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1.
A numerical method of viscoelastic finite element coupled with spring-block model is developed to study temporal processes from the slow tectonic motion of large-scale crust to the rapid failure of small-scale faults. Our modeling demonstrates that the motion of crustal blocks is driven by forces from tectonic plate boundaries, and the deformation is distributed on faults for the stress accumulating. The coupling model generates earthquake sequences that display a magnitude-frequency scaling consistent with Gutenberg-Richter law. The frictional heterogeneities affect earthquakes occurrence and stresses distribution of crustal blocks. Rupture of earthquakes starts at the nucleation node, and propagates bilaterally along faults with the stress triggering, release and redistribution. The failure of faults releases part of crustal stresses, the stress state of crustal blocks near fault is affected by the rupture of local segments on the fault, and the stress state of crustal blocks far away from the fault is controlled by the seismic activity of the whole fault. 相似文献
2.
中国大陆地壳应变能密度年变化率图像与强震活动关系的初步探讨 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以现代构造应力场和地壳运动的观测结果为约束条件,利用有限元方法计算了中国大陆地壳应变能密度年变化率,三维有限元模型采用粘弹性本构关系,包含了中国大陆主要活动断裂带,在青藏高原考虑了因高海拔地势蓄集的附加重力势能和地壳山根浮力作用。 相似文献
3.
作为控制断层两盘相对运动的重要因素,断裂带介质力学性能与断层面上的滑动速率及应力状态、区域地壳运动速度场等密切相关.受印度板块北东向推挤以及阿拉善地块和鄂尔多斯地块的阻挡作用,青藏高原东北缘构造变形复杂.本文在综合区域动力学环境、活动断裂空间展布以及下地壳黏滞性结构的基础上构建了青藏高原东北缘三维有限元动力学模型;以GPS速度场为约束模拟研究了断层剪切力学性能对区域地壳运动速度场图像的控制作用,进而在最优模型基础上分析了当前青藏高原东北缘不同断裂的应力状态.结果显示：阿尔金断裂东段和广义海原断裂对区域地壳运动速度场控制作用强烈,但二者剪切力学性能相反,阿尔金断裂东段断层剪切模量与周边地壳介质相当,而广义海原断裂断层剪切模量可低至周边地壳介质剪切模量的1/10000;六盘山断裂和西秦岭北缘断裂对区域地壳运动速度场的控制作用较弱,模拟结果显示二者均具有较强的剪切力学性能.基于最佳模型的应力状态分析指出：阿尔金断裂东段,广义海原断裂西段的木里—江仓断裂、中段的金强河—毛毛山—老虎山断裂、东段的六盘山断裂,以及西秦岭北缘断裂中西段当前应力率水平较高,且与前人给出的青藏高原东北缘高闭锁区域吻合.动力学上的高应力率与运动学上的强闭锁良好吻合,预示着这些断裂是地震危险分析值得关注的区域. 相似文献
4.
本文通过地壳应力测量结果和地震资料的综合分析,对深部应力状态与断层运动的关系作了讨论:进而应用库仑准则,推导了三维应力作用下完整岩体和已有的任意空间方向断层面的失稳条件及其滑动方式的解析表达式.通过建立描述岩体和已有断层稳定性的两个函数————破裂函数 Fm 和摩擦函数 Ff,给出了应用破裂机制和摩擦滑动机制综合分析地壳稳定性和失稳性态的方法:根据这种分析方法并结合华北平原区的水压致裂应力测量资料,以及孔隙压力、大地热流等观测结果,定量研究了本区地壳的稳定问题,计算并图示了地壳内破裂函数沿深度的分布,以及各种走向和倾向断层面上的摩擦函数和剪应力分布;计算中以 Byerlee 定律作为断层运动的约束条件,并考虑了地壳密度纵向非均匀性导致的垂直应力沿深度的非线性增长以及深部超静水压力的异常孔隙压力作用.结果表明,华北平原区地壳失稳性态主要表现为已有断层的滑动;伴有高剪应力降的断层运动的深度范围在8至2.0多公里之间:陡断层稳定性低于缓断层,其运动方式以走滑为主;本区 NNE-NE 走向的陡断层是一组易震断层,其震时错动为右旋走滑;孔隙压力的增长对地壳稳定性有显著的影响;华北平原区深部高异常孔隙压力是地震活动的一种重要背景. 相似文献
5.
运用非连续变形分析法与三维有限元法相结合的方法,以GPS资料作为位移速率和震源机制的约束条件,通过数值模拟研究了青藏高原及其东侧邻区构造地块的运动、变形、相互作用及其与近30年来发生于该区的大地震之间的关系。研究中引入了以应力与摩擦强度的比值定义的断层“失稳危险度”,通过数值模拟计算得到了研究区地壳块体边界断层的失稳危险度分布。结果表明,失稳危险度高的地段与近期该区发生的MS≥7.0地震所在的位置基本一致,其中龙门山断裂带上包括汶川和芦山大地震的发震断层均为失稳危险度最高值地区。计算得到的应变率强度分布图显示,青藏高原东部边缘整条地带均为应变率强度的陡变带,特别是以龙门山断裂带上的陡变最为明显,其西侧应变率强度为东侧的近4倍,而且,这个带位于宽度相同、走向与龙门山断裂带走向相一致的高应变能密度带中,表明这两次大地震前,作为其发震断层的龙门山断裂带已积累了相当高的应变能,失稳危险度高,处于力学上的不稳定状态。模拟计算得到在上地壳层中,2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震引起汶川、芦山地震发震断层的库仑破裂应力增加约0.016 MPa,相当于龙门山断裂带约两年的应力积累,也就是说,使汶川、芦山地震发震断层的失稳破裂提前了约两年。 此外,关于2008年汶川MS8.0地震的模拟计算表明,汶川地震的发生也使包括芦山地震发震断层的龙门山断裂带西南段和东昆仑断裂带东南端的库仑破裂应力增大,应变能积累增强,这说明汶川MS8.0地震的发生对已处于失稳危险度较高状态的2013年芦山地震和2017年九寨沟地震发震断层的提前失稳破裂起到了促进作用。 相似文献
6.
Study on distribution characteristics of strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan area and their geological tectonic background 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Introduction Both Sichuan and Yunnan are provinces with more earthquakes. Based on catalogue of strong earthquakes in China compiled by the Prediction Department of China Earthquake Administration, there are 639 M5.0 earthquakes during 26 B.C.~A.D. 2001. Among them, 475 are M=5.0~5.9 events, 124 are M=6.0~6.9 events, 39 are M=7.0~7.9 events, and one is M=8 event occurred in Sichuan and Yunnan area. Here is one of the areas where seismic activities are most active in China. Sichuan-Yun… 相似文献
7.
Emilio Rodríguez-Escudero José J. Martínez-Díaz José A. Álvarez-Gómez Juan M. Insua-Arévalo Ramón Capote del Villar 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(5):1831-1854
In this work we analyze the tectonic setting of the recent damaging seismic series occurred in the Internal Zones of the eastern Betic Cordillera (SE Spain) and surrounding areas, the tectonic region where took place the 11th May 2011 Mw 5.2 Lorca earthquake. We revisit and make a synthesis of the seven largest and damaging seismic series occurred from 1984 to 2011. We analyze their seismotectonic setting, and their geological sources under the light of recent advances in the knowledge on active faults, neotectonics, seismotectonics and stress regime, with special attention focused on the Lorca Earthquake. These seismic series are characterized by two types of focal mechanisms, produced mainly by two sets of active faults, NNW–SSE to NNE–SSW small (no larger than 20–30 km) extensional faults with some strike slip component, and E–W to NE–SW large strike slip faults (more than 50 km long) with some compressional component (oblique slip faults). The normal fault earthquakes related to the smaller faults are dominant in the interior of large crustal tectonic blocks that are bounded by the large E–W to NE–SW strike-slip faults. The strike slip earthquakes are associated to the reactivation of segments or intersegment regions of the large E–W to NE–SW faults bounding those crustal tectonic blocks. Most of the seismic series studied in this work can be interpreted as part of the background seismicity that occurs within the crustal blocks that are strained under a transpressional regime driven by the major strike slip shear corridors bounding the blocks. The seismotectonic analysis and the phenomenology of the studied series indicate that it is usual the occurrence of damaging compound earthquakes of M \(\sim \) 5.0 associated with triggering processes driven by coseismic stress transfer. These processes mainly occur in the seismic series generated by NNW–SSE to NNE–SSW faults. These mechanical interaction processes may induce a higher frequency of occurrence of this kind of earthquakes than considered in traditional probabilistic seismic hazard assessments and it should be taken into account in future seismic hazard assessments. 相似文献
8.
地震在大陆内部断层系统中的时空迁移和丛集的基本力学机制一直是地球科学家关注的重要问题.青藏高原东北缘地震活动频繁,其地震时空迁移和地震丛集现象显著,是研究这个问题的重要区域.我们建立了一个三维黏弹塑性有限元模型,模拟了青藏高原东北缘主要活动断层系统的地震循环和地震时空迁移;计算了断层系统的应力演化;并探讨了断层之间的相互作用及地震时空迁移和地震丛集的原因.模拟结果显示断层之间的相互作用通过增加或降低断层上的库仑应力,加速或延缓了地震发生,使得区域地震可以在短时间内集中发生,从而形成地震丛集;另外,区域经过多个地震循环的长期演化,一些孕震断层上的应力状态恰好都达到屈服的临界状态附近,从而也可以导致这些断层上的地震在短期内集中发生,因此产生地震丛集和地震迁移.我们发现当区域经历地震丛集之后,该区域的应力大大释放,区域进入地震平静期;随着构造加载的持续,区域应力逐渐恢复,为下一次地震丛集或地震序列累积应力和能量;上述过程可以重复发生.因此地震丛集期与平静期交替出现.我们还统计了各个断层的大地震相互迁移的模拟结果,结果显示青藏高原东北缘下一次大地震有很大的概率会发生在海原断层上. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, progress in strain study of blocks and faults by GPS data are discussed, and the concept that active structures between blocks are the main body of crustal strain is clarified. By energy transfer principle of elastic mechanics, the relation between strain around faults and tectonic force on fault surfaces is set up and main body element model of crustal strain is constructed. Finally, the relation between mechanical evolution of model and seismogenic process of Kunlun earthquake （Ms=8.1） is discussed by continuous GPS data of datum stations. The result suggests that the relatively relaxed change under background of strong compressing and shearing may help to trigger moderate-strong earthquakes. 相似文献
10.
中国大陆现今实测地应力场的状态与板块构造环境、活动断裂带分布、地形地貌以及地壳结构呈现一定相关性. 在中国大陆西缘,印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆发生陆碰撞,在中国大陆东缘,菲律宾海板块、太平洋板块俯冲到欧亚板块之下. 中国大陆内部被大型活动断裂带分割为多个块体,各个块体的地壳结构和厚度呈不均匀分布,地形地貌起伏具有很大的差异. 笔者以中国大陆块体模型为基础,把板块构造作用和重力势作为主要影响地应力状态的两个主要要素,在现今活动构造、GPS和实测地应力等成果的约束下,利用线性黏弹体球壳有限元模拟分析了中国大陆现今地应力场的分布特征和控制因素. 结果表明: (1)构造应力场总体上呈现出西部挤压,东部拉张的特征,印度板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞形成了青藏高原及其周缘的挤压性质的构造应力场,而东部菲律宾板块与太平洋板块的俯冲形成了黄海、东海和环渤海区域的拉张性质的构造应力场,中间为拉张环境和挤压环境的过渡,最大主应力的方向受到板块构造环境和活动构造分布的控制;(2)重力的影响主要体现在地形梯度大和地壳厚度结构变化大的地壳浅部区域,在藏南、滇西北局部地区的地壳浅部由于受到重力势控制,呈现为张性应力场,在塔里木地区由于重力势引起的应力场与构造应力场同为挤压性质,因此该区的挤压强度得以增加;(3)中国大陆浅部地应力场的状态主要受到区域板块构造环境、块体边界活动构造带的展布和地形的控制,总体上以南北构造带为界,西部以较强的压性构造环境为主,东部为较弱的压性构造环境,藏南和滇西北局部地区存在有张性构造环境;构造应力对地应力的贡献比重随着深度增加而增加;(4)采用黏弹性模型的构造应力场模拟结果比完全弹性模型的模拟结果能够更好地与实测地应力场相吻合,利用完全弹性模型分析由地震等诱发的地应力瞬时变化是有效的;(5)青藏高原东南缘最大主应力方向发生了较大的偏转,其主要控制因素有:印度板块持续的碰撞、中下地壳对上地壳拖曳以及印度板块通过实皆断裂对欧亚板块的剪切拉伸作用. 中国大陆现今地应力场是整个地壳岩石黏弹特性长期演化和断裂活动的结果,是地应力场动态演化过程中在现今时间点上的状态,受到板块构造环境、大陆内部活动断裂分布、地形地貌和地壳结构等因素不同程度的控制,模拟结果为中国大陆地应力场提供了一个定量的参考模型. 相似文献
11.
以巴颜喀拉块体为研究对象,考虑区域地质构造差异,主要活动断裂带,活动块体和边界断裂带的划分结果,引入深部三维速度结构,建立能反映地表起伏和岩石圈分层结构的青藏高原地区三维黏弹性有限元模型.以地壳水平运动速率观测值和最大主压应力方向测量值为约束条件重建研究区现今构造背景应力场.在此基础上模拟了自1900年以来巴颜喀拉块体周缘的7级以上强震序列,从库仑破裂应力角度研究了应力演化与强震的关系、强震之间的相互作用关系以及长期构造加载对强震的影响.研究结果表明,巴颜喀拉块体周缘强震的发生可能与震源区总应力的增加有关.2008年汶川地震导致龙门山断裂带南段应力增加,表明汶川地震对2013年芦山地震有促进作用.鲜水河断裂带上的7级以上强震序列对发生在邻近龙门山断裂带上的2008年汶川地震和2013年芦山地震有延迟作用. 相似文献
12.
Xu Xiwei YU Guihu Wang Fang Gu Mengling Sun Zhen''guo Liu Baojin You Huichuan 《中国地震研究》2001,15(2):174-189
Volume 15,Number 275INTRODUCTIONThe Xln抄al eafthquake swarrn occurred In Shulu basin In the western part ofNorih China PlainIncludes Malan M6．8 eafthquake In hn纽M Countyon Marchs,1966,Don驯aug M6．7 and M7．2earthquakes In Ningln County on March 22,1966,Balchekou M6．2 ealthquake In Shulu County onMarch 26,1966,and啊…ac M6．0 earthquake in Juhi County on March 29 1966．They aredlstnbutedin an elliptical area in N35”E direction with long axisd劝out 110 km and short axis o… 相似文献
13.
以鲜水河断裂带为研究区,首先验证了该断裂带上1893年以来M6.7以上地震的相互触发作用,然后采用更符合实际的分层黏弹介质模型研究强震震后黏滞松弛引起的库仑应力变化对后续地震的影响,并基于负位错理论计算鲜水河断裂带10个断层段的震间长期构造加载作用引起的断层上的应力积累.在此基础上,讨论同震、震后、震间效应引起的累积库仑应力变化与区域强震活动的关系,给出断层上库仑应力随时间的演化.结果表明,鲜水河断裂带上1893年以来发生的7次强震均在其前面一系列强震及构造应力加载的驱使下发生,同震、震后、震间三方面效应均引起了鲜水河断裂带不可忽略的库仑应力变化.对断层上的库仑应力状态的研究,可进一步为揭示地震的发生规律、找寻危险断层段提供线索. 相似文献
14.
本文以构造应力场观测结果、 岩石圈流变特性为约束, 采用摩擦接触单元反映断裂带空间分段特征, 以最接近真实地下环境的非线性黏弹性材料为模型的本构关系, 建立包括安宁河—则木河—小江断裂带的三维有限元模型, 模拟在速度边界条件和重力势能等动力因素共同作用下的断裂带应力分布特性. 研究结果表明, 模拟得到的断裂带现今构造应力场与地震活动有明显的对应关系, 应力比较集中的区域, 如石棉、 西昌、 巧家、 东川附近, 极有可能是未来的地震危险区域. 相似文献
15.
于慎谔 《地震学报(英文版)》2004,17(4):417-425
Introduction Shanxi fault depression zone (SFDZ) is one of important Cenozoic fault basin zones and strong earthquake belts in Chinese mainland. Its northern part has aroused wide research interests due to the complicated tectonics and high activity of strong earthquakes there. Early researches on this depression zone were carried out since 60s of last century (DENG, et al, 1973; DENG, YOU, 1985; LU, DING, 1985; XU, 1990; XU, et al, 1996, 2002). In 90s of last century, the geologica… 相似文献
16.
We calculated the Coulomb failure stress change generated by the 1976 Tangshan earthquake that is projected onto the fault planes and slip directions of large subsequent aftershocks.Results of previous studies on the seismic fail-ure distribution,crustal velocity and viscosity structures of the Tangshan earthquake are used as model constraints.Effects of the local pore fluid pressure and impact of soft medium near the fault are also considered.Our result shows that the subsequent Luanxian and Ninghe earthquakes occurred in the regions with a positive Coulomb fail-ure stress produced by the Tangshan earthquake.To study the triggering effect of the Tangshan,Luanxian,and Ninghe earthquakes on the follow-up small earthquakes,we first evaluate the possible focal mechanisms of small earthquakes according to the regional stress field and co-seismic slip distributions derived from previous studies,assuming the amplitude of regional tectonic stress as 10 MPa.By projecting the stress changes generated by the above three earthquakes onto the possible fault planes and slip directions of small earthquakes,we find that the "butterfly" distribution pattern of increased Coulomb failure stress is consistent with the spatial distribution of follow-up earthquakes,and 95% of the aftershocks occurred in regions where Coulomb failure stresses increase,indicating that the former large earthquakes modulated occurrences of follow-up earthquakes in the Tangshan earthquake sequence.This result has some significance in rapid assessment of aftershock hazard after a large earthquake.If detailed failure distribution,seismogenic fault in the focal area and their slip features can be rapidly determined after a large earthquake,our algorithm can be used to predict the locations of large aftershocks. 相似文献
17.
昆仑山口西8.1级地震前后地壳垂直运动的负位错模型 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
利用昆仑山口西8．1级地震震区外围格尔木一五道梁300km长水准测线在1979,1991和2002年3期垂直形变资料,借助研究改进的负位错模型获取发震构造及其相关断裂的运动、变形特征及应力应变积累部位和强度,对与此次大震有关的区域构造形变背景及可能的震后影响进行了研究。结果表明：1991～2002年相对1979～1991年垂直差异运动及应变积累加速增强的特征与昆仑山口西8．1级地震孕育有关;且这样的一个地壳垂直运动加速过程可能还未因地震发生而结束,发震构造相关的断裂构造部位仍有发生较强地震的可能。 相似文献
18.
—A seismically active region is modelled as a system of absolutely rigid blocks separated by infinitely thin plane faults. The interaction of the blocks along the fault planes and with the underlying medium is viscous-elastic. The system of blocks moves as a consequence of prescribed motion of the boundary blocks and of the underlying medium. When, for some part of a fault plane the stress exceeds a certain strength level, a stress-drop ("a failure") occurs, and it can cause failures in other parts of the fault planes. In our model the failures represent earthquakes. As a result of the numerical simulation a synthetic earthquake catalog is produced. ? The procedure is applied to the numerical modelling of the dynamics of the block-structure, which approximates the tectonic structure of the Vrancea region. The result of the numerical experiment is a synthetic earthquake catalog with the space distribution of epicenters close to the real distribution and the frequency-magnitude relations (Gutenberg-Richter curves) obtained for the synthetic and real catalogs possessing some common features. 相似文献
19.
In this paper the relation between fault movement and stress state in deep crust is discussed, based on synthetic analysis
of the crustal stresses measured over the world and the concerned data of focal mechanism. Using Coulomb criterion for shear
failure and frictional slip, analytical expressions for estimating stabilities of intact rock and existing fault in the crust
and for identifying the type of faulting (normal, strike-slip or thrust fault) are derived. By defining the Failure FunctionF
m and the Fraction FunctionF
f, which may describe steadiness of crustal rock and existing fault, respectively, a synthetic model is set up to consider
both fracturing mechanism and the sliding mechanism. By this model, a method to study stability and unstable behavior of crustal
rock and fault at different depths is given.
According to the above model, quantitative study on the crustal stability in the North China plain is made in terms of the
measured data of hydraulic fracturing stress, pore-fluid pressure, terrestrical heat flow in this region. The functionsF
m andF
f and the shear stresses on faults with different strike angle and dip angle at various depths in this region are calculated.
In the calculation the constraint condition of fault movement obeys Byerlee’s Law, and the depth-dependent nonlinear change
in the vertical stress due to inhomogeneity of crustal density and the high anomalous pore-fluid pressure in deep crust of
this region are considered.
The conclusions are: the unstable behavior of the crust in the North China plain is not failure of crustal rock but slip on
existing fault; the depth range where stick-slip of fault may happen is about from 8 to 20 km or more; stability of steep
fault is lower than that of gentle sloping fault; the shear stresses in the range where may occur stick-slip are nearly horizontal;
the steep faults trending from NNE to NE in this region are liable to produce strong earthquakes, whose co-seismic faultings
are, for the most part, right lateral slip; the change in pore-fluid pressure in depth remarkably affects the stability of
the crust and the increase in pore-fluid pressure, therefore, would be an important factor exciting strong earthquake in this
region. The above theoretical inferences are consistent with the data measured in this region.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologia Sinica,13, 450–461, 1991.
This work is supported by Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation. 相似文献
20.
Relationship between the regional tectonic activity and crustal structure in the eastern Tibetan plateau discovered by gravity anomaly 
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下载免费PDF全文 The eastern Tibetan plateau has been getting more and more attention because it combines active faults, uplifting, and large earthquakes together in a high-population region. Based on the previous researches, the most of Cenozoic tectonic activities were related to the regional structure of the local blocks within the crustal scale. Thus, a better understanding of the crustal structure of the regional tectonic blocks is an important topic for further study. In this paper, we combined the simple Bouguer gravity anomaly with the Moho depths from previous studies to investigate the crustal structure in this area. To highlight the crustal structures, the gravity anomaly caused by the Moho relief has been reduced by forward modeling calculations. A total horizontal derivative (THD) had been applied on the gravity residuals. The results indicated that the crustal gravity residual is compatible with the topography and the geological settings of the regional blocks, including the Sichuan basin, the Chuxiong basin, the Xiaojiang fault, and the Jinhe fault, as well as the Longmenshan fault zone. The THD emphasized the west margin of Yangtze block, i.e., the Longriba fault zone and the Xiaojiang fault cut through the Yangtze block. The checkboard pattern of the gravity residual in the Songpan-Garze fold belt and Chuandian fragment shows that the crust is undergoing a southward and SE-directed extrusion, which is coincident with the flowing direction indicated from the GPS measurements. By integrating the interpretations, the stepwise extensional mechanism of the eastern Tibetan plateau is supported by the southeastward crustal deformation, and the extrusion of Chuandian fragment is achieved by Xianshuihe fault. 相似文献