共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
Paul Claval 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2005,26(3):289-303
This article broadly positions the successful establishment of the field of French tropical geography in the immediate postwar period against developments stemming from a longer history of French colonial engagement in Africa, Asia and South America, and clarifies the seemingly late timing of, and paradoxes involved in, the creation of a body of French scientific knowledge about the tropics. Colonial scientific research did not develop in France until the end of the nineteenth century. However, the colonial geography appearing at this time did not rely on fieldwork but, rather, catered to the demands of the business class for overseas expansion and to public curiosity. Even while the medical geography of tropical areas and knowledge of tropical soils and ecology progressed greatly between 1900 and 1940, there were still only a few French geographers working in the tropics. With the advent of the Second World War, when “big science” appeared in France and its colonial empire, the number of French geographers involved in tropical research grew rapidly. The field of tropical geography built up by Pierre Gourou was a synthesis of approaches developed in South America, Africa and Indochina. Although it soon came under strong criticism for its pessimistic view of prospects for industrialisation and urbanisation in the tropics, it seduced French geographers because it matched the contemporary interest in zonality and relied on a genre de vie analysis of, typically, rural areas. Thus, the postwar blossoming of tropical geography shaped by Gourou was more a response to various internal dynamics within French geography than an exercise in imperialism. Its demise was not due to the eclipse of French colonialism but, rather, its inability to deal with the modernisation of tropical societies. 相似文献
2.
李静辉 《云南地理环境研究》2013,(5):64-68
利用实地调查法、GIS和相关分析法研究分析建水县林地保护利用现状及存在的问题,研究发现：建水县建设占用与林地保护矛盾突出;林地生产力较低;林地树种结构较单一,生态功能比较脆弱;大多数林地分布在地质灾害中高易发区,地质灾害对林地破坏较大;林地保护管理队伍难以满足现实需求.研究结论：根据林地保护级别对林地实施分级管护,要依法正确处理林地保护和建设占用的关系,完善林地保护管理队伍,建立健全管理机构,加强林地的防灾、抗灾、减灾能力建设,大力促进天然林、人工林和经济林的合理有效培养和发展. 相似文献
3.
As land use change continues to increase throughout the Amazon basin, there is a pressing need to accurately map, quantify and assess the effects of different factors on forest cover change (FCC). Land tenure may sometimes have important effects on forest cover, yet such effects remain poorly understood in Amazonia, particularly outside Brazil. In this paper we assess whether significant differences in trends of FCC can be partially explained by different land tenure arrangements, using a case study in southwestern Beni (Bolivian Amazon). We examine spatio-temporal dynamics of FCC across four land tenure systems (indigenous titled territory, protected area, logging concession, and private land) by classifying forests using a time-series of Landsat satellite imagery consisting of four dates (1986, 1996, 2001, 2009). Specifically, we unravel (1) trends in early growth and old-growth forest extent, including changes in total cover area, annual change rates, and spatial change dynamics, and (2) trends in old-growth forest fragmentation. To better understand the association between land tenure and FCC, we qualitatively assess the potential role that other underlying and proximate drivers may have had in FCC over the study period. We found that private lands underwent, by far, the largest FCC, that indigenous territories and the protected area had little FCC, and that logging concessions were responsible for the lowest FCC. Our findings suggest that land tenure played a key role in FCC except in private areas, where many other drivers had operated. Our study sheds light into the potential role of land tenure in FCC and has important implications for public policies aimed at socioeconomic development and environmental conservation in the Amazon. We give some policy recommendations drawn from a biocultural conservation perspective that could contribute to implement more inclusive conservation policies in the region. 相似文献
4.
Michel Bruneau 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2005,26(3):304-322
This paper discusses four key phases in the study of the tropical milieu of monsoon Asia by French geographers and colonial actors over the last 150 years. First, it sees how the natural milieu initially occupied a central and determining place in French colonial and scientific assessments of Indochina, and how the notion of monsoon Asia appeared within the framework of an academic geography (and formatively in the two regional theses produced by Charles Robequain and Pierre Gourou). It then shows how, after the Second World War, francophone geographers developed a “tropicalist” approach to monsoon Asia, one that was inextricably linked with the culturalist approach that was pioneered by Gourou, which later evolved into new, model‐building and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of tropical systems. It argues that these successive phases have marked a shift from a centred tropicality ‐ a system of knowledge anchored in French colonialism and centring on debate about the determinist influence of the natural milieu ‐ to a decentred tropicality that rejects environmental determinism, questions the ethnocentric character of tropical geography and integrates the study of tropical geography into the wider social sciences. The paper concludes with the suggestion that tropicality has had an epistemologically stronger and more institutionalised relationship with francophone geography than was the case in anglophone geography. 相似文献
5.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):407-417
Little agroecological research examines indigenous agroforestry practices that appear to be unsustainable, and how such practices devolved from more environmentally sound land use strategies that have been documented by geographers and others. This paper discusses the political ecological factors that led the Mopan Maya to reject a diverse swidden-fallow management strategy for a system where an abandoned milpa provides few forest products. In doing so, this paper explains the process whereby cultural change, in this case rejection of certain agricultural traditions, leads to a less diverse agricultural landscape and ultimately a less diverse biological landscape. 相似文献
6.
Michael K. Steinberg 《The Professional geographer》1998,50(4):407-417
Little agroecological research examines indigenous agroforestry practices that appear to be unsustainable, and how such practices devolved from more environmentally sound land use strategies that have been documented by geographers and others. This paper discusses the political ecological factors that led the Mopan Maya to reject a diverse swidden-fallow management strategy for a system where an abandoned milpa provides few forest products. In doing so, this paper explains the process whereby cultural change, in this case rejection of certain agricultural traditions, leads to a less diverse agricultural landscape and ultimately a less diverse biological landscape. 相似文献
7.
John Kleinen 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2005,26(3):339-358
This article discusses the relevance of the work of Pierre Gourou for Vietnamese and non‐Vietnamese scholarship on colonial and postcolonial rural society in Vietnam. The term “tropicality” is used to situate Gourou's work within the framework of both French and Vietnamese regimes of truth. It is argued that Gourou was aware of the complex human geographies of the tropics and monsoon Asia and the challenges this posed to both Western and “tropical” peoples. Gourou and the issue of tropicality is used to show that Vietnamese scholars did not completely reject French colonial systems of knowledge, and that decolonisation did not herald a complete shift in knowledge about rural Vietnam. Rather, since the 1940s there has been antagonism and accommodation between colonial and postcolonial, French and Vietnamese modes of knowledge production. While Gourou underscored the otherness of the tropics, and there are colonial overtones in his work, he had an immense influence on indigenous ethnography and geography in Vietnam and elsewhere in the formerly colonised world. The article traces this important influence and how it has been both questioned and affirmed since independence in the Vietnamese context. It is suggested that the humanistic approach that Gourou pioneered in his 1936 study of the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam has outlived and been able to overcome the setbacks and drawbacks of both colonial and revolutionary/Vietnamese politico‐intellectual projects. 相似文献
8.
川江流域防护林区森林地面积仅占全区林地面积的44％,而疏林地、灌木林地、未成林造林地、宜林地等尚需抚育或营造的林地占56％,其中宜林地尚有20％。在分析区内林地利用现状的同时,指出了各类林地的主要土壤类型、主要问题及造林或抚育的难易。着重从森林营造和管理角度,提出了相应的保护林地措施。 相似文献
9.
随着全球变暖趋势的增强,土地利用变化是全球变化中的重要组成部分。土地利用变化研究尤其是空间变化研究就成为了研究者非常关心的问题。以云南省保山杨柳小流域土地利用变化的实例分析,详细阐述了GIS的空间分析方法及其在土地利用变化研究中的应用。利用转移矩阵研究结果显示:该小流域农地总变化量最大,其次是有林地和荒山,变化最小的是水体和未利用地,有林地和未成林造林地以交换变化为主,水体和居民地净变化为主;从新增的角度来说,农地转化为有林地最具有转换优势,其次是农地转换为荒山;从流失的去向看,牧地转换为农地最具转换优势,其次是农地转换为牧地。 相似文献
10.
Indigenous knowledge is a multilayered knowledge system that can inform contemporary management in both natural observations and cultural value. Centuries old observations preserved within song, chant, and story has been globally recognized as a resource to integrate with conservation efforts for endangered species. In the case of the endemic land snails, kāhuli, of the Hawaiian archipelago, there is a prominent cultural presence preserved in oral tradition and written records in 19th and early 20th century’s Hawaiian language newspapers. As we witness the dramatic decimation of one of the greatest models of species radiation, the unveiling of the repositories of indigenous knowledge is crucial for conservation of these endemic land snails. This paper reports on indigenous knowledge that informs about the cultural significance (i.e., poetic device, metaphorical role, importance to hula) and ecology of kāhuli, and how indigenous knowledge can contribute to conservation efforts of rare and endangered species. 相似文献
11.
M.A. Adewole Osunade 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1995,15(2):157-170
This paper argues for the incorporation of community environmental knowledge systems in modem land resource surveys. Such surveys, usually carried out by specialists from outside traditional communities, oftem do not incorporate the communities’ concepts and knowledge which modulate land use practices. They are therefore not helpful to the small farmers who are the primary land users. Recent studies have confirmed the viability of indigenous knowledge systems. In Swaziland, the farmers’ concepts of soil and slope unit systems have been validated and are found to be similar to the modem survey concepts of “soil series” and “land slope”. They have also employed other land attributes (such as animal life and vegetation elements) as indicators of land quality. The time has come when land resource surveys must take account of such indigenous knowledge systems so that the goals of improved land management and increased production may be achieved. 相似文献
12.
13.
Jessica Budds 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2004,25(3):322-342
Since the 1990s, international water sector reforms have centred heavily on economic and market approaches. In regard to water resources management, tradable water rights have been promoted, often supported by the neoliberal model adopted in Chile. Chile's 1981 Water Code was reformed to comprise a system of water rights that could be freely traded with few restrictions. International financial institutions have embraced the Chilean model, claiming that it results in more efficient water use, and potentially fosters social and environmental benefits. However, in Chile the Water Code is deeply contested. It has been criticised for being too permissive and has produced a number of problems in practice. Moreover, attempts to modify it have become the focus of a lengthy polemic debate. This paper employs a political ecology perspective to explore the socio‐environmental outcomes of water management in Chile, drawing on a case study of agriculture in the semi‐arid Norte Chico. The case illustrates how large‐scale farmers exert greater control over water, while peasant farmers have increasingly less access. I argue that these outcomes are facilitated by the mode of water management implemented within the framework of the Water Code. Through this preliminary examination of social equity and the environmental aspects of water resources management in Chile, I suggest that the omission of these issues from the international debates on water rights markets is a cause for concern. 相似文献
14.
城市土地经营--经营城市的核心 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
经营城市是改革开放以来，随着市场经济的发展和城市化的深入，20世纪90年代末产生的城市发展的新理念、新机制、新举措。在对经营城市的理论和实践的发展评述的基础上，分析了土地在经营城市中的核心地位和作用，提出应充分发挥城市土地经营在经营城市中的示范和带动作用，以城市土地经营带动城市其他要素的经营，建立以城市土地经营为主体的经营城市的两个运行机制——市场机制和行政机制，并就具体实施措施作了探讨。 相似文献
15.
Maria Tysiachniouk Laura A. Henry Machiel Lamers Jan P. M. van Tatenhove 《社会与自然资源》2018,31(5):556-579
ABSTRACTHow can indigenous communities in illiberal regimes benefit from oil production? This paper compares the experience of two indigenous peoples in the Russian Arctic, the Nenets and the Komi-Izhemtsi, in their quest for environmental protection and the development of benefit-sharing arrangements with Lukoil, a Russian oil company. The Nenets people, recognized by the Russian state as indigenous, are marginalized political actors who identified a route to receiving compensation for loss of land and damage to the environment as well as economic benefits under the auspices of Russian law and Lukoil’s corporate policies. In contrast, the Komi-Izhemtsi, despite indigenous status in global institutions including the United Nations and the Arctic Council, are unrecognized as indigenous domestically and initially received no compensation. Their path to benefit sharing was more challenging as they partnered with local nongovernmental organizations and global environmentalists to pressure Lukoil to sign a benefit-sharing agreement. Ultimately, the comparison illustrates how transnational partnerships can empower indigenous people to gain benefits from natural resource exploitation even in illiberal political systems. 相似文献
16.
退耕还林对云南山地利用的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
云南省退耕还林工程于2000年开始试点实施，2002年正式全面启动。针对云南山地面积比重大的特点，对退耕还林影响进行初步分析。退耕还林工程使土地利用趋于合理化，改善了生态环境，增加了农民收入，但仍存在后续产业不继，管护工作薄弱等问题。为巩固退耕还林建设成果，提出提高耕地质量、优化林草结构、实施生态移民等对策和建议。 相似文献
17.
本文在实地考察的基础上,结合有关资料,分析了叶城具荒地资源开发利用过程中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了一些整治措施。 相似文献
18.
Nitin D. Rai Tor A. Benjaminsen Siddhartha Krishnan C. Madegowda 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(1):124-139
Protected areas have had significant impacts on local communities primarily through the physical removal of people. In some instances, people continue to live within protected areas due to the inability of the state to evict them. The restrictions on livelihoods placed on people living inside protected areas lead to in situ displacement. We show how conservation enclosures in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve have produced a class of people that the state ‘lets die’ by banning customary practices such as fire use, hunting and harvesting of forest produce. Using longitudinal ethnographic, socio‐economic and ecological data, we demonstrate that conservation policy has alienated indigenous forest dwellers from their agricultural and forest‐land. The outcomes of conservation policy include dispossession through increased crop losses, reduced income from agriculture and forest produce, as well as a forest that is dominated by weeds due to fire suppression. The ban on hunting in particular has increased wildlife densities, which has enabled the state to accumulate revenues through the establishment of wildlife tourism facilities. All in all, centralized protected area governance has changed the relationships among people, forest and the state in a way that has produced adverse effects for both livelihoods and the ecosystem. 相似文献
19.
大理市土地利用变化及其驱动力分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用大理市1995年和2000年两期TM影像解译土地利用数据,在GIS分析工具支持下,对土地利用变化和驱动因素进行分析,得出以下结论：（1）1995年到2000年这5年期间,土地利用变化总体呈现出林地和草地减少、耕地和建筑用地增加的趋势,水域面积变化不明显;（2）土地利用年变化率为0．5％,其中以建设用地面积的年变化率最大为5．84％,耕地和林地的年变化率分别为1．85％和-1．41％,而草地和水域年变化率较小,分别为-0．7％和0．01％;（3）土地利用类型转化主要呈现出林地和草地转化为耕地,耕地和草地转化为建筑用地,林地和草地相互转化的特点;（4）土地利用结构变化不明显,总体上表现出林地占优势,耕地、草地、水域相当的结构特征;（5）自然条件对土地利用结构具有重要的控制作用,而人口增长,政府行为决策和经济的发展直接影响土地利用的变化。 相似文献
20.
CHRISTINE ERIKSEN 《The Geographical journal》2007,173(3):242-256
Despite the historical importance of fire as a savanna land management tool, much controversy still surrounds discussions on anthropogenic fire utilization and the sustainability of indigenous land management practices in African savannas. This controversy is arguably a result of a discord between official fire policies and actual indigenous fire practices – a discord based on a gap in existing knowledge of, and a lack of informed literature on, the importance of fire for socio-economic and environmental survival in savanna environments. Addressing a continuing lack of research on the political ecology of fire, this study investigates the historical and present day socio-economic, environmental and political frameworks that affect anthropogenic burning regimes and land management in the Kafinda Game Management Area and Kasanka National Park in Zambia. A series of participatory research activities revealed the continuing importance of fire to rural livelihoods, but that a mismatch in desired burning regimes exists between local stakeholders. The paper argues that local power relations are preventing the local communities from adopting burning regimes that would be more environmentally sustainable and more in line with present day farming systems. 相似文献