共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 421 毫秒
1.
Reduced removal of bacteriophage MS2 in during basin infiltration managed aquifer recharge as basin sand is exposed to infiltration water 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Basin infiltration managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a commonly used method for storing and treating surface water to be used as drinking water. This study examined how the removal of bacteriophage MS2 was affected by the relative age of the sand used for basin infiltration MAR at 4 °C using batch experiments (static and agitated) and column experiments. The sand and the water used in all experiments were characteristic of that used at a basin infiltration MAR scheme in Uppsala, Sweden. Experimental data was fit with numerical models describing the fate and transport of virus in soil—water systems. The “used” sand that had been subjected to intermittent infiltration over a period of 8 years had 15 times the amount of organic carbon than the “new” sand, which had yet to be used for infiltration. Results showed that attachment of MS2 to the new sand in batch experiments was relatively irreversible. Attachment to the used sand was reversible. Inactivation of MS2 was slowed when it was attached to the used sand. Results for the column experiments showed that the removal rate of MS2 was significantly lower in columns of used sand than in columns of new sand. Simulations indicated that MS2 would be entirely removed in the infiltration basins with new sand. Less than 3 log removals was estimated for basins with used sand. Reduced removal of MS2 by the used sand was deemed to be most likely due to organic coatings on the used sand. Results of this study give deeper insight into the mechanisms responsible for removing virus in infiltration basins and how those mechanisms will change as the sand in the basin is exposed to infiltration water. 相似文献
2.
平衡剖面技术是油气勘探中的一项辅助解释技术,它提供正演与反演两种模拟过程.正演模拟过程可以迅速、有效地检验某种地质假设,为解释人员提供合理的解释模型,同时,正演过程可以动态显示构造变形历史,为研究油气藏的形成、演化提供依据;而反演模拟过程则可以迅速地对剖面解释结果进行合理性检验,避免解释中的随意性,提高剖面解释的质量和效率.本文对平衡剖面有关的概念、原理、应用条件及变形机制等进行了系统归纳与总结,并详细介绍了国内外平衡剖面技术在油气勘探中的最新应用实例. 相似文献
3.
Various types of models are being used to evaluate pesticide transport and transformation in the unsaturated zone. Model predictions can be used, for example, to develop alternative agricultural management strategies for pesticide use. However, intensive data requirements for transient models sometimes deter their use. Site-specific measurements are preferred, but existing data bases can be used as a source of required model parameters, especially weather and soil characteristics. These existing data bases make possible the use of models to predict leaching potential in a wide variety of environments. 相似文献
4.
It is well-known that the application of the Square-Root-of-Sum-of-Squares (SRSS) method in seismic analysis for combining modal maxima can cause significant errors. Nevertheless, this method continues to be used by the profession for significant buildings. The purpose of this note is to present an improved technique to be used in place of the SRSS method in seismic analysis. A Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method is proposed which reduces errors in modal combination in all examples studied. The CQC method degenerates into the SRSS method for systems with well-spaced natural frequencies. Since the CQC method only involves a small increase in numerical effort, it is recommended that the new approach be used as a replacement for the SRSS method in all response spectrum calculations. 相似文献
5.
As part of its Wellhead Protection Program, the U.S. EPA mandates the delineation of "time-of-travel capture zones" as the basis for the definition of wellhead protection zones surrounding drinking water production wells. Depending on circumstances the capture zones may be determined using methods that range from simply drawing a circle around the well to sophisticated ground water flow and transport modeling. The simpler methods are attractive when faced with the delineation of hundreds or thousands of capture zones for small public drinking water supply wells. On the other hand, a circular capture zone may not be adequate in the presence of an ambient ground water flow regime. A dimensionless time-of-travel parameter T is used to determine when calculated fixed-radius capture zones can be used for drinking water production wells. The parameter incorporates aquifer properties, the magnitude of the ambient ground water flow field, and the travel time criterion for the time-of-travel capture zone. In the absence of interfering flow features, three different simple capture zones can be used depending on the value of T . A modified calculated fixed-radius capture zone proves protective when T < 0.1, while a more elongated capture zone must be used when T > 1. For values of T between 0.1 and 1, a circular capture zone can be used that is eccentric with respect to the well. Finally, calculating T allows for a quick assessment of the validity of circular capture zones without redoing the delineation with a computer model. 相似文献
6.
Generalised relative and cumulative response functions for electromagnetic induction conductivity meters operating at low induction numbers 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Relative and cumulative analytical response functions have been widely used as a powerful tool for forward modelling and interpretation of measurements obtained by electromagnetic induction conductivity meters operating at low induction numbers for one‐dimensional layered earth models. These well‐known functions were derived and should be used for the instruments laid on the surface of the earth. In this paper, we extended the response functions and obtained new generalised analytical expressions, which can be used for instruments carried at any height from the surface. The proposed new equations were compared with numerically constructed functions, obtained using the full solution of Maxwell's equations, and proved to be in very good agreement at low induction numbers. Quantitative analyses of the behaviour of the relative response and the depth of investigation of electromagnetic induction instruments, when raised from the ground, could also be done using the generalised functions. 相似文献
7.
Abstract This paper describes a study of the use of large diameter “agrowells” used for irrigation in Sri Lanka. Detailed field information for a single location is presented and a numerical radial flow model was used to interpret the field response. Initially the model was used to represent a pumping test in which the pumping and subsequent recovery were monitored. It was then used to investigate the operation of the well during a dry season. Satisfactory agreement could only be obtained when account was taken of the withdrawal of water from below the water table by trees. From the simulation it was possible to show that skilful farming practice could be used in steadily exploiting the resources for irrigation over the whole of the dry season. 相似文献
8.
This paper provides a procedure for the evaluation of model performance for rainfall–runoff event summary variables, such as total discharge or peak runoff. The procedure is based on the analysis of model errors, defined as the differences between observed values and values predicted by a simulation model. Model errors can (i) indicate whether and where the model can be improved, (ii) be used to measure the performance of a model, and (iii) be used to compare model simulations. In this paper, both statistical and graphical methods are used to characterize model errors. We explore model recalibration by relating model errors to the model predictions, and to external, independent variables. The R‐5 catchment data sets that we used in this study include summary variables for 72 rainfall–runoff events. The simulations used in this study were previously conducted with the quasi‐physically based rainfall–runoff model QPBRRM for 11 different characterizations of the R‐5 catchment, each with increasing information or a refined spatial discretization of the overland flow planes. This paper is about proposing model diagnostics and not about procedures for using diagnostics for model modification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
A new presentation for magnetotelluric data is proposed to be used together with the traditional representation. It is easily computed by applying the Bostick transform to all field data points. The result is an approximate depth-resistivity diagram which contains an indication of the data quality as well as the homogeneity of the subsurface. This resistivity section should be used in the interpretation of surveys in which accuracy is either not of prime concern or cannot be achieved. Since this mode of presentation is easily understood it can be used to familiarize earth scientists with the use of the MT method in exploration. 相似文献
10.
Vijay P. Singh 《Journal of Hydrology》1976,30(3):247-255
An analytical treatment is developed for the step error of some finite-difference schemes that are frequently used to solve the kinematic wave equations. It is shown that for convergent and stable schemes, the production of step error of one scheme may not be the same as that of another. This distinction must be considered in choosing between the schemes. Knowledge of step error is a useful parameter to estimate apriori the step length to be used in a given scheme. 相似文献
11.
A statistical trend methodology is used to compare ground water quality between eight landfill sites in western Michigan as a case study. Monitoring data were collected over a 15-year period on 36 parameters at an upgradient and downgradient well selected at each of the eight sites. This yielded a total of 576 monitoring data sets available for analysis. New trend and contamination indices are introduced that are used to compare ground water contamination between these eight sites. These indices are used to assess each landfill's relative potential for environmental harm.
Many questions remain unanswered, but what is demonstrated here is that this type of methodology has the potential to be used to assess trends of ground water chemistry concentrations at landfill sues in a region. A specific purpose of such an assessment could be to provide a quantified basis for the prioritization of funds allocated for cleanup of contaminated landfill sites. Having a technical capability to reduce large amounts of ground water monitoring data to appropriate summaries, which then can be used to assess environmental contamination between several sites, could also have important economic and health implications in other settings. Hopefully this paper will encourage further development of such technologies for these purposes. 相似文献
Many questions remain unanswered, but what is demonstrated here is that this type of methodology has the potential to be used to assess trends of ground water chemistry concentrations at landfill sues in a region. A specific purpose of such an assessment could be to provide a quantified basis for the prioritization of funds allocated for cleanup of contaminated landfill sites. Having a technical capability to reduce large amounts of ground water monitoring data to appropriate summaries, which then can be used to assess environmental contamination between several sites, could also have important economic and health implications in other settings. Hopefully this paper will encourage further development of such technologies for these purposes. 相似文献
12.
为了计算带任意地形的各向异性介质中二维大地电磁响应,本文在非结构化网格的基础上,采用有限体积法,开发了二维大地电磁各向异性正演模拟的新算法.首先,从Maxwell方程出发,推导二维各向异性介质中大地电磁场的边值问题;然后,采用三角网格自动生成技术对求解区域进行非结构化网格剖分,进而构建节点中心控制体积单元,利用有限体积方法,得到求解边值问题的大型稀疏线性方程组;最后,利用Pardiso精确地计算了大地电磁响应值.三个各向异性模型的计算结果表明,本文开发的有限体积算法,不仅能够高精度求解带任意地形的大地电磁电导率各向异性问题,而且对于同一模型,该方法的计算消耗和精度都与有限单元法相当.因此,有限体积法是处理电磁法各向异性问题的一种有效方法. 相似文献
13.
The development of chloride sensors which can be used for continuous, on‐line monitoring of groundwater could be very valuable in the management of our coastal water resources. However, sensor stability, drift, and durability all need to be addressed in order for the sensors to be used in continuous application. This study looks at the development of a simple, inexpensive chloride electrode, and evaluates its performance under continuous use, both in the laboratory and in a field test in a monitoring well. The results from the study showed a consistent response to changing chloride concentrations over longer periods. The signal was seen to be stable, with regular drift in both laboratory and field test. In the field application, the sensor signal was corrected for drift, and errors were observed to be under 7% of that of conductivity measurements. The study also found that the chloride sensor remained responsive even at low chloride concentrations, where the conductivity electrode was no longer responding to changing chloride levels. With the results, it is believed that the simple chloride sensor could be used for continuous monitoring of groundwater quality. 相似文献
14.
地磁场等变线在地磁预报地震中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在地磁绝对观测预报地震中，若充分利用地磁场一般具有规则的等变线分布这一特征，可以使原来仅限于小台距的预报法推广到大台距，并在实践中获得了较理想的结果。这样，解决了台站稀少地区台站观测资料难以用于地震预报的难题，为地磁绝对预测预报地震找到了一种新的途径。 相似文献
15.
Simon Prikler Hans‐Jürgen Garvens Michael Winterstein Jürgen W. Einax 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(8):816-819
Uncertainty assessment of the parameters used for the reporting in the emissions trading system (ETS) to characterize fuels includes not only the processes in a laboratory but has to be expanded for inclusion of sampling and sample preparation. Analysis of variance was used to allocate the contributing uncertainties to the steps described. Apart from some specific results for sampling methods, it was observed that the uncertainty of sampling was in the same order of magnitude than the analytical and the sample preparation error. Several measures to enhance quality assurance in sampling and sample preparation could be derived from specific results. The results were used in the European Monitoring and Reporting Regulation, which set out the requirements for ETS. Sampling and sample preparation have to be included in uncertainty assessment as well as sampling procedures and sampling plans (including quality assurance) have to be agreed upon by the laboratories, carrying out the analytics of those samples. 相似文献
16.
17.
Katarzyna Miernik Adrian Bogacz Adam Kozubal Tomasz Danek Marek Wojdyła 《Acta Geophysica》2016,64(5):1655-1672
In this paper, a Pareto inversion based global optimization approach, to obtain results of joint inversion of two types of geophysical data sets, is formulated. 2D magnetotelluric and gravity data were used for tests, but presented solution is flexible enough to be used for combination of any kind of two or more target functions, as long as misfits can be calculated and forward problems solved. To minimize dimensionality of the solution, space and introduce straightforward regularization Sharp Boundary Interface (SBI) method was applied. As a main optimization engine, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was used. Synthetic examples based on a real geological model were used to test proposed approach and show its usefulness in practical applications. 相似文献
18.
R. M. W. Musson 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2009,7(3):575-589
It might be thought that an empirical ground motion prediction model has only to describe the variations in the input data
set as accurately as possible in order to be useful, with the proviso that the data set is reasonably extensive and well-selected.
If the model is to be used in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, however, the model will probably be subject to extrapolation
beyond the parameter space within which it was constructed, especially for hazard at low annual probabilities. In this case,
features of the model, especially its functional form, may turn out to have unexpected and undesirable implications. The end
result can be conclusions about the hazard that are clearly not in accordance with commonsense. In this study, two test cases
are used to examine the application of some recent ground motion models to probabilistic hazard studies. Problems are found
that suggest that, although a ground motion model may be a correct representation of its data set, the effects of the functional
form applied can be such that it becomes doubtful whether the model should be used for probabilistic hazard purposes. 相似文献
19.
20.
We have derived asymptotic expansions that can be used to estimate the impulse response of a conductive halfspace when excited by an airborne electromagnetic system. Two expressions are required to calculate the response, one is applicable in the late-time regime and a second is used for the early-time regime. Fortunately, there is a small overlap in the late- and early-time regimes. Asymptotic expansions are commonly used for interpreting ground EM data, but our expressions are the first ones applicable to the airborne situation. The expansions are simple to program, can be calculated extremely rapidly and will be useful for understanding and interpreting airborne electromagnetic data. As an example of the use of the expressions, we have calculated the response of seawater and compared this with the airborne electromagnetic response measured off the coast of Perth, Western Australia. 相似文献