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1.
As a result of their morphological complexity, large macroalgae show intra-thallus variations in their nutritional composition and secondary metabolite content, which influences the trophic ecology of herbivorous invertebrates, and ultimately their fitness. In this study, we evaluated for the first time the variability in nutritional quality (protein content, carbohydrates, lipids, and total organic matter), secondary metabolites (phlorotannins), and structure (shape and toughness) between blades and stipes of the macroalgae Durvillaea Antarctica. Specifically, we looked at their effect on feeding preference, rate of consumption, absorption efficiency, and growth rate of the amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata, one of the most abundant organisms on Chilean sandy beaches. Proteins, carbohydrates, total organic matter and phlorotannin contents were significantly higher in blades than in stipes. Preference experiments revealed that the amphipods preferred blades when fresh pieces of blades and stipes were offered at the same time. Similar results were found when artificial food (in which structures of both parts of the alga were standardized) was offered, suggesting that shape and toughness of the two different parts of the alga did not influence preference patterns of O. tuberculata. Absorption efficiency of O. tuberculata was higher on blades compared to stipes. When the amphipods were kept with each of the algal parts separately (i.e. no choice), they consumed a significantly higher amount of stipe, which suggests that O. tuberculata used food quantity to compensate for the lower nutritional quality of stipes. The higher nutritional values of blades compared to stipes appears to explain observed preference patterns by O. tuberculata. Phlorotannin content did not appear to inhibit blade consumption, suggesting that the nutritional quality of the food could be more important than chemical defense in determining food choice in O. tuberculata. Growth did not differ between the amphipods maintained with either blades or stipes (i.e. no choice), which is consistent with the hypothesis of compensatory feeding. To conclude, O. tuberculata can actively select specific parts of an alga and this selection appears to be based on nutritional quality. The capacity for using different feeding strategies allow O. tuberculata, in some cases, to successfully exploit food types with different nutritional qualities. 相似文献
2.
Tag‐recapture studies revealed differences in the growth rate of Haliotis iris between headlands and bays separated by as little as 200 m. Individuals off headlands had a significantly higher incremental growth and reached a higher maximum size than those in bays. These results were consistent with observations of the size composition of H. iris which showed that few individuals of harvestable size (> 125 mm shell length) were found in bays. Differences in the growth rate of H. iris may account for the apparent differences in the size at onset of maturity: individuals off headlands, and from a fast‐growing population off Wellington, reached reproductive maturity at a smaller size compared with those in bays. Yield‐per‐recruit modelling showed greater yields from headlands than bays, but egg‐per‐recruit modelling revealed more egg production was conserved in bays than off headlands. Yields could be increased from bays by decreasing the minimum size to 110 mm. Egg‐ and yield‐per‐recruit models were sensitive to the natural mortality rate (M = 0.03, 0.05 and 0.10 compared). The results show that parameters important in the management of commercial fisheries for abalone can vary over small distances: such variation should be incorporated in management strategies for abalone fisheries. 相似文献
3.
The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is the most significant invasive alien marine species in South Africa and, although not normally found subtidally, has recently been observed colonising heads and stipes of the kelp species Ecklonia maxima in False Bay. We quantified this invasion and explored its ecological implications. Transects laid across kelp beds revealed that 10.34% of kelp individuals surveyed bore canopy mussels, with kelp heads (10.07%) being far more commonly infected than stipes (0.27%). Twenty kelp individuals with infected heads and 20 with infected stipes were separately collected for more-detailed examination. Wet mass of mussels on these kelp heads ranged from 2.5 to 2 462 g (median 86.4 g, interquartile range 14.8–353.8 g) and that of mussels on the stipes from 7.6 to 3 492 g (median 595.5 g, interquartile range 194.0–955.0 g). Mussel clumps consisted mostly of individuals <40 mm in length. Mussel clumps supported a rich biota of 80 invertebrate and 13 algal species. Larger clumps supported more epibiotic species, and those on stipes more species than those of comparable mass on kelp heads. The mussels and their associated epibiotic species negatively affected kelp buoyancy, but rarely enough to overcome natural buoyancy. Some kelp individuals that had been toppled by the weight of mussels and their epibiotic species, however, were encountered in situ. Implications of this invasion include large increases in animal biomass and species richness in the kelp canopy, plus reductions in kelp buoyancy and increased hydrodynamic drag on infected kelps, increasing their probability of being uprooted. Uprooted kelp individuals can raft long distances, potentially transporting both native and alien species to distant sites. 相似文献
4.
Population biology of the amphipod Ischyrocerus commensalis Chevreux, 1900, a facultative commensal of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815), is here described on samples collected during summers 2005–2009 in Dalnezelenetskaya Bay (Southern Barents Sea, Russia). The studied features included infestation indices, size composition, morphometric, and reproductive parameters of the summer generation. During the studied period, prevalence and mean number of I. commensalis per host were 34.4% and 54.4 ± 3.3 individuals, respectively. The majority of amphipods were found on the host mouth parts, limbs, and gills. The amphipod sex‐ratio was significantly biased towards females (F:M = 1.36:1). The size frequency distributions observed in July and August were similar but in July the proportion of the smallest amphipods (<2.1 mm body length) was two times higher than that in August. All the amphipods with body length >5.1 mm were males or females. Length–weight relationships in female and male amphipods differed significantly, suggesting that females were heavier than the same‐sized males. The females carrying eggs in their brood pouches were the most abundant groups (54.8% in July 2009 and 51.6% in August 2005–2008). The minimal body length of a female which had released juveniles was 7.0 mm in July and 6.2 mm in August. The size at 50% maturity of I. commensalis females was estimated to be 6.58 mm. The number of eggs laid is positively linearly correlated with the size of a female. The proportion of the females with eggs in the latest developmental stage in July was 10 times higher than in August. The differences of biological features in symbiotic amphipods between the July and August may be explained by more intensive reproduction effort in the earlier month. 相似文献
5.
Ecklonia maxima dominates kelp beds on the west coast of southern Africa, and is commercially and ecologically valuable. Some plants lose all their secondary blades (fronds), leaving only the gas-filled bulb and short primary blade at the top of the stipe. These ‘bald’ kelps may persist for months or longer, occupying substratum space but contributing little to productivity. We investigated natural causes of balding in five kelp beds in False Bay, South Africa, and the effect of simulated commercial frond-harvesting on loss of fronds. Densities of sporophytes with and without fronds were measured at the water surface during low tides. Generalised linear modelling analysis showed a significant relationship between balding and site (whether sheltered from or exposed to swell/wind), position in the kelp bed (shoreward or seaward) and total E. maxima density. We conclude that balding is caused mainly by drying of meristematic basal regions of fronds during emersion of kelp heads at low tide. After partial harvesting of fronds, kelp heads floated higher out of the water, but after 95 days frond loss was significantly higher only when fronds were cut too close to the primary blade, possibly because of damage to meristematic tissue. Nevertheless, increased emersion that results from frond-harvesting may increase desiccation and blade loss and we suggest caution in setting harvest limits for this kelp. 相似文献
6.
为了解烟台多棘海盘车种群个体大小分布及繁殖特征，自2010年5月至12月及2015年3月到5月，在烟台近海对该种群分别进行逐月采样调查。利用性腺指数(GI)和幽门盲囊指数(PCI)以及解剖组织学方法预测其产卵周期。结果表明：在所有的采样月份中，体长大于143mm的个体与体长小于42mm的个体在种群中均同时存在；在5-8月期间，种群结构特征以体长小于55mm的个体为主。同时该海域不同站点的采样月份中均有小个体存在，说明种群的产卵周期存在延后现象或者由于食物短缺造成了海星生长缓慢。腕长可以很好的用来衡量还行身体湿重。性腺在2010年5月-9月发育相对缓慢但在十月份迅速到达峰值20.95，之后明显下降，表明其产卵期从10月份持续至11月份。2015年3月-5月也发现了同样的现象，表明该种群自3月-5月存在另一个产卵期，且通过对卵的组织学分析也进一步证实该产卵期的存在。性腺指数和幽门盲囊指数呈负相关关系。由于食物来源短缺，烟台近海海星种群的繁殖特征极有可能受到当地近海扇贝养殖的影响。 相似文献
7.
为掌握阿根廷滑柔鱼繁殖特性,根据2021年在西南大西洋公海采集到的阿根廷滑柔鱼样本进行计数和分析雌性成熟个体有效繁殖力,并利用能量密度测定技术测定分析其有效生殖投入。结果显示,阿根廷滑柔鱼雌性成熟个体的平均胴长为(244.90±16.36) mm,平均体质量为(295.16±64.85) g。雌性成熟个体的有效繁殖力为24 363～102 633粒卵母细胞,平均有效繁殖力为(63 158.49±16 782.00)粒卵母细胞;卵子能量密度值为25.01～26.09kJ/g,平均值为(25.71±0.25)k J/g;有效生殖投入为219.80～817.06 kJ,平均有效生殖投入为(465.02±158.71)kJ。在功能性成熟期,雌性个体的有效繁殖力和有效生殖投入均达到最大值。然而,自成熟度Ⅳ期至Ⅵ期,卵子能量密度值、体质量相对有效繁殖力、体质量相对有效生殖投入均没有显著差异。同时,混合模型结果显示,雌性成熟个体的有效繁殖力和有效生殖投入均随着体质量增加显著增大,但与个体体征没有显著相关性。结果表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼雌性成熟个体的有效繁殖力和有效生殖投入均与成熟体型大小密切相关,然而不同... 相似文献
8.
The mackerel scad Decapterus macarellus is of great social and economic importance to Cabo Verde citizens; however, in recent years catches have shown an unexplained decline. The harvest is regulated by way of a minimum legal size and a seasonal closure, with both measures based on the results of reproductive studies that did not consider the microscopic characteristics of the gonads. This study aimed to analyse the gonads microscopically in order to classify the sexual development stage of individuals and to estimate the size at first maturity and the reproductive season. This information was then used to analyse the match between the reproductive parameters and the management measures. The samples comprised 284 females (20–36 cm fork length [FL]) and 85 males (21–35 cm FL). The annual variation in gonadosomatic index and the monthly frequencies of mature phases suggest that the reproductive season occurs from March to October, with two spawning peaks, one in March and another from July to October. The current seasonal closure (from July to September) covers the main reproductive period. However, the species has a long spawning period and the timing of peaks can vary between years; hence, a reassessment of this management measure is recommended. The sizes at first maturity were estimated at 24.1 cm FL for females, and 26.6 cm FL for males. These values are higher than the minimum legal size (20 cm FL) currently established for management of the species at Cabo Verde; thus, we strongly recommend an increase in the minimum legal size in an attempt to reduce catches of immature individuals. 相似文献
9.
《中国海洋工程》2021,(3)
Three blade-geometry optimization models derived along with assumptions from the blade element momentum(BEM) approach are studied by using a steady BEM code to improve a small horizontal-axis rotor of three blades that has been previously used in experiments. The base rotor blade has linear-radially varying chord length and pitch angle, while the other three models noted as Burton, Implicit and Hansen due to their references and characteristics yield blades of non-linearly varying chord length and pitch angle. The aim is to compare these rapid models and study how assumptions embedded in them affect performance and induction factors. It is found that the model that has the least assumptions(Hansen) and which considers the blade-profile drag in its optimization procedure yields the highest power coefficient, C_P, at the optimal tip speed ratio(TSR), about 7% higher than the base one and also higher C_P at high TSR. It produces an axial induction factor distribution along the blade that is closest to the 1 D optimal value of 1/3. All optimized tangential induction-factor distributions along the blade closely vary as inverse to the square of the radial distance, while being mildly higher than the base distribution. It shows that sufficient swirl is necessary to increase power but at a level causing not too much energy loss in unnecessary swirl of the wake. At high TSR, all optimized rotors adversely produce higher thrust than the base one, but the one with most embedded assumptions(Burton) produces the highest thrust. Details of all three optimization models are given along with the distributions of the power, thrust, blade hydrodynamic efficiency and induction factors. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Sea Research》2003,49(1):69-82
This paper examines the relationships between maturity, length and age of whiting sampled on a length-stratified basis from groundfish surveys of the Irish Sea during spawning in spring 1992–2001. Maturity, defined by the triggering of vitellogenesis or milt production, was a function of both length and age. Proportions of mature individuals in 1-year-old males increased successively from almost zero in length classes below 15 cm to around 0.9 at 25 cm, whilst almost all 2-year-old males were mature from their smallest length of around 19 cm. Maturity in females was more strongly linked to age than to length. Most 1-year-old females were immature, the proportion of mature individuals not exceeding 0.3 in any length class. Most 2-year-old females were mature and immature fish were found in the smallest length classes only (20–25 cm). Almost all 3-year-olds of both sexes were mature in all length classes. Proportions of mature individuals in 1-year-olds increased substantially after 1997, particularly in males. Significant positive cross-correlation between proportion mature and mean length was found for 1-year-olds of both sexes. Length at 50% maturity (L50) averaged around 19 cm in males and 22 cm in females. Variability in L50 was negatively cross-correlated with average sea surface temperature in the preceding year. There is no evidence for substantial changes in maturity of whiting since the 1950s, despite an order-of-magnitude reduction in biomass caused by high fishing mortality. Concomitant decreases in mean length-at-age and weight-at-age in recent decades indicate that conditions may have been unfavourable for compensatory changes in maturation. 相似文献
11.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(2):439-447
The reproductive biology of the seabream Diplodus argenteus, a dominant coastal fishery species, was investigated over two consecutive seasons (2001–2002) at Cabo Frio, Brazil, a low-latitude upwelling system. The sex ratio was dominated by females (1.4:1.0) and the length-at-50% sexual maturity (females) was 203mm total length. Females were multiple spawners and the reproductive pattern appeared to be digynous protandrous hermaphroditism. Monthly variations in gonadosomatic index and proportion of ripe females indicated that reproductive activity occurred from late winter to summer (August–February), following coastal upwelling. 相似文献
12.
近20年南海四带笛鲷(Lutjanus kasmira)种群特征变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据1998—2018年于我国南海珊瑚礁海域以手钓及流刺网采集的四带笛鲷(Lutjanus kasmira)的生物学数据,对其群体结构、初次性成熟体长、摄食强度及肥满度等种群特征的年际变化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)四带笛鲷的体长范围逐渐缩小,平均体长及最大体长均呈减小趋势; 2013—2018年四带笛鲷体长结构与1998—1999年差异极显著; 1998—1999年全部群体的优势体长组为165—180mm,2013—2017年各年份优势体长组趋向分散, 2017年5月优势体长组包括105—115mm和125—150mm,2018年5月优势体长组为140—165mm,优势体长组呈缩小趋势;(2)异速生长因子b存在年际变化和季节波动,但基本在2.5—3.5范围内;体长范围及其集中程度的差异是导致b波动的主要因素;(3) 1998年4月、1999年5月、2016年4月、2017年5月和2018年9月雌雄比分别为0.62、0.77、1.69、1.08和2.65,雌鱼所占比例逐渐升高,1998—1999年雄鱼多于雌鱼,2016—2018年雌鱼多于雄鱼,性成熟比例和初次性成熟体长总体呈降低趋势;(4)低摄食等级个体占比不断升高,而高摄食等级个体占比则明显下降,平均摄食等级逐渐降低,如雌性及全部群体的平均摄食等级1999年5月分别为2.40和2.47, 2018年5月分别下降至1.45和1.50;胃含物含有未消化的鸡骨和鸡肉残余,这表明礁区人类活动已经直接影响到其物质流通环节;(5)肥满度持续减小,雌性、雄性和全部群体2016-2018年的肥满度极显著低于1998—1999年,如1998年的4月和1999年的5月全部群体的肥满度分别是110%和105%,而2017年和2018年的5月只有97%;肥满度雌雄及季节间的差异不显著,但与平均摄食等级呈显著正相关关系。四带笛鲷种群特征演变表明,其生境恶化,种群健康和食物供给受到威胁。为促进珊瑚礁鱼类种群恢复,笔者建议及时采取措施保护其资源,改善栖息地质量。 相似文献
13.
14.
Boby Ignatius Muthukumarasamy Srinivasan Srinivasan Balakrishnan 《Ocean Science Journal》2011,46(3):145-154
The sandbird octopus Amphioctopus aegina (Gray, 1849) is one of the important octopod species in trawl catches in Mandapam waters (Palk Bay). The reproductive biology
of this species from these waters was studied from October 2001 to September 2002. In the majority of months(Jan–June), the
sex ratio was biased towards males. The ratios of males to females increased consistently with respect to weight Total weight
at first maturity were 78.78g for females and 40.8 g for males. Four maturity stags were recognized for females and two for
males. Maturation and spawning occur all year round, with a peak during October and another peak during January–February.
In males, no definite seasonal changes were observed in gonadosomatic index (GSI) values. In females there were two peaks
in GSI values during October and January–February. For individuals of a DML range of 67–85 mm fecundity varied between 2,962–8,820
oocytes. The average relative fecundity was estimated at 68 to 83 and the average number oocytes per gram of ovary were 488
to 539. 相似文献
15.
闽南近海尖头斜齿鲨的生殖生物学研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
尖头斜齿鲨(Scoliodon laticaudus)是暖水性小型鲨鱼,为有胎盘胎生种类.在闽南近海,其雄鱼的性成熟长度为382～448mm,雌鱼的性成熟长度为405～467mm,1994年5月至1995年4月的周年随机采样中,雌鱼在群体中所占比例为53.0%.雌鱼的妊娠开始于1～4月,同年的6～8月分娩,妊娠期为5～6个月.尖头斜齿鲨雌鱼每个子宫一次妊娠怀胚胎1～12尾,其中3～6尾者占67.8%.雌鱼一次妊娠产仔鱼2～24尾,平均9.1尾,其中6～13尾占70%;57%的母体左右子宫内胚胎数相同.胚胎数量随母体全长的增大而呈线性增加.雌性尖头斜齿鲨生殖周期约为2年,一生生殖2～3次,生殖能力较低.尖头斜齿鲨胚胎在分娩时全长138～142mm,与雌鱼性成熟长度的比为0.30～0.35,胚胎的雌雄比为1.17:1.同一子宫内及左右两子宫中的胚胎发育情况均基本相同.另外还讨论了鲨鱼资源的保护和管理问题. 相似文献
16.
《中国海洋工程》2020,(3)
The research on the hydrodynamics of blades is mainly focused on sea areas with high-speed current. However, the average velocity in most territorial waters of China is smaller than 1 m/s, and the lift type of airfoil blades has limited application in most of these conditions. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the tidal current energy capture of blades in sub-low speed sea areas. The effect of flow impact resistance on the blade at sub-low current speed is considered and a new type of thin-walled blade based on the lift type of blade is proposed, and then the lift-impact combined hydrodynamic model of horizontal axis blade is established. Based on this model, and considering the characteristics of tidal current and velocity in the sea area of Yushan Islands, simulation and optimization of blade design are carried out. Additionally, the horizontal axis thin-walled blade and the NACA airfoil contrast blade under the same conditions are developed. By using a synthetical experimental test system, the power, torque, rotational speed and load characteristics of these two blades are tested. The performance of the thin-walled blade and the design theory are verified. It shows that this type of blade has much better energy capture efficiency in the sub-low speed sea area. This research will promote the study and development of turbines that can be used in low-speed current sea areas in the future. 相似文献
17.
Big fish (and a smallish skate) eat small fish: diet variation and trophic level of Sympterygia acuta,a medium‐sized skate high in the food web 
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下载免费PDF全文 The bignose fanskate, Sympterygia acuta, is a small‐to‐medium‐sized species endemic to shallow coastal waters of the Southwest Atlantic. Sympterygia acuta displays a clear seasonal reproductive cycle, characterized by maximum egg‐laying activity in spring and hatching in summer. We hypothesized that diet and feeding activity change with maturity stage and season and that, given its smallish size, the trophic level is low. Using a multiple‐hypothesis modeling approach, the diet of S. acuta in relation to sex, body size, maturity stage, region (i.e. north and south) and season was analysed; and a potential relationship between feeding activity and the seasonal reproductive cycle was assessed. Sympterygia acuta fed on a broad spectrum of prey, but teleosts were more important (47.97% index of relative importance, %IRI), followed by decapods (39.84%IRI), cumaceans (8.31%IRI) and isopods (1.89%IRI). Maturity stage was a strong determinant of the ontogenetic diet shift of S. acuta, and relationships between number of prey consumed with season and region were found.. Feeding activity was higher in the cold season than in the warm season, and was less important in the south region than in the north region. Unexpectedly, the specific trophic level was high (3.87). Sympterygia acuta shifts its diet with maturity stage, possibly by a combination of an improved ability to capture prey and a change in energy demand of mature individuals. Despite being a small‐to‐medium‐sized skate, S. acuta showed a trophic level similar to that of large‐bodied marine predators. It reduces its feeding activity seasonally because in the warm season this species may experience an increased predation risk from large sharks. 相似文献
18.
The first population of mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, was discovered in a wetland area of the upper Tamar Estuary, northern Tasmania, Australia, in November 2000. We report aspects of the structure and reproductive biology of this population, based on 1567 fish collected between August 2001 and January 2002. Females dominated most catches. Maximum lengths were 48.9 and 23.6 mm standard length (SL) for females and males, respectively. Growth of the over‐wintered cohort was evident from October, when temperatures reached >19°C; growth rates in the young‐of‐season cohort from length frequency plots were 0.38 mm/ day for females and 0.19 mm/day for males. Estimated SL at 50% maturity for females (25.0 mm) and males (17.4 mm) were attained within 7 weeks of birth. Developing embryos were present from mid October and offspring from mid November; average number of stage III embryos was 55.5 (3–144). Given their rapid reproductive turnover (c. 34‐day gestation period) and resilience to broad environmental conditions, it is likely that this exotic pest will spread to other Tasmanian localities, as it has already been discovered in areas near the wetlands since the completion of this study. 相似文献
19.
Copper and iron concentrations in three brown algae, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata (and additionally Mn in L. digitata) from the Irish west coast were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal concentrations in the three species were indicative of prevailing bioavailable metal concentrations in situ but varied greatly between functional tissue parts, between sites and over time. Cu concentrations in actively growing tips of A. nodosum decreased over a 4-month period during autumn/winter, while Fe concentrations increased. Both Fe and Cu concentrations in different thallus sections of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus increased with increasing age of thallus part in a clean site, but there was no consistent trend for F. vesiculosus from an industrialized site. Within sites, concentrations of all Cu and Fe were similar in both fucoids, but concentrations at the industrialized site were about twice as high as at the pristine site. In L. digitata, all three metals were highest in holdfasts, but had distinctly different distribution patterns in stipes and blade sections, which were most likely related to growth pattern and tissue function. Fe was lowest in meristematic and young blade regions, suggesting small-scale Fe limitation in actively growing tissue. Mn concentrations were higher in distal blade sections than in stipes, and Cu concentrations were highest in meristematic and young thallus parts. 相似文献
20.
荣成俚岛和胶南斋堂岛斑头鱼渔业生物学特征的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对2010年10月采自荣成俚岛和胶南斋堂岛近海的斑头鱼(Hexagrammos agrammus)繁殖群体生物学特征进行了比较分析.研究结果表明:两个群体斑头鱼的体长组成和体质量组成差异不显著,优势体长组均为100～150mm,优势体质量组分别为20.0～50.0g和30.0～70.0 g;体长与体质量关系分别为W=2.0×10-5L3.0.257(R2=0.968 7)和W=1.0×10 5L3.0805(R2=0.943 8),肥满度指数(K)分别为1.83±0.19和2.08±0.20.荣成俚岛斑头鱼较胶南斋堂岛群体的生长速度慢、肥满度指数低,但卵径大、性成熟较早.斑头鱼雌雄个体的性腺成熟度和性成熟系数均与体长呈正相关关系;肝脏指数和肥满度指数变化可作为判定斑头鱼繁殖时期的重要依据.水温不同造成2个群体繁殖期差异,胶南斋堂岛群体繁殖时间相对滞后. 相似文献