the lack of correlation between sediment and pore water profiles speak against derivation of I and Br from local sediments and suggest transport of halogen rich fluids into the gas hydrate fields. Differences in the concentration profiles between the three cores indicate that modes of transportation shifted from an essentially vertical pattern in a sedimentary basin location to more horizontal patterns in accretionary ridge settings. Because of the close association between organic material and I and the similarity of transport behavior for I− and CH4, the results suggest that the CH4 in the gas hydrates also was transported by aqueous fluids from older sediments into the present layers. 相似文献