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1.
20世纪70年代以前,我国第四纪冰川冰期主要是根据第四纪冰川遗迹的侵蚀-沉积地貌特征和沉积物的物理化学风化程度的差异划分的相对年代;80～90年代开始有放射性碳和地衣法的测年;90年代以后,采用热释光和电子自旋共振技术测年,获得了我国第四纪冰川的一些数值年代,划分了5次冰期,其时代初步定为:小冰期Ⅲ(1871±20A.D.),小冰期Ⅱ(1777±20A.D.),小冰期Ⅰ(1528±20A.D.);新冰期Ⅲ(1550±70aB.P.,1580±60aB.P.),新冰期Ⅱ(2.8～2.5kaB.P.),新冰期Ⅰ(3.1kaB.P.);末次冰期Ⅳ(YD)(11.5～10.4kaB.P.),末次冰期Ⅲ(24～16kaB.P.),末次冰期Ⅱ(56～40kaB.P.),末次冰期Ⅰ(73～72kaB.P.);倒数第二冰期(相当于MIS6～10),Ⅲ阶段(154～136kaB.P.),Ⅱ阶段(277～266kaB.P.),Ⅰ阶段(333～316kaB.P.);倒数第三冰期(相当于MIS12～16),Ⅱ阶段(520～460kaB.P.),Ⅰ阶段(710～593kaB.P.)。未来的研究趋势是采用宇宙成因核素暴露年代方法和光释光技术在更大的空间尺度上对冰川地貌精细定年,分析第四纪冰川发育的空间差异和异时性机制。 相似文献
2.
土壤侵蚀现象是黄土高原的一个重大环境问题。土壤侵蚀的发生和发展有其自然的规律。黄土高原的土壤侵蚀可概括为三种类型:(1)水流侵蚀;(2)重力侵蚀;(3)风力侵蚀。控制黄土高原土壤侵蚀的自然因素为:降水、地形、植被和岩土性质。降水和地形两个因素称之为“侵蚀性因素”;植被和岩土性质两个因素称之为“可蚀性因素”。土壤侵蚀的发生与否,以及侵蚀的程度,最终取决于上述侵蚀性因素与可蚀性因素两者之间相互影响的结果。如果侵蚀性因素的效果大于可蚀性因素的效果,则发生侵蚀作用;反之,则侵蚀作用不显示。 相似文献
3.
植被—侵蚀状态图在典型流域的应用 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
运用植被—侵蚀动力学耦合方程组，研究了流域植被与侵蚀在人类活动特别是植树造林和工程治理影响下的演变。动力学方程组中的4个参数由实测植被侵蚀资料算出，利用这些参数发展出植被—侵蚀状态图作为分析工具，分析在停止人类干预后植被和土壤侵蚀的发展趋势。流域的植被—侵蚀状态有4种，即向着侵蚀模数增大和植被覆盖度降低方向发展的A区，向着侵蚀模数降低和植被完善方向发展的C区，植被和侵蚀模数都增长的B区，植被和侵蚀模数都减少的D区。将耦合方程组和植被—侵蚀状态图应用于黄土高原王家沟、安家沟流域，云南小江流域和北京西山地区，结果表明动力学方程组准确地模拟了植被和滑动侵蚀模数的演变过程。对植被侵蚀状态图的分析表明，在干旱寒冷的黄土高原增加植被对于减少侵蚀的作用显著，治理应该首先增加植被使其进入D区，再结合控制侵蚀进入C区，治理后仍应加强管理和防止人为破坏；在雨量较丰、气温较高的小江流域，减少侵蚀对改善植被的作用大，治理措施首选控制侵蚀；北京西山地区介于两者之间。 相似文献
4.
祁连山石羊河上游山区土壤侵蚀的环境因子特征分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在GIS技术支持下, 运用通用水土流失方程USLE, 对祁连山北坡东段的哈溪林区的土壤侵蚀量及空间分布进行了模拟运算, 并定量分析了各种环境因子与土壤侵蚀之间的关系. 结果显示: 研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为25.1 t·hm-2·a-1, 微度和轻度侵蚀面积占总面积的80%, 而强度到剧烈侵蚀产生的侵蚀量占78.3%; 各土地类型土壤侵蚀模数由高到低依次是裸地>草地>农田>灌丛>乔木林, 裸地侵蚀量占到总侵蚀量的54.9%; 乔木林和灌木林95%以上侵蚀面积属微度侵蚀区, 农田中度到剧烈侵蚀的面积比例达到35.9%, 高于草地和其他植被类型, 而草地剧烈侵蚀面积比例高于农田. 海拔高度范围与土壤流失量之间的关系与植被的海拔分布范围明显相关; 土壤平均侵蚀模数随坡度的增加而增大, 土壤侵蚀量主要分布在15°～45°的坡度范围, 不同植被覆盖下土壤流失随坡度变化的趋势可在一定程度上反映该类植被对土壤流失的防止作用. 相似文献
5.
过去典型增温时段的自然植被演化规律是未来增温情形下植被变化趋势的重要参照.黄土高原全新世中期(4 ～8kaB.P.)和末次间冰期(80 ～110kaB.P.)温度分别比现高约1.2℃和2～5℃,是揭示过去不同增温幅度下植被演化的理想时段.通过对黄土高原东西部黄土-古土壤序列有机碳同位素(δ13Corg.)对比研究表明:在全新世中期黄土高原东西部有机碳同位素变化一致,相对末次盛冰期表现为正偏2.2‰～2.9‰,指示C4植物丰度增加.而在末次间冰期黄土高原东、西部不同地貌单元有机碳同位素结果产生空间分异,相对末次盛冰期西部梁峁区表现为负偏约0.8‰,指示C4植物丰度减少,而东部塬区则表现为正偏0.9‰ ～4.0‰,指示C4植物丰度增加.由于上述典型时段大气CO2浓度相近且温度升高,末次间冰期与全新世中期黄土高原C4植物丰度变化的差异可能与降水增加的季节性变化有关.上述结果表明,在过去典型增温期不同增温幅度下黄土高原东、西部不同地貌单元植被演化呈现明显不同. 相似文献
6.
降水变化对陕北黄土高原植被覆盖度和高度的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
植被特性及生长模式是土壤侵蚀研究的重要因子,而降水是植被生长的主要限制因素.通过3年的观测数据,分析了陕北黄土高原地区降水年际变化和年内变化对6种植被覆盖度和高度的影响,得到如下主要结论:①年降水量对刺槐林、灌木林、荒草地和农地植被的影响较大,平水年份和干旱年份最大覆盖度相差约一倍.而对于植被高度来说,受影响最大的是休闲地和农地植被.②降水的年内分布,尤其是6～8月份的降水量是限制植被覆盖度和高度的主要原因.对于荒草地、农耕地覆盖度和高度的影响尤为显著.农作物覆盖度、高度甚至每年播种日期和种类都受到生长季降雨量的制约.研究结果对于估计黄土高原地区植被参数的变化,以及对土壤侵蚀模拟和退耕还林还草都具有参考价值. 相似文献
7.
我国南方岩溶山区与北方黄土高原土壤侵蚀的差异对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
白占国 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》1994,(3)
我国南方岩溶山区与北方黄土高原土壤侵蚀的差异对比白占国（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词土壤侵蚀，岩溶山区，黄土高原，～７Ｂｅ测量土壤侵蚀是当代重大的环境问题之一。土壤侵蚀造成的土壤退化、生态失衡已困扰着人类的生存和发展。我国南方岩... 相似文献
8.
通过藏南沉错湖芯的210Pb和137Cs的测试,获得湖芯的平均沉积速率为0.16cm/a.根据湖芯长度和分样间距,获得平均分辨率为6～7年,长达1 350年的连续湖芯环境序列.对湖芯样品磁学指标的低频磁化率(Xlf)、等温剩磁(IRM)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)、非滞后剩磁(ARM)等指标及其比值的测试,划分了650 A D.以来沉错湖区的冷暖变化阶段和相对强度.结果表明,690～860A D.和1 120～1 320 A.D.分别出现两个相对集中的暖期,每个暖期中间又具有相对寒冷时段.1 520～1 650A.D.出现寒冷时段之后,1 820A D.左右直至现在环境又逐渐进入转暖时期.在3个暖期中,以1 220A.D.前后的温暖程度最强,而冷期中以1 610～1 650A.D.达到最盛.沉错湖区冷暖环境的演变得到了其他资料的很好验证. 相似文献
9.
新生代C4植被开始扩张的年代、过程和驱动机制是全球古气候变化研究的焦点问题.中国黄土高原的黄土-红粘土剖面保存了连续的古生态演化记录,是研究这一关键科学问题的理想载体.本文选择黄土高原北部佳县厚达64m的红粘土剖面(8.2～2.7Ma),对190个层位的次生方解石矿物进行了无机碳同位素测试,由此分析了晚中新世-上新世末的C4植被扩张和演化过程.C4植被持续增长与全球冰盖的扩张基本一致,表明气候变冷很可能导致了黄土高原区域气候的干旱化与降雨季节性的增强.C4植被的扩张存在明显的3个阶段,分别以6.6Ma和3.6Ma为界限,每一次扩张增加10％左右,暗示了全球性的构造事件对黄土高原植被演化的控制.此外,佳县红粘土剖面呈现10次持续时间为10 ～ 20万年的碳同位素正漂移事件,平均每40万年发生一次,说明40万年轨道周期也控制着C4植被的演化. 相似文献
10.
中国东部季风区过去千年的水文变化已有大量研究并取得重要进展,但水文环境变化的起止时间、空间特征、温湿配置研究仍存在显著的区域差异,水文环境变化的驱动机制研究相对较少且不明确。以安徽升金湖沉积岩心为研究对象,分析元素地球化学指标的水文指示意义,结合总有机碳(TOC)、碳氮比(C/N)、无机碳(IC)等环境代用指标,讨论升金湖过去1 000年的水文变化。结果表明:1)在1 000～1 350 A.D.,Ti、Rb/Sr、Cr、SiO2含量呈波动下降,Sr、CaO含量呈低值波动,指示中世纪暖期水文环境向干旱化变化。2)在1 350～1 850 A.D.内可分为两个阶段;第一阶段(1 350～1 600 A.D.),Ti、Rb/Sr、Cr、SiO2含量波动变化,但总体在高值水平,Sr、CaO含量为低值,指示流域降水较多;第二阶段(1 600～1 850 A.D.),Ti、Rb/Sr、Cr、SiO2含量下降,总体呈低值水平,Sr、CaO含量为高值呈上升趋势,指示降水减少,说明小冰期水文环境由湿润转向干旱。3)1 850～2 000... 相似文献
11.
The Loess Plateau is well known to the world because of its thick loess and severe soil erosion. Loess is a highly erosion-prone soil that is considerably susceptible to water erosion. The Loess Plateau also has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration serious soil and water loss were obviously problems on Loess Plateau. This article analyzes several strategies of soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau, such as terracing, planting trees, natural vegetation rehabilitation and construction of warp land dams. Different periods had different strategies of soil and water conservation and each strategy had its characteristics and effects. Finally, the research directions and future perspectives of the Loess Plateau were discussed, including the strategies of sustainable eco-environment of Loess Plateau in China. 相似文献
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13.
Zhang Zonghu 《GeoJournal》1991,24(2):195-200
The soil erosion processes in the Loess Plateau may be divided into three types: namely, waterflow erosion; gravitational erosion; wind erosion. The waterflow erosion is most widely distributed and is the main erosion action in the Loess Plateau. The main factors dominating the occurrence and development of the soil erosion in the Loess Plateau are: 1. rainfall; 2. topography; 3. vegetation; 4. soil character. The energy of erosion action depends upon the rainfall and topography, but erodiblity depends upon the vegetation and soil properties. The degree of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau changes with variations of interaction of erosion and anti-erosion measures. 相似文献
14.
Changes in soil physico-chemical and microbiological properties during natural succession on abandoned farmland in the Loess Plateau 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
The re-establishment of natural species-rich heath lands on abandoned farmland is one of the main measures in soil erosion
control in the Loess Plateau of China. So, it is important to understand how the vegetation and soil properties develop after
land abandonment. The objective of this study was to determine how physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass, and enzyme
activities changed for abandoned farmland with an age sequence of 0, 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50 years in Zhifanggou
watershed (8.27 km2), Shaanxi Province, NW China. The results of this study indicate that species succession after land abandonment in the Zhifanggou
watershed on the Loess Plateau resulted in a significant improvement in soil chemical and microbiological properties. Soil
organic C, total N, available N and K, soil microbial biomass C, N and P, as well as alkaline phosphatase, catalase, saccharase,
and cellulase activity increased with time since plantation establishment increased. In contrast, soil bulk density, pH, and
polyphenol oxidase activity decreased after farmland abandonment. Urease and α-amylase decreased until 15 years at the early
phase of species succession, and then increased. However, there was no significant change in total P and available P during
the restoration. Results only implied the tendency that the herbage was developing toward shrub. Although secondary succession
plays an important role which improved soil properties after farmland abandonment, the values of these parameters were still
much lower than native forest in 50 years. Thus, vegetation recovery after farmland abandonment in a semi-arid environment
would be slow and the improvement of soil properties in the Loess Plateau is likely to require a considerably long period
of time. 相似文献
15.
黄土丘陵小流域地形和土地利用对土壤水分时空格局的影响 总被引：47，自引：0，他引：47
采用1982～1985年和2002年两个时段的定点观测数据,系统分析了小流域尺度地形和土地利用类型对土壤水分时空格局的影响.结果表明:1)土壤水分变化特征为所有年份农地土壤水分都最大,灌木林地和荒草地较低,林地居中;不同坡向间以阴坡土壤水分最大;而不同坡位间以坡中部土壤水分最大.受降雨和植被耗水的影响,所有土地利用类型中土壤水分在整个生长期表现为降低型.2)在年尺度上表现为干旱年份土地利用类型和坡向对土壤水分的影响较大;而在湿润年份,其影响程度减弱;坡位在干旱和湿润年份对土壤水分的影响都较小.湿润年份,降雨量的增大弱化了地形和土地利用类型对土壤水分时空格局的影响;而干旱年份正好相反.3)在季节尺度上表现为在生长季节的中后期,土壤水分的变异格局主要受坡向影响;而在生长季节的中期,主要受土地利用类型影响;坡位在整个观测时段内影响都较小.4)在不同土壤层次方面特征为土地利用类型对0～20em层次影响较小,而对其他4个深度较大的层次(20～100cm)影响较大,并且5个层次中以40～60cm层次的差异最大;坡向对5个层次土壤水分的变异格局均有明显影响,并呈现随着深度的增加,其影响减弱的趋势;坡位对5个层次的土壤水分变异格局影响均较小. 相似文献
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17.
Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
18.
Comprehensive analysis of relationship between vegetation attributes and soil erosion on hillslopes in the Loess Plateau of China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In soil and water conservation research, vegetation is considered to be a primary factor affecting soil erosion. Many studies focus on the relationship between soil erosion and a given attribute of vegetation. Few studies have attempted a comprehensive analysis of vegetation attributes. Thus, the aim of this study is to explain the relationship between vegetation and soil erosion in detail. We studied 104 vegetation plots and 104 soil samples in the Yangjuangou catchment, Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, China. According to a correlation analysis of the vegetation attributes and soil 137Cs inventories, vegetation cover exerts a positive effect on soil erosion. In addition, vegetation aggregation increases with increasing soil loss. During this period of study, plant diversity can have different relationships with soil erosion according to the vegetation pattern. When vegetation distribution is relatively homogeneous, plant cover decreases with increasing diversity, and the soil loss increases. When vegetation pattern distributes between homogeneous and heterogeneous, the relationship between vegetation diversity and soil erosion is not obvious. When vegetation distribution is in a heterogeneous pattern, cover increases with increasing diversity, and soil loss decreases. 相似文献
19.
黄土高原表层土壤有机碳在土壤碳循环中具有重要地位,通过土地质量地球化学调查获得的黄土高原甘肃省境内表层土壤有机碳数据,总结了表层土壤有机碳在不同土壤类型、土地利用方式及地形地貌中的分布特征,分析了研究区土壤有机碳密度与全国其他典型地区的差异,并与全省第二次土壤普查成果进行了比较。结果表明:在不同土壤类型中有机碳密度呈灰褐土>高山草甸土>黑钙土>栗钙土>红黏土>灌漠土>灌淤土>黑麻土>黑垆土>黄绵土>灰钙土>风沙土的分布趋势;在不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳密度呈林地>建设用地>耕地>园地>草地>未利用地的分布趋势;在不同地形地貌单元间土壤有机碳密度呈塬面>梯田>坡地>沟道的分布规律。黄土高原西段表层土壤有机碳密度在全国各典型地区最低,为1.87 kg/m2;有机碳储量为78.56 Mt,较1990年增幅10.54%,近年来土壤有机碳储量呈不断上升趋势。 相似文献
20.
开发西部切入点的研究──以黄土高原生态环境建设切入点为例 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
本本文以黄土高原为例, 讨论了生态环境建设作为开发西部切入点的科学和实际意 义。从黄土高原毁林毁草耕垦和人为加速侵蚀的发展, 剖析了退耕还林还草作为生态环境建 设切入点的科学依据。在此基础上, 又进一步剖析了退耕还林还草的切入点及其实施对策。 相似文献