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1.
We present a thermophysical model for interaction between the conduit of a thermochemical plume and horizontal free convection flows in the mantle: The mantle flow incident on the plume conduit melts at the conduit boundary (front part) and crystallizes at its back. Geological data on the intensity of plume magmatism over the last 150 Myr are used to estimate the total thermal power of mantle plumes. A possible scenario for plume-related mantle recrystallization is proposed. Over the lifespan of a thermochemical plume, mantle melts and recrystallizes owing to the motion of the plume source and interaction between the plume conduit and horizontal free convection flows. The plume conduits can melt and recrystallize the entire mantle over a certain period of time. The model for the interaction of drifting plume conduits with mantle flows and the estimated total thermal power of mantle plumes are used to estimate the duration of plume-related melting and recrystallization of the entire mantle. The influence of mantle plumes on the convective structure of the mantle through melting is judged from the model for plume interaction with horizontal mantle flows. 相似文献
2.
地幔柱构造理论研究若干问题及研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
介绍了目前地幔柱构造理论研究中若干重要问题和最新进展,许多证据显示,地幔柱是严自于核幔边界附近的Ｄ″层发生热扰动并产生地幔柱的热动力源于外地核的不均匀加热作用;一个新启动的地幔柱在穿过整个地幔的缓慢上升过程会形成巨大球状顶冠和狭窄尾柱;地幔柱巨大球状顶冠会导致地壳发生上隆、区域变质作用、地壳深熔作用、构造变形作用和大规模火山作用,形成大陆或大洋溢流玄武岩;地幔柱狭窄尾柱的长期活动会在上覆运动板块上 相似文献
3.
白垩纪大火成岩省与地幔对流 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
白垩纪事件是全球非常明显和重要的一次地质突发事件,包括洋壳的超巨量形成,地磁正超时达41Ma之久(124~83 Ma),海水温度大幅度升高,黑色页岩沉积和石油形成的大量增长,海平面的快速上升,大气CO2水平的急剧升高,以及伴生的生物灭绝事件等。中—新生代的大火成岩省与冈瓦纳超大陆的裂解伴生,是超级地幔热柱产生的结果,而与欧亚超大陆的形成伴生分散火成岩省,是超级冷地幔下降流的结果,两者的联合构成全地幔对流的格局。全地幔对流模型为白垩纪地质演化、生物演化和环境演化的突变提供地球深部过程的约束。 相似文献
4.
5.
Recent advances in three-dimensional numerical simulations of mantle convection have aided in approximately reproducing continental movement since the Pangea breakup at 200 Ma. These have also led to a better understanding of the thermal and mechanical coupling between mantle convection and surface plate motion and predictions of the configuration of the next supercontinent. The simulations of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present reveals that the development of large-scale cold mantle downwellings in the North Tethys Ocean at the earlier stage of the Pangea breakup triggered the northward movement of the Indian subcontinent. The model of high temperature anomaly region beneath Pangea resulting from the thermal insulation effect support the breakup of Pangea in the real Earth time scale, as also suggested in previous geological and geodynamic models. However, considering the low radioactive heat generation rate of the depleted upper mantle, the high temperature anomaly region might have been generated by upwelling plumes with contribution of deep subducted TTG(tonalite-trondhjemite-granite) materials enriched in radiogenic elements. Integrating the numerical results of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present, and from the present to the future, it is considered that the mantle drag force acting on the base of continents may be comparable to the slab pull force, which implies that convection in the shallower part of the mantle is strongly coupled with surface plate motion. 相似文献
6.
This study investigates the mechanism of formation of convection plumes of mushroom shape in sub-solidus mantle and their prediction.The seismic-tomographic images of columnar structures of several hundreds kilometers in diameter have been reported by several researchers,while the much cherished mushroom-shaped plume heads could only be found in computational geodynamics(CGD) models and simple small-scale laboratory analogue simulations.Our theory of transient instability shows that the formation of conv... 相似文献
7.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》1999,28(1):239-261
This paper reviews the Mesozoic continental flood basalts (CFBs) associated with the break-up and dispersal of Gondwana from 185-60 Ma, the conditions for melt generation in mantle plumes and within the continental mantle lithosphere, and possible causes for lithospheric extension. The number of CFB provinces within Gondwana is much less than the number of mantle plumes that are likely to have been emplaced beneath it in the 300 Ma prior to its initial break-up. Also, the difference between the age of the peak of CFB volcanism and that of the oldest adjacent ocean crust decreases with the age of volcanism during the break-up and dispersal of Gondwana. The older CFBs of Karoo and Ferrar appear to have been derived largely from source regions within the mantle lithosphere. It is only in the younger Paranâ-Etendeka and Deccan CFBs that there are igneous rocks with major, trace element and radiogenic isotope ratios indicative of melting within a mantle plume. These younger CFBs are also clearly associated with hot spot traces on the adjacent ocean floor. The widespread 180 Ma magmatic event is attributed to partial melting within the lithosphere in response to thermal incubation over 300 Ma. In the case of the Ferrar (Antarctica) this was focussed by regional plate margin forces. The implication is that supercontinents effectively self-destruct in response to the build up of heat and resultant magmatism, since these effects significantly weaken the lithosphere and make it more susceptible to break-up in response to regional tectonics. The younger CFB of Paranâ-Etendeka was generated, at least in part, because the continental lithosphere had been thinned in response to regional tectonics. While magmatism in the Deccan was triggered by the emplacement of the plume, that too may have been beneath slightly thinned lithosphere. 相似文献
8.
N. L. Dobretsov A. A. Kirdyashkin A. G. Kirdyashkin I. N. Gladkov N. V. Surkov 《Petrology》2006,14(5):477-491
Thermochemical plumes develop at the core-mantle boundary in the presence of a heat flow from the outer core and at local chemical doping that decreases the melting temperature near the bottom of the lower mantle (this dope triggers the melting of the mantle material and the ascent of the plume). The paper presents evaluations for the heat power of the Hawaiian and Iceland plumes and the results of the experimental modeling of a thermochemical plume. The diameter of a plume conduit was determined to remain virtually unchanging in the course of plume ascent. When the top of a plume reaches a “refractory” layer, whose melting temperature is higher than the melt temperature in the plume conduit, a mushroom-shaped head of the plume develops beneath the bottom of this layer. The analysis of geological and geophysical data and the results of experimental modeling are used to develop a thermal physical model for a thermochemical plume. The balance relations for the mass and thermal energy and systematic tendencies in the heat and mass transfer during free convection were utilized to derive a system of equations for the heat and mass transfer of a thermochemical plume. Parameters were determined for a thermochemical plume ascending from the core-mantle boundary. Geodynamic processes are considered that occur during the ascent of a plume before it reaches the surface. The effect of the P-T conditions on the shape and size of a plume roof is analyzed, and a model is proposed for mass transfer between a thermochemical plume and the lithosphere, when the plume reaches the bottom of a “refractory” layer in the lithosphere. 相似文献
9.
At the transition from the Permian to the Triassic, Eurasia was the site of voluminous flood-basalt extrusion and rifting. Major flood-basalt provinces occur in the Tunguska, Taymyr, Kuznetsk, Verkhoyansk–Vilyuy and Pechora areas, as well as in the South Chinese Emeishen area. Contemporaneous rift systems developed in the West Siberian, South Kara Sea and Pyasina–Khatanga areas, on the Scythian platform and in the West European and Arctic–North Atlantic domain. At the Permo–Triassic transition, major extensional stresses affected apparently Eurasia, and possibly also Pangea, as evidenced by the development of new rift systems. Contemporaneous flood-basalt activity, inducing a global environmental crisis, is interpreted as related to the impingement of major mantle plumes on the base of the Eurasian lithosphere. Moreover, the Permo–Triassic transition coincided with a period of regional uplift and erosion and a low-stand in sea level. Permo–Triassic rifting and mantle plume activity occurred together with a major reorganization of plate boundaries and plate kinematics that marked the transition from the assembly of Pangea to its break-up. This plate reorganization was possibly associated with a reorganization of the global mantle convection system. On the base of the geological record, we recognize short-lived and long-lived plumes with a duration of magmatic activity of some 10–20 million years and 100–150 million years, respectively. The Permo–Triassic Siberian and Emeishan flood-basalt provinces are good examples of “short-lived” plumes, which contrast with such “long lived” plumes as those of Iceland and Hawaii. The global record indicates that mantle plume activity occurred episodically. Purely empirical considerations indicate that times of major mantle plume activity are associated with periods of global mantle convection reorganization during which thermally driven mantle convection is not fully able to facilitate the necessary heat transfer from the core of the Earth to its surface. In this respect, we distinguish between two geodynamically different scenarios for major plume activity. The major Permo–Triassic plume event followed the assembly Pangea and the detachment of deep-seated subduction slabs from the lithosphere. The Early–Middle Cretaceous major plume event, as well as the terminal–Cretaceous–Paleocene plume event, followed a sharp acceleration of global sea-floor spreading rates and the insertion of new subduction zone slabs deep into the mantle. We conclude that global plate kinematics, driven by mantle convection, have a bearing on the development of major mantle plumes and, to a degree, also on the pattern of related flood-basalt magmatism. 相似文献
10.
Both seismology and geochemistry show that the Earth's mantle is chemically heterogeneous on a wide range of scales. Moreover, its rheology depends strongly on temperature, pressure and chemistry. To interpret the geological data, we need a physical understanding of the forms that convection might take in such a mantle. We have therefore carried out laboratory experiments to characterize the interaction of thermal convection with stratification in viscosity and in density. Depending on the buoyancy ratio B (ratio of the stabilizing chemical density anomaly to the destabilizing thermal density anomaly), two regimes were found: at high B, convection remains stratified and fixed, long-lived thermochemical plumes are generated at the interface, while at low B, hot domes oscillate vertically through the whole tank, while thin tubular plumes can rise from their upper surfaces. Convection acts to destroy the stratification through mechanical entrainment and instabilities. Therefore, both regimes are transient and a given experiment can start in the stratified regime, evolve towards the doming regime, and end in well-mixed classical one-layer convection. Applied to mantle convection, thermochemical convection can therefore explain a number of observations on Earth, such as hot spots, superswells or the survival of several geochemical reservoirs in the mantle. Scaling laws derived from laboratory experiments allow predictions of a number of characteristics of those features, such as their geometry, size, thermal structure, and temporal and chemical evolution. In particular, it is shown that (1) density heterogeneities are an efficient way to anchor plumes, and therefore to create relatively fixed hot spots, (2) pulses of activity with characteristic time-scale of 50–500 Myr can be produced by thermochemical convection in the mantle, (3) because of mixing, no ‘primitive’ reservoir can have survived untouched up to now, and (4) the mantle is evolving through time and its regime has probably changed through geological times. This evolution may reconcile the survival of geochemically distinct reservoirs with the small amplitude of present-day density heterogeneities inferred from seismology and mineral physics. 相似文献
11.
Seismic images under 60 hotspots: Search for mantle plumes 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
The mantle plume hypothesis is now widely known to explain hotspot volcanoes, but direct evidence for actual plumes is weak, and seismic images are available for only a few hotspots. In this work, we present whole-mantle tomographic images under 60 major hotspots on Earth. The lateral resolution of the tomographic images is about 300 km under the continental hotspots and 400–600 under the oceanic hotspots. Twelve plume-like, continuous low-velocity (low-V) anomalies in both the upper and lower mantle are visible under Hawaii, Tahiti, Louisville, Iceland, Cape Verde, Reunion, Kerguelen, Amsterdam, Afar, Eifel, Hainan, and Cobb hotspots, suggesting that they may be 12 whole-mantle plumes originating from the core–mantle boundary (CMB). Clear upper-mantle low-V anomalies are visible under Easter, Azores, Vema, East Australia, and Erebus hotspots, which may be 5 upper-mantle plumes. A mid-mantle plume may exist under the San Felix hotspot. The active intra-plate volcanoes in Northeast Asia (e.g., Changbai, Wudalianchi, etc.) are related to the stagnant Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone. The Tengchong volcano in Southwest China is related to the subduction of the Burma microplate under the Eurasian plate. Although low-V anomalies are generally visible in some depth range in the mantle under other hotspots, their plume features are not clear, and their origins are still unknown. The 12 whole-mantle plumes show tilted images, suggesting that plumes are not fixed in the mantle but can be deflected by the mantle flow. In most cases, the seismic images under the hotspots are complex, particularly around the mantle transition zone. A thin low-V layer is visible right beneath the 660-km discontinuity under some hotspots, while under a few other hotspots, low-V anomalies spread laterally just above the 660-km discontinuity. These may reflect ponding of plume materials in the top part of the lower mantle or the bottom of the upper mantle. The variety of behaviors of the low-V anomalies under hotspots reflects strong lateral variations in temperature and viscosity of the mantle, which control the generation and ascending of mantle plumes as well as the flow pattern of mantle convection. 相似文献
12.
亚洲3个大火成岩省(峨眉山、西伯利亚、德干)对比研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
峨眉山(～260 Ma)、西伯利亚(～250 Ma)和德干(～66 Ma)大陆溢流玄武岩是世界上3个重要的大火成岩省.大火成岩省至少具有4个通常被用于识别古地幔柱的标志:(1)先于岩浆作用的地表隆升;(2)与大陆裂谷化和裂解事件相伴;(3)与生物灭绝事件联系密切;(4)地幔柱源玄武岩的化学特征.虽然这3个大火成岩省都是来源于原始地幔柱,但是它们的地球化学特征有本质上的差异,反映其地幔柱曾与不同的上地幔库相互作用.(1)峨眉山和西伯利亚大陆溢流玄武岩的母岩浆,在上升过程中经受了与地球化学上和古老克拉通岩石圈地幔相同的上地幔库(EM1型幔源)的相互作用;(2)而德干大火成岩省没有受到地壳(或岩石圈)混染的原生玄武岩则显示地幔柱和EM2之间的Sr-Nd同位素变化.这种差异有可能制约了3个大火成岩省的成矿潜力.峨眉山和西伯利亚大火成岩省含有世界级岩浆矿床,而德干大火成岩省则不含矿. 相似文献
13.
地幔柱的概念、分类、演化与大规模成矿——对中国西南部的探讨 总被引：33，自引：2，他引：33
自核幔边界上升的物质 ,当其汇聚成圆柱状的结合体 ,并因其相对于周围地幔环境来说具有温度更高、活动性更强、粘度更低等特点而能够上升到壳幔边界时 ,一般可以演化成为具有宽厚的冠状构造和细长的尾部构造的地幔柱。地幔柱进一步与地壳发生作用 ,可以在地表记录下一系列的热点或形成巨大的火成岩省。根据地幔柱最后出露的位置 ,可以将其分为洋壳和陆壳环境下产出的两种基本类型 ,也可以根据其演化历史分出不同的阶段 ,如初始阶段、上升阶段、成熟阶段和衰退阶段。中国西南部地区可能经历了两次以上的地幔柱冲击 ,二叠纪的峨眉山玄武岩是一个古生代晚期演化比较彻底的地幔柱留下的记录 ,而新生代以来的地幔柱活动可能正在发育 ,深部物质的大规模上隆可能是青藏高原隆升的一个原因 ,大量的散布的幔源岩浆活动和流体作用可能是中国西南部大规模成矿作用的重要原因。 相似文献
14.
地幔柱研究中几个问题的探讨及其找矿意义 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
本文在简要回顾地幔柱研究历史的基础上,针对近年来研究中提出的一些科学问题进行初步的探讨,提出了识别古老地幔柱的地质一环境一地球化学综合判别原则,提出了存在地幔柱的第3种类型,而埃达克岩很可能是第3类地幔柱的典型产物之一,指出了地幔柱对于成矿作用影响的双重性,也指出了地幔柱研究将对成矿学研究产生深刻的影响及其对于地质找矿的意义。中国西南部地区以二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩为标志的峨眉地幔柱最终喷发于海陆过渡相环境,具有与俄罗斯西伯利亚地幔柱类似的成矿条件和含矿性,有着良好的找矿前景。 相似文献
15.
地幔柱大辩论及如何验证地幔柱假说 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：20
目前关于地幔柱存在与否的争论主要集中在地幔柱学说的三个假设上:(1)起源于地球核幔边界缓慢上升的细长柱状热物质流;(2)热点下具有异常高温地幔;(3)地幔柱是相对静止的。这三个方面的验证需要今后深部地球物理探测、岩石学和古地磁等学科的综合运用和进一步的工作。文中认为,地幔柱学说依然能合理地解释地球上一级地质现象,反对地幔柱的学者过分强调了一些小尺度的与地幔柱理论不符的细节,而小尺度地壳特征显然还受到其他许多因素的影响。可以从以下5个方面来鉴别老地幔柱:(1)大规模火山作用前的地壳抬升;(2)放射状岩墙群;(3)火山作用的物理特征;(4)火山链的年代学变化;(5)地幔柱产出岩浆的化学组成。研究表明,峨眉山大火成岩省满足其中的3到4个指标,因此地幔柱是形成峨眉山玄武岩的主要动力学机制。 相似文献
16.
17.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2016,57(6):858-867
Laboratory and numerical experiments simulating the heat transfer and flow structure of thermochemical mantle plumes provide insights into the mechanisms of plume eruption onto the surface depending on the relative thermal power of plumes Ka = N/N1, where N and N1 are the heat transferred from the plume base to the plume conduit and the heat transferred from the plume conduit to the surrounding mantle, respectively, under steady thermal conduction. There are three main types of plumes according to the Ka criterion: (i) plumes with low thermal power (Ka < 1.15), which fail to reach the surface, (ii) plumes with intermediate thermal power (1.15 < Ka < 1.9), which occur beneath cratons and transport melts from depths below 150 km, where diamond is stable (diamondiferous plumes), and (iii) plumes with a mushroom-shaped head (1.9 < Ka < 10), which are responsible for large intrusive bodies, including batholiths. The volume of erupted melt and the depth from which the melt is transported to the surface are estimated for plumes of types (ii) and (iii). The relationship between the plume head area (along with the plume head diameter) and the relative thermal power is obtained. The relationship between the thickness of the block above the plume head and the relative thermal power is derived. On the basis of the results obtained, the geodynamic-regime diagram of thermochemical mantle plumes, including the plumes with Ka > 10, has been constructed. 相似文献
18.
Ryuichi Shinjo Takele Chekol Daniel Meshesha Tetsumaru Itaya Yoshiyuki Tatsumi 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,162(1):209-230
Major and trace element and isotopic ratios (Sr, Nd and Pb) are presented for mafic lavas (MgO > 4 wt%) from the southwestern
Yabello region (southern Ethiopia) in the vicinity of the East African Rift System (EARS). New K/Ar dating results confirm
three magmatic periods of activity in the region: (1) Miocene (12.3–10.5 Ma) alkali basalts and hawaiites, (2) Pliocene (4.7–3.6 Ma)
tholeiitic basalts, and (3) Recent (1.9–0.3 Ma) basanite-dominant alkaline lavas. Trace element and isotopic characteristics
of the Miocene and Quaternary lavas bear a close similarity to ocean island basalts that derived from HIMU-type sublithospheric
source. The Pliocene basalts have higher Ba/Nb, La/Nb, Zr/Nb and 87Sr/86Sr (0.70395–0.70417) and less radiogenic Pb isotopic ratios (206Pb/204Pb = 18.12–18.27) relative to the Miocene and Quaternary lavas, indicative of significant contribution from enriched subcontinental
lithospheric mantle in their sources. Intermittent upwelling of hot mantle plume in at least two cycles can explain the magmatic
evolution in the southern Ethiopian region. Although plumes have been originated from a common and deeper superplume extending
from the core–mantle boundary, the diversity of plume components during the Miocene and Quaternary reflects heterogeneity
of secondary plumes at shallower levels connected to the African superplume, which have evolved to more homogeneous source. 相似文献
19.
Nickolay L. Dobretsov Alexey A. Kirdyashkin Anatoliy G. Kirdyashkin Valery A. Vernikovsky Igor N. Gladkov 《Lithos》2008,100(1-4):66-92
Thermochemical plumes form at the base of the lower mantle as a consequence of heat flow from the outer core and the presence of local chemical doping that decreases the melting temperature. Theoretical and experimental modelling of thermochemical plumes show that the diameter of a plume conduit remains practically constant during plume ascent. However, when the top of a plume reaches a refractory layer, whose melting temperature is higher than the melt temperature in the plume conduit, a mushroom-shaped plume head develops. Main parameters (melt viscosity, ascent time, ascent velocity, temperature differences in the plume conduit, and thermal power) are presented for a thermochemical plume ascending from the core–mantle boundary. In addition, the following relationships are developed: the pressure distribution in the plume conduit during the ascent of a plume, conditions for eruption-conduit formation, the effect of the P–T conditions and controls on the shape and size of a plume top, heat transfer between a thermochemical plume and the lithosphere (when the plume reaches the bottom of a refractory layer in the lithosphere), and eruption volume versus the time interval t1 between plume formation and eruption. These relationships are used to determine thermal power and time t1 for the Tunguska syneclise and the Siberian traps as a whole.
The Siberian and other trap provinces are characterized by giant volumes of lavas and sills formed a very short time period. Data permit a model for superplumes with three stages of formation: early (variable picrites and alkali basalts), main (tholeiite plateau basalts), and final (ultrabasic and alkaline lavas and intrusions). These stages reflect the evolution of a superplume from the ascent of one or several independent plumes, through the formation of thick lenses of mantle melts underplating the lithosphere and, finally, intrusion and extrusion of differentiated mantle melts. Synchronous syenite–granite intrusions and bimodal volcanism abundant in the margins of the Siberian traps are the result of melting of the lower crust at depths of 65–70 km under the effect of plume melts. 相似文献
20.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(5):1571-1579
Mantle plumes originating from the Core-Mantle Boundary(CMB) or the Mantle Transition Zone(MTZ) play an important role in material transfer through Earth's interior.The hotspot-related plumes originate through different mechanisms and have diverse processes of material transfer.Both the Morganian plumes and large low shear wave velocity provinces(LLSVPs) are derived from the D " layer in the CMB,whereas the Andersonian plumes originate from the upper mantle.All plumes have a plume head at the Moho,although the LLSVPs have an additional plume head at the MTZ.We compare the geochemical characteristics of various plumes in an attempt to evaluate the material exchange between the plumes and mantle layers.The D" layer,the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes are consisted of subducted slab and post-perovskite from the lower mantle.Bridgmanite would crystallize during the upwelling process of the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes in the lower mantle,and the residual is a basalt-trachyte suite.Unlike the Morganian plumes,the crystallization in the LLSVPs is insufficient that material accumulates beneath the MTZ to form a plume head.Typically,the secondary plumes above the plume head occur at the edge of the LLSVPs because it is easier for bridgmanite crystal separating from the plume head at the edge,and the residual material with low density upwells to form the secondary plumes.Meanwhile,Na and K are enriched during the long-term crystallization process,and then the basalt-phonolite suite appears in the LLSVPs.The geochemical characteristics of Andersonian plumes suggest that the basalt-rhyolite suite is the major component in the upper mantle.Meanwhile the basalt-rhyolite suite also appears in the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes because of the assimilation and contamination in the plume head beneath the Mono. 相似文献