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1.
MushtakTalibJabbar 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2002,13(1):58-66,94
In this study,the remote sensing is applied to the examination of the relationship between desertification and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) in the context of northern Shaanxi Province.This relationship is also examined using spatial analysis methods.A strong negative correlation is found in the largest area desert,indicating that the relationship between desert and NDVI is not a sim-ple linear one and that the correlation coefficient between NDVI and vegetation abundance is significant.The normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) was compared with other vegetation index-based methodologies.NDVI is a valuable first-cut indicator for such systems, although the analysis and inter-pretation of its relationship to desertification are complex and also based on the detailed analysis of its re-lationship to ecological zone,vegetation type and season.Conclusions thus made would help to upgrade the methodology as an effective tool for early-warning desertification in the northern Shaanxi Province where a drought is a recurring threat.This methodology includes the integration of NDVI with other socio-economic and bio-physical indicators in GIS ,the complementation of desert area data with satellite data,and the analysis of the relationship between NDVI and specific climatic zones,for each season and vegetation type. 相似文献
2.
MushtakTalibJabbar 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2003,14(4):356-362
Satellite image data and thematic map data were used to provide comprehensive views of surface-bound conditions such as soil and vegetation degradation. The current work applies a computerized parametric methodology, developed by FAO, UNEP and UNESCO to assess and evaluate soil degradation at 1 : 250 000 mapping scale. The study area is located in the arid and semi-arid zone of the northern part of Shaanxi Province in China, a region with considerable agricultural potential; Landsat TM images were utilized to provide recent data on land cover and use of the area. ARC/INFO and Arc-View softwares were used to manage and manipulate thematic data, to process satellite images, and tabular data source. ER mapper software is utilized to derive the normalized difference vegetation index (ND VI) values while field data to estimate soil erodibility (SE) factor. A system is established for rating soil parameters, slope, climate factor and human factor activity. The rating values serve as inputs into a modified universal soil loss equation (USLE) to calculate the present state and risk for soil degradation processes, namely soil wind erosion. The produced maps and tabular data show the risk and the present status of different soil degradation processes. The study area, in general, is exposed to high risk of wind erosion and high hazards of water erosion. Several desertification maps were produced, which reflect the desertification types persisting in the study area. Wind erosion, water erosion, vegetation degradation,physical degradation and salinization are the basic desertification maps, and others are combinations of these basic maps. In terms of statistic analysis, 33.75 % of the total land area (120. 330 0 ha) is considered as sand or sand dune, and not included in our analysis of desertification. About 29. 41% of the total land area has slight or moderate desertification and 37. 465 % is facing severe desertification. 相似文献
3.
Liping XIE Shijie WANG 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):176-176
The present research on karst rocky desertification is mainly focused on qualitative analysis and obviously lack of quantitative and successive mechanism studies. Currently, classification of rocky desertification grades mainly depends on ratio of rocky coverage or ratio of plant and soil coverage. The process of rocky desertification was divided into latent, slight, medium and serious grades without mention of soil degradation. The Cha＇eryan catchment in the Huajiang Gorge of Guizhou Province was selected as the research area in this paper. Soil basic physical characteristics, nutrient element contents of soil and plant were studied in the process of rocky desertification. The karst soil characteristics elucidated that the clay content was high, the contents of soil organic matter, nutrient element （except potassium and sodium）, available contents of elements （except of potassium） were also high; ashes of plants were rich in calcium and nitrogen, and poor in iron, zinc, potassium and phosphorus. Meanwhile, the contents of plant ashes showed a significant positive relationship with calcium content of plant. There were no clear relations between soil degradation and succession of rocky desertification according to current classification standard. Soil particle size distribution, specific gravity, soil organic matter content, total and available nutrient element contents did not vary with the succession of rocky desertification. 相似文献
4.
Abstract: Three new species of Chresmodidae are described. They belong to two different genera: Chresmoda multinervis sp. nov., Chresmoda shihi sp. nov. and Jurachresmoda sanyica sp. nov.. A study of the forewing venation is provided. Longitudinal veins are mostly parallel; costal area is broad at the basal and narrowing distally; ScP is probably extending close to the wing apex; R is parallel at length to ScP; MA is running close to R, with two long parallel branches; MA branched-off basally; while MP is not branched until the middle of the wing. However, the important basal part of MP and CuP is poorly preserved. In addition, unique fringing hairs on the mid legs of C. shihi sp. nov. and J. sanyica sp. nov. are described and compared with Jurachresmoda gaskelli Zhang, Ren and Shih, 2008. 相似文献
5.
试论天然有机质及其与铀矿化的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Uranium is so intimately associated with carbonaceous matter in marine black shales and some sandstone-type uranium deposits that it is said to be “fixed” by organic substances. But different kinds sf organic matter are not of equal importance in the geochemistry of uranium. The nature and origin of organic substances in uranium deposits and the role that they plays in transporting and concentrating uranium are different from place to place. The reason why uranium is associated with certain types of organic matter (for example humus or bitumen) is described in this paper from geochemical viewpoint. 相似文献
6.
Sphene is very common in rocks including albitized granite, dioritic porphyrite, calcsilicate rock and breccia from the eastern fold belt of Mount Isa Inlier, Cloncurry. Two stages of sphenes are present in these rocks. First-staged sphene is relatively fine, euhedral, some grains show round or patchy zoning; second-staged sphene is relatively large, anhedral to subhedral, some grains show patchy zoning;both possibly contain rutile, ilmenite and magnetite inclusions. All sphenes are of low-Al type. The second-staged sphene has lesser Fe apfu than the first-staged sphene. Light-color part of the sphene has bigger Fe apfu than the dark-color part, as observed on one individual grain of sphene with patchy zoning, the average Xro of the sphene with patchy zoning is greater than that of the sphene without patchy zoning. Because the sphenes are taken from different types of rocks, Si, Ti, and Al have variable relations with F OH apfu. Si and Ti are not correlated with OH F in all analyzed samples ; Fe is correlated with OH F in the sphene just from granite and dioritic porphyrite; Al is correlated with OH F in the sphene fromgranite and breccia and is not correlated with OH F in the sphene from the dioritic porphyrite and calcsilicate rocks. The first-staged sphenes were possibly formed in the processes of magmatism and metamorphism. The second-staged sphenes were formed as a result of the breakdown of hornblendes and biotites in the process of Na (Ca) -metasomatism. 相似文献
7.
Formation Mechanism and Controlling Factors of Natural Gas Reservoirs of the Jialingjiang Formation in the East Sichuan Basin 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 The Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation reservoirs are distributed widely in the East Sichuan Basin, which are composed mainly of fractured reservoirs. However, natural gas with high concentration of H2S, ranging from 4% to 7%, was discovered in the Wolonghe Gas pool consisting primarily of porous reservoirs, while the other over 20 fractured gas reservoirs have comparatively low, tiny and even no H2S within natural gases. Researches have proved the H2S of the above reservoirs are all from the TSR origin. Most of the Jialingjiang Formation natural gases are mainly generated from Lower Permian carbonate rocks, the Wolonghe gas pool＇s natural gases are from the Upper Permian Longtan Formation, and the natural gases of the Huangcaoxia and Fuchengzhai gas pools are all from Lower Silurian mudstone. The formation of H2S is controlled by the characteristics and temperature of reservoirs, and is not necessarily related with gas sources. The Jialingjiang Formation in East Sichuan is buried deeply and its reservoir temperature has ever attained the condition of the TSR reaction. Due to poor reservoir potential, most of the gas pools do not have enough room for hydrocarbon reaction except for the Wolonghe gas pool, and thus natural gases with high H2S concentration are difficult to be generated abundantly. The south part of East Sichuan did not generate natural gases with high H2S concentration because the reservoir was buried relatively shallow, and did not suffer high temperature. Hence, while predicting the distribution of H2S, the characteristics and temperature of reservoirs are the necessary factors to be considerd besides the existence of anhydrite. 相似文献
8.
Study on the Electrical Conductivity of 0.025 mol NaCl Solution at 0.25-3.75 GPa and 20-370℃ 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Zheng Haifei Xie Hongsen Xu Yousheng Song Maoshuang Guo Jie Zhang Yueming Earth''s Interior Material Laboratory Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang Guizhou 《《地质学报》英文版》1997,71(3)
The electrical conductance of 0.025 mol NaCl solution was measured at0.25-3.75 GPa and 20-370℃. As shown by the results, the conductance increases with temper-ature, and there is a liner relation between the reciprocal of temperature and the logarithm ofthe conductance but their slopes are different at different pressures. The relations between theconductance and pressure is rather complex and there are some discontinuities: in the range of2.25-3.75 GPa, the conductance increases with the pressure; in the range of 1.25-2.0 GPa, theconductance is not related to the pressure; and at a pressure of 0.75 GPa, the conductance ishigher than that at the pressures nearby. This reflects that the NaCl solution has rather differentproperties of electronic chemistry at various pressures, and probably is an important cause forthe existence of the layers with high electrical conductance and low velocity in the Earth's crustand mantle. 相似文献
9.
The offset-domain prestack depth migration with optimal separable approximation, based on the double square root equation, is used to image complex media with large and rapid velocity variations. The method downward continues the source and the receiver wavefields simultaneously. The mixed domain algorithm with forward Fourier and inverse Fourier transform is used to construct the double square root equation wavefield extrapolation operator. This operator separates variables in the wave number domain and variables in the space domain. The phase operation is implemented in the wave number domain, whereas the time delay for lateral velocity variation is corrected in the space domain. The migration algorithm is efficient since the seismic data are not computed shot by shot. The data set test of the Marmousi model indicates that the offset-domain migration provides a satisfied seismic migration section on which complex geologic structures are imaged in media with large and rapid lateral velocity variations. 相似文献
10.
The concentrations and distributions of four species of inorganic nutrient salts in surface sea water of Chinese Great Wall Bay and its adjacent sea area, Antarctica were surveyed during austral summers of 1993～1994.The results obtained are as follows:The general concentrations of NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and PO4-P are 2. 13, 7. 07, 0. 74 and 1. 12 μg. din-3, respectively. Generally speaking, the concentrations are higher inside the Bay than those outside and the higher values of those inorganic salts often appear in December. The time for the station where their higher and lower concentrations appear are not completely the same. The descending order of the magnitudes of ΣN/P value according to the arrangement monthly is: Dec. Feb. Jan.. The variations of water temperature are mostly consist with the concentrations of NH4-N, PO4-P and ΣN/P, but not often with NO2-N. The low concentrations of nutrient salts as shown in some stations may be related with absorption by phytoplankton, perhaps including autotrophic bacteria.The results suggest that the area surveyed has a typical characteristic of an inner shallow water bay, sub-Antarctica. The nutrients needed for phytoplankton are sufficient, and the Bay surveyed is still in a normal condition. 相似文献
11.
喀斯特石漠化研究存在的问题与发展趋势 总被引：52，自引：1，他引：52
喀斯特石漠化代表了世界上一个比较独特的荒漠类型，即湿润区石质荒漠化。目前石漠化面积快速扩展的总体趋势并没有得到有效遏止，因对石漠化发生机制与喀斯特生态系统稳定性机制还不清楚，同时缺乏比较完善的石漠化防治理论和技术体系也是重要的原因之一。较为详细地介绍了目前西南喀斯特山区石漠化过程和适应性生态修复研究方面存在的基础理论问题，包括喀斯特石漠化的时空格局变化与驱动力、喀斯特山地的侵蚀过程、驱动力与危险性、以水为纽带的喀斯特生态系统退化和石漠化过程中的生物地球化学过程、喀斯特受损生态系统的适应性修复、喀斯特生态系统的服务功能优化和综合调控等方面，阐述了上述几个研究领域的研究现状与可能的发展方向；强调喀斯特石漠化是一个非地带性问题，不是纯自然过程，而是与自然、社会与经济紧密相关，需要以喀斯特科学为主的多学科交叉与综合集成研究。 相似文献
12.
石冠腐殖土在喀斯特地区广泛分布,具有维系喀斯特生态系统植物多样性、截留沉降养分和水分等重要的生态功能。本文以云南石林为例,选择典型石漠化生态系统、人工林生态系统和次生林生态系统,实地取集各类小生境的石冠腐殖土样,并进行NH4+-N吸附实验,探究石冠腐殖土对NH4+-N的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征。结果表明:石漠化生态系统、人工林生态系统和次生林生态系统每平方米岩石投影面积的石冠腐殖土分别为40.45±25.38 g、38.89±9.92 g和397.66±142.71 g;石冠腐殖土对NH4+-N的吸附动力学遵循准二级反应动力学方程,2 min内能完成吸附量的65%～75%,吸附平衡时间约为20 min;腐殖土对氨氮的吸附量随加入NH4+-N浓度的升高而增加,吸附等温线符合Boxlucas1模型,依据此模型计算出的石漠化生态系统石冠腐殖土的吸附性能最大,最大吸附量约7.79 g/kg,人工林次之,为5.29 g/kg,次生林的吸附性能最小,吸附量仅为4.73 g/kg,腐殖土对氨氮的截留率为20%～50%。 相似文献
13.
全球荒漠化的现状、未来情景及防治对策 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目针对荒漠化问题编写的《生态系统与人类福祉：荒漠化综合报告》的核心内容。报告表明：① 除南极洲以外的其它各洲均存在荒漠化土地,荒漠化是旱区居民满足基本生存需求的主要障碍,它已被列为当今世界具有局地与全球效应的最为严重的环境问题;② 根据MA构建的4种情景的分析结果,预计荒漠化在未来50年（2000—2050年）内仍会不断加剧,但是在不同情景条件下其发展程度也不相同;③ 荒漠化已成为实现联合国千年发展目标的主要障碍,为了有效地防治荒漠化,必须在局地至全球的各级层次上对当前的生态系统管理方式、习惯行为和政策做出重大调整,同时最好是将工作重点放在预防上,因为试图修复荒漠化区域不仅成本昂贵,而且往往收效甚微;④ 为了更好地认识荒漠化的本质,当前亟待在全球尺度上建立准确一致的荒漠化本底数据库和评估指标体系,并对科学认知方面的一些不确定性进行深入研究。 相似文献
14.
云南石林喀斯特露石径流输出及其影响因素探究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
喀斯特露石具有重要的生态功能,但关于露石承接降水后的石面径流及其影响因子研究仍然很少.本实验选择云南石林的石漠化、人工林、原生林生态系统,布设露石径流收集装置,收集并测量不同降雨事件后的露石石面径流,测定露石承接降水面积和粗糙度.结果表明:(1)在3.92 mm到72.31 mm的降雨范围内,露石承接降雨量与露石径流量间存在极显著的正相关关系.(2)降雨量,林冠覆盖,露石粗糙度均影响露石径流输出.降雨量与露石径流深成显著正相关关系;石漠化生态系统的露石承接降雨量和露石径流输出显著高于两类林地;露石径流输出随露石粗糙度的增加而减小,两者间存在显著的负相关关系.(3)石漠化生态系统的降雨-露石径流转换系数为0.483,显著高于人工林生态系统的0.434和原生林生态系统的0.413,但两类林地的差异性仅在降雨量为小雨时显著.多因素影响下的喀斯特露石径流具有高度异质性,其将对土壤水分、养分异质性与生物多样性的形成产生重要影响. 相似文献
15.
干旱区绿洲灌区水资源集中开发使用,改变了地下水潜流场分布,造成了盐渍化和荒漠化并存的生态问题,严重威胁着绿洲的生态安全。以生态圈层结构理论为基础,深化研究潜水影响层概念内涵,构建干旱平原区潜水蒸发概念性模型,以黑河罗城灌区为例,从机理上揭示干旱区荒漠化与盐渍化的地下水埋深条件并进行定量计算与调控,主要成果如下:①描述了造成内陆河干旱区绿洲内部盐渍化和过渡带荒漠化的潜水蒸发运移规律,利用潜水影响层定义了盐渍化与荒漠化地下水临界埋深,并进行了定量计算,得到罗城灌区绿洲内部次生盐渍化的地下水临界埋深为1.3~1.5 m,过渡带荒漠化地下水临界埋深为8~13 m;②讨论了潜水影响层厚度定量公式中关键参数土壤当量孔径和液体表面张力在不同生态问题中的合理取值;③提出一种协同缓解干旱区盐渍化和荒漠化的地下水位调控方案,实现改善灌区内部盐渍化、控制过渡带荒漠化和水资源高效利用等多个目标。 相似文献
16.
不同等级石漠化地区岩体和土体中化学元素有较大的差异,表现在石漠化演化过程中不断被改变,化学元素的差异性对石漠化等级差异性的形成有着内在的关联性。文章以贵州贞丰-关岭花江石漠化治理示范区为研究区,选取11处样地的岩石样和土样,对其进行室内实验分析,以了解该地区岩石和土壤的化学元素含量,从而研究其含量的差异性与石漠化等级之间的关系。结果显示:① 岩体中CaO/ MgO的值越大,Rb/Sr值越低,石漠化等级越高。②在碳酸盐母岩逐渐溶蚀和风化成土的过程中,岩体中Ca、Mg离子被带走,导致成土后土体中Ca、Mg离子含量降低,但强度石漠化地区的土体中Mg离子含量却增加。③不同等级石漠化地区的样品化学元素流失和富集的程度略有差异,一般强度和潜在石漠化地区(离子)含量要高于轻度和中度石漠化地区。④土体中Rb/Sr值越大,石漠化等级越强。该研究可以为示范区的水土流失及石漠化治理提供理论和实践依据。 相似文献
17.
西南喀斯特山地水土流失特点及有关石漠化的几个科学问题 总被引：38，自引：4，他引：34
由于特殊的岩土组构,喀斯特坡地的水土流失具有如下特点:地表和地下流失相互叠加;地表产流、产沙少;纯碳酸盐岩区地下流失比例大。论文区别了石漠化和石质化的科学内涵,指出了喀斯特山地石漠化的核心是土地的石质化,提出了按照地面物质组成与裸岩率叠加的石漠化分类系统。根据土壤中硅酸盐矿物的物质平衡,提出了不同碎屑岩含量碳酸盐岩区的土壤允许流失量介于5～500 t/(km2?a)之间。喀斯特坡地土壤虽然肥沃,但总量太少,矿质养分不足可能是石质坡地植物生产力低的重要原因。此外,根据农耕驱动土地石质化的机制,提出了相应的石漠化治理的对策建议,具体是:（1）不但要治标,提高植被覆盖率,更要治本,防止或减缓土地石质化,同时还要增加群众收入;（2）按照坡地岩土组成的垂直分带特点,因地（土）制宜,开展治理;（3）重视矿质肥料的施用;（4）在纯碳酸盐岩土石质和石质坡地农田的小型蓄水工程修建中,要加强集流面建设。 相似文献
18.
Environmental degradation resulting from desertification often accelerates biodiversity loss and alters carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks within grassland ecosystem. In order to evaluate the effect of desertification on plant diversity and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, species compositions and C and N contents in plants and soil were investigated along five regions with different degrees of desertification in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (control, light, moderate, severe and very severe stages). The study showed: (1) species composition and richness changed significantly with the development of grassland desertification; (2) the aboveground biomass C and N contents in the control were 101.60 and 4.03 g m?2, respectively. Compared to the control, the aboveground tissue C and N contents significantly decreased from light, moderate, severe to very severe stages. (3) The root C and N contents in the control in 0–40 cm depth are 1,372.83 and 31.49 g m?2, respectively, while the root C and N contents in 0–40 cm were also declining from the control, light, moderate, severe to very severe stages. (4) Compared to the plant, the soil made a greater contribution for C and N distribution, in which the soil organic C and total N contents in 0–40 cm depth in the control are 20,386.70 and 3,587.89 g m?2, respectively. At the same time, soil organic C and N contents also decreased significantly from the control to very severe stages. These results suggest that grassland desertification not only alters species compositions and leads to the loss of plant diversity, but also results in greater loss of organic C and N in alpine meadow, in which there is a negative effect on reducing greenhouse gas emission. 相似文献
19.
Bin Ying Shi-zhen Xiao Kang-ning Xiong Qi-wei Cheng Jin-sheng Luo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(2):631-645
The Huajiang and Hongfenghu demonstration areas represent typical karst landforms and rocky desertification landscapes in Guizhou, China. These were selected for a comparison of rocky desertification and land use cover. Based mainly on 5 m resolution Spot 5, remote sensing images, topographic maps (1:10,000) and land use maps, the intensity and extent of rocky desertification, and slope characteristics of the two areas were interpreted. Spatial overlay analysis was used to compare the land use/land cover (LULC) and rocky desertification within each. The results were compared using the concepts of rocky desertification occurrence (RDO) among LULC classes and the structure value of desertification land (SVDL). The results demonstrated that (1) the landforms and extent of rocky desertification in the two areas are significantly different and the proportion of very steep slopes is one of the reasons leading to large areas of rocky desertification; (2) the RDO and SVDL show significant differences between the two areas; also rocky desertification intensity in various LULC classes cannot be measured in terms of RDO. High RDO may occur in low-intensity desertification land, and vice versa; (3) the structural characteristics of rocky desertification among various LULC are consistent among the woodland, “bare land” and “other grassland” land use classes in the two areas, but sequence slight > moderate > intense is not consistent between the areas. For the rocky desertification control, the present authors consider that the spatial distribution differences of rocky desertification and LULC among areas with different landform types area combined with the intensity of rocky desertification should be used in designing appropriate measures for control of desertification and rehabilitation of land. 相似文献