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1.
对不同温度（90~200 ℃）和压力（20~120 MPa）条件下的富甲烷天然气在碳酸氢钠溶液中的溶解度值进行了实验测定,阐述了甲烷溶解度随温度、压力及矿化度的变化特征。综合前人的实验结果,将天然气的溶解度与温度的关系划分为3个阶段: ①缓慢递减阶段（0~80 ℃）;②快速递增阶段（>80~150 ℃）;③缓慢递增阶段（>150 ℃）。在温压的共同作用下,溶解度随埋藏深度的增加,也具有不同的阶段变化特征;且当地层水温度、压力足够高时,甲烷的溶解能力趋近于某一极限值。利用甲烷溶解度回归方程有助于对不同地区水溶气析离脱气界限的估算。我国主要存在包括侧向阶段脱气、断裂-底辟脱气、盖层渗滤脱气和构造抬升脱气4种与构造和渗滤作用有关的水溶气析离成藏模式。 相似文献
2.
Robert O Fournier 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1976,40(12):1553-1561
In order to determine whether gas (steam) containing a small amount of dissolved alkali chloride is effective in promoting base exchange of Na+ and K+ among alkali feldspars and coexisting brine or brine plus solid salt, experiments were carried out at 400–700°C and steam densities ranging down to less than 0.05. For bulk compositions rich in potassium, the low pressure results are close to previous high-pressure results in composition of the fluid and coexisting solid phase. However, when the bulk composition is more sodic, alkali feldspars are relatively richer in potassium at low pressure than at high pressure. This behaviour corresponds to enrichment of potassium in the gas phase relative to coexisting brine and precipitation of solid NaCl when the brine plus gas composition becomes moderately sodic.
The gas phase is very effective in promoting base exchange between coexisting alkali feldspars at high temperature and low water pressure. This suggests that those igneous rocks which contain coexisting alkali feldspars out of chemical equilibrium either remained very dry during the high-temperature part of their cooling history or that the pore fluid was a gas containing very little potassium relative to sodium. 相似文献
3.
The solubility of a 44° API (0.806 sp. gr.) whole crude oil has been measured in methane with water present at temperatures of 50 to 250°C and pressures of 740 to 14,852 psi, as have the solubilities of two high molecular weight petroleum distillation fractions at temperatures of 50 to 250°C and pressures of 4482 to 25,266 psi. Both increases in pressure and temperature increase the solubility of crude oil and petroleum distillation fractions in methane, the effect of pressure being greater than that of temperature. Unexpectedly high solubility levels (0.5–1.5 grams of oil per liter of methane—at laboratory temperature and pressure) were measured at moderate conditions (50–200°C and 5076–14504 psi). Similar results were found for the petroleum distillation fractions, one of which was the highest molecular weight material of petroleum (material boiling above 266°C at 6 microns pressure). Unexpectedly mild conditions (100°C and 15,200 psi; 200°C and 7513 psi) resulted in cosolubility of crude oil and methane. Under these conditions, samples of the gas-rich phase gave solubility values of 4 to 5 g/l, or greater.Qualitative analyses of the crude-oil solute samples showed that at low pressure and temperature equilibration conditions, the solute condensate would be enriched in C5–C15 range hydrocarbons and in saturated hydrocarbons in the C15+ fraction. With increases in temperature and especially pressure, these tendencies were reversed, and the solute condensate became identical to the starting crude oil.The data of this study, compared to that of previous studies, shows that methane, with water present, has a much greater carrying capacity for crude oil than in dry systems. The presence of water also drastically lowers the temperature and pressure conditions required for cosolubility.The data of this and/or previous studies demonstrate that the addition of carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, or butane to methane also has a strong positive effect on crude oil solubility, as does the presence of fine grained rocks.The n-paraffin distributions (as well as the overall composition) of the solute condensates are controlled by the temperature and pressure of solution and exsolution, as well as by the composition of the original starting material. It appears quite possible that primary migration by gaseous solution could ‘strip’ a source rock of crude-oil like components leaving behind a bitumen totally unlike the migrated crude oil. The data of this study demonstrate previous criticisms of primary petroleum migration by gas solution are invalid; that primary migration by gaseous solution cannot occur because methane cannot dissolve sufficient volumes of crude oil or cannot dissolve the highest molecular weight components of petroleum (tars and asphaltenes). 相似文献
4.
This study provides new estimates for the global offshore methane hydrate inventory formed due to microbial CH4 production under Quaternary and Holocene boundary conditions. A multi-1D model for particular organic carbon (POC) degradation, gas hydrate formation and dissolution is presented. The novel reaction-transport model contains an open three-phase system of two solid compounds (organic carbon, gas hydrates), three dissolved species (methane, sulfates, inorganic carbon) and one gaseous phase (free methane). The model computes time-resolved concentration profiles for all compounds by accounting for chemical reactions as well as diffusive and advective transport processes. The reaction module builds upon a new kinetic model of POC degradation which considers a down-core decrease in reactivity of organic matter. Various chemical reactions such as organic carbon decay, anaerobic oxidation of methane, methanogenesis, and sulfate reduction are resolved using appropriate kinetic rate laws and constants. Gas hydrates and free gas form if the concentration of dissolved methane exceeds the pressure, temperature, and salinity-dependent solubility limits of hydrates and/or free gas, with a rate given by kinetic parameters. Global input grids have been compiled from a variety of oceanographic, geological and geophysical data sets including a new parameterization of sedimentation rates in terms of water depth.We find prominent gas hydrate provinces offshore Central America where sediments are rich in organic carbon and in the Arctic Ocean where low bottom water temperatures stabilize methane hydrates. The world’s total gas hydrate inventory is estimated at (at STP conditions) or, equivalently, 4.18-995 Gt of methane carbon. The first value refers to present day conditions estimated using the relatively low Holocene sedimentation rates; the second value corresponds to a scenario of higher Quaternary sedimentation rates along continental margins.Our results clearly show that in-situ POC degradation is at present not an efficient hydrate forming process. Significant hydrate deposits in marine settings are more likely to have formed at times of higher sedimentation during the Quaternary or as a consequence of upward fluid transport at continental margins. 相似文献
5.
A thermodynamic model is presented to calculate methane solubility, liquid phase density and gas phase composition of the H2O-CH4 and H2O-CH4-NaCl systems from 273 to 523 K (possibly up to 573 K), from 1 to 2000 bar and from 0 to 6 mol kg−1 of NaCl with experimental accuracy. By a more strict theoretical approach and using updated experimental data, this model made substantial improvements over previous models: (1) the accuracy of methane solubility in pure water in the temperature range between 273 and 283 K is increased from about 10% to about 5%, but confirms the accuracy of the Duan model [Duan Z., Moller N., Weare J.H., 1992a. Prediction of methane solubilities in natural waters to high ionic strength from 0 to 250 °C and from 0 to 1600 bar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta56, 1451-1460] above 283 K up to 2000 bar; (2) the accuracy of methane solubility in the NaCl aqueous solutions is increased from >12% to about 6% on average from 273 K and 1 bar to 523 K and 2000 bar; (3) this model is able to calculate water content in the gas phase and liquid phase density, which cannot be calculated by previous models; and (4) it covers a wider range of temperature and pressure space. With a simple approach, this model is extended to predict CH4 solubility in other aqueous salt solutions containing Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl− and , such as seawater and geothermal brines, with excellent accuracy. This model is also able to calculate homogenization pressure of fluid inclusions (CH4-H2O-NaCl) and CH4 solubility in water at gas-liquid-hydrate phase equilibrium. A computer code is developed for this model and can be downloaded from the website: www.geochem-model.org/programs.htm. 相似文献
6.
莺歌海盆地X区属于高温高压气藏,水溶气含量大,水溶气释放对气水界面及水侵规律的影响不明.通过PVT物性分析仪,采用复配的天然气和地层水测试了X区不同区块水溶气溶解度变化规律.设计可视化填砂管实验,探索了水溶气释放对气水界面的影响规律.研究表明:水溶气溶解度受温度、压力、地层水矿化度和天然气组分的影响,随压力的增大逐渐增大,随温度的增大先减小后增大,拐点温度为80~90℃,地层温压条件下（145℃,54 MPa）X-1区块水溶气含量为22.5 m3/m3,X-2区块为8.7 m3/m3.可视化填砂管实验研究表明:衰竭开采过程中,水溶气不断释放且携带地层水运移,同时在地层水自身泄压及毛管力作用下,气水界面明显上升.在此基础上,数值模拟气藏衰竭开采表明:水溶气溶解度越大气水界面上升越快,气井见水越早.预测期10 a中,考虑水溶气时,X-1区要早800 d见水,平面上推进快800 m,纵向上推进快7.3 m;X-2要早300 d见水,平面上推进快近500 m,纵向上推进快7.0 m. 相似文献
7.
以合成花岗岩、水、不同浓度的盐酸溶液、氢氟酸溶液作为反应初始物,在850℃,100 MPa,接近于NNO的条件下开展了金在不同花岗质熔体中溶解度的实验研究,实验固液相产物中的金含量使用石墨炉原子吸收法测定。实验结果显示,金在花岗质熔体中的溶解度变化范围为1.87～156.62μg/g,流体相中金的溶解度为0.31～6.92μg/g;金在熔体相中的溶解度较其在共存液相中的高。花岗质熔体相中金的溶解度明显受熔体化学组成的影响,过碱性富钠花岗质熔体中金的溶解度明显高些;金在花岗质熔体中的溶解度随着熔体中Na2O/K2O摩尔比增大而增大;在氟氯共存岩浆体系中,氟含量变化对金在熔体相中的溶解度影响不明显,而液相中氯含量增大有利于提高金在流体相中的含量。 相似文献
8.
近临界特性的地层水及其对烃源岩生排烃过程的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究利用特制的地层孔隙热压模拟实验装置, 开展了模拟地层孔隙空间高压液态水热体系烃源岩生排烃模拟实验.模拟实验施加的流体压力为38±2 MPa, 温度为290~390 ℃.模拟实验结果显示了有关高压液态水及其与之相联系的流体压力和孔隙空间等因素对烃源岩生排烃影响作用的一些重要现象, 实验发现高压液态水介质条件有利于液态油的生成和保存, 不利于液态油向气态烃的转化, 而且干酪根的生烃潜力和排油效率有一定的提高.这些新的实验现象可能主要与近临界特性的高压液态地层水的作用有关, 进一步推断近临界特性的高压液态水参与干酪根向油气的转化反应, 增加了水对油气的溶解能力.在地下实际烃源岩生排烃的温压(100~200 ℃, 30~120 MPa)条件下, 岩石孔隙中的地层水是一种相对低温高压压缩液态水, 这种地层水可能具有近临界特性, 对烃源岩生排烃过程有重要影响.但目前对这种现象的机理和石油地质意义还知之较少.因此, 加强高压地层水近临界条件下烃源岩生排烃热压模拟实验研究, 对进一步深入理解地层条件下的近临界水介质、流体压力、孔隙空间因素对生排烃过程的影响, 深化烃源岩生排烃机理的探讨, 建立地质尺度上的烃源岩生排烃动力学模型, 都具有重要的理论和实际意义. 相似文献
9.
方解石,白云石,菱铁矿分别与含CO2水溶液反应平衡时的温度和压力 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文运用热力学原理确立了方解石、白云石、菱铁矿分别与含CO_2水溶液反应平衡时的温度和压力函数关系式。它们反应平衡所需要的最高临界温度分别为266K,264K和261K,最低临界压力分别为86.5MPa,106.8MPa和133.7MFa;在含CO_2水溶液中的溶解度均随压力增大、温度降低而增加;其生成则随压力减小和温度升高而变易。当温度、压力和水中含CO_2的量相同时,它们的溶解度大小顺序是方解石>白云石>菱铁矿。 相似文献
10.
超压对于油气勘探具有重要的意义。以天然气为载体的压力传递是储层超压的重要成因机制。由于地层水和原油对于天然气的溶解性和压缩性存在明显差异,造成了含水地层和油层在天然气充注过程中具有不同压力演化路径。本研究模拟计算不同原始孔隙流体的地层在受到甲烷充注时的压力演化,建立了甲烷充注量与超压的定量关系,进而探讨天然气充注增压的影响因素。结果表明：天然气充注在一定条件下可以造成地层压力的增大;不同原始孔隙流体的储层压力演化路径不同。原始孔隙流体为天然气的地层最先出现超压,但增压缓慢;含水层比含油层增压迅速,更易形成超压;同等封闭条件下,浅部地层比深部地层更易形成超压,高温盆地比低温盆地更易形成超压。 相似文献
11.
地幔的力学性质主要受橄榄石流变性的控制,含水对橄榄石流变性质的影响很大,而橄榄石的水溶性受到温度和铁含量的影响,因此,本文进行了不同铁含量橄榄石在不同温度下的水溶性实验研究。实验使用的样品为天然橄榄石单晶Fa_(17)和Fa_(24.7)(Fe_(No.)=100×molar Fe/(Mg+Fe))以及人工合成的橄榄石单晶Fa_(22);橄榄石单晶的水溶性实验在300MPa围压和1273~1473K的温度条件下进行,每隔50K进行一组实验,氧逸度被控制在Ni NiO水平上。实验结束后,对橄榄石单晶沿b面进行双面研磨抛光,用电子探针分析确定橄榄石单晶成分,采用EBSD精确测量橄榄石的单晶方向,使用红外光谱仪(FTIR)的非偏振光路测试橄榄石单晶在b轴上的吸收光谱。对FTIR吸收光谱进行积分得到富铁橄榄石的水溶性实验结果:当温度由1273K升至1473K时,橄榄石单晶Fa_(17)的水溶性变化为600~1200H/10^(6) Si,橄榄石单晶Fa_(24.7)的水溶性变化为1000~1300H/10^(6) Si,人工合成的橄榄石单晶Fa_(22)的水溶性变化为500~900 H/10^(6) Si。因此,相同铁含量橄榄石单晶的水溶性随温度的增加而增加,相同温度条件下,天然形成的橄榄石的水溶性随着铁含量的增加而增加,百分之一的铁含量的增加,可以导致约百分之十的水溶性的增加。本文所研究的不同铁含量的橄榄石可以为更好地估算上地幔水溶性提供依据。 相似文献
12.
利用自行研制的高温高压反应釜,在不同温度、压力和矿化度条件下测试CO2在地层水中的溶解度。实验结果表明:温度一定的条件下,CO2在水中的溶解度随压力的增加而增加;压力一定的条件下,CO2在水中溶解度的主要变化趋势为随温度的增加而降低,当温度大于100℃、压力在22 MPa左右时,CO2在地层水中的溶解度将发生异常,出现低压(小于22 MPa)时随温度的增加而降低,高压(大于22 MPa)时随温度的增加而略微升高;在温度压力都一定的条件下,CO2在水中的溶解度随矿化度的增加而降低。并且,在新测得的实验数据和已有的实验数据的基础上,通过修正PR-HV状态方程中的参数,建立了一个能够精确计算CO2在水中溶解度的模型;并将该模型与其他模型对比。对比结果表明,该模型计算精度最高,平均相对误差仅为2.69%。 相似文献
13.
We have investigated melting relations in the Fe–O–S ternary system in the pressure range of 15–27 GPa and 1873 K. Subsolidus
phase relations are Fe, Fe3S2, and FeO up to 17 GPa and Fe, Fe3S, and FeO above this pressure. The eutectic temperature slightly decreases from ambient pressure to 17 GPa, whereas increases
above this pressure. The eutectic temperature in this study is 100 K lower than that in the Fe–S binary system. The oxygen
content in the Fe–O–S eutectic liquid drops when the coexisting solid phases changes from FeS to Fe3S2. The cotectic lines in the ternary phase diagram lie close to the Fe–FeS binary axis. The isothermal sections indicate that
oxygen solubility in the Fe–O–S liquid increases with increasing temperature, and with increasing sulfur content. The solubility
of sulfur in the solid Fe has a maximum value at the eutectic temperature, and decreases with increasing temperature. Our
results could have important implications for formation and composition of the Martian core. 相似文献
14.
INTRODUCTIONAs early as 1644 , Ren啨Descartes proposed thatsilver-,gold-,and lead-bearing veins were producedby the condensation of vapors emanating from theearth' s interior ( Williams-Jones et al ., 2002) . Butthe solubility of many metals is higher in liquid thanin vapor andtherefore the focus of research on hydro-thermal ore deposits was placed on hydrothermal sys-tems (Barnes ,1997) ,considering the fact that ore-forming elements may exist as complexes in hydro-thermal solutions . T… 相似文献
15.
乙烷和甲烷是深部天然气藏中的重要组成部分, 精确测量其扩散系数对于正确理解深部页岩储层中的烃类气体的分布运移及其分异具有重要意义.目前乙烷在水中的扩散系数数据局限在低压和283~333K温度范围内, 缺少天然气储层高温高压条件下的数据.本研究利用显微激光拉曼光谱, 在高压透明毛细管中原位观测了20MPa下273~393K温度范围内乙烷在纯水中的扩散, 测定了各温度下的扩散系数, 并用Speedy-Angell指数方程拟合出乙烷扩散系数D(乙烷)(m2/s)与温度T(K)之间的关系式: D(C2H6)=D0[(T/Ts)-1]γ, 式中: D0=13.8055×10-9m2/s, Ts=237.4K, γ=1.7397.相同温度压力条件下, 测得的乙烷的扩散系数小于甲烷的扩散系数.据此计算了2种气体通过低渗透盖层的扩散量的差异, 发现甲烷和乙烷溶解扩散的分异程度随盖层厚度、扩散时间而显著变化. 相似文献
16.
Kevin J. Grant Simon C. Kohn Richard A. Brooker 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,151(6):651-664
The solubility of water in coexisting enstatite and forsterite was investigated by simultaneously synthesizing the two phases in a series of high pressure and temperature piston cylinder experiments. Experiments were performed at 1.0 and 2.0 GPa at temperatures between 1,100 and 1,420°C. Integrated OH absorbances were determined using polarized infrared spectroscopy on orientated single crystals of each phase. Phase water contents were estimated using the calibration of Libowitzky and Rossman (Am Mineral 82:1111–1115, 1997). Enstatite crystals, synthesized in equilibrium with forsterite and an aqueous phase at 1,350°C and 2.0 GPa, contain 114 ppm H2O. This is reduced to 59 ppm at 1,100°C, under otherwise identical conditions, suggesting a strong temperature dependence. At 1,350°C and 1.0 GPa water solubility in enstatite is 89 ppm, significantly lower than that at 2.0 GPa. In contrast water solubility in forsterite is essentially constant, being in the range 36–41 ppm for all conditions studied. These data give partition coefficients
in the range 2.28–3.31 for all experiments at 1,350°C and 1.34 for one experiment at 1,100°C. The incorporation of Al2O3 in enstatite modifies the OH stretching spectrum in a systematic way, and slightly increases the water solubility. 相似文献
17.
论川东北地区发现的高密度甲烷包裹体类型与油裂解气和页岩气勘探评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
据甲烷包裹体的产出特征和显微激光拉曼分析研究,近年来在川东北地区先后发现了多种类型的高密度甲烷包裹体,揭示了油气藏和石油包裹体的高温热演化作用的重要信息：普光气田三叠系碳酸盐和碎屑岩储层中含焦沥青的高密度甲烷包裹体分别反映了早期油藏阶段矿物捕获的石油包裹体经后期高温极端裂解的成因;普光5井碳酸盐储层中含H2S而不含焦沥青的高密度甲烷包裹体,反映了古油藏高温裂解阶段新生方解石捕获了储层中富含CH4也有“TSR”成因的H2S流体的信息;五科一井下志留统黑色硅质岩石英中发现的高密度甲烷包裹体和少量含轻烃包裹体,反映了本区富有机质的下志留统高演化程度的黑色页岩在地质历史中存在高压甲烷和轻烃产出的证据。以上各种高密度甲烷包裹体成因机理和形成的高温度高压力条件,为川东北地区古油藏裂解气和志留系“页岩气”的勘探评价提供了科学依据。 相似文献
18.
页岩气吸附机理的研究对于页岩气成藏和储量评价具有重要意义.甲烷在地层温度和压力条件下处于超临界状态,页岩气的吸附实际上为超临界吸附,但其机理目前尚不明确.在建立Ono-Kondo格子模型的基础上,结合低温氮气吸附和高压甲烷等温吸附实验,对龙马溪组页岩的微观孔隙结构和超临界吸附曲线进行了分析.结果表明,页岩中发育的孔隙尺度较小,比表面积较大,吸附气主要赋存于微孔和中孔中;页岩的等温吸附曲线在压力较大时,必然存在下降的趋势,这并非异常现象,而是超临界甲烷过剩吸附量的本质特征.Ono-Kondo格子模型对页岩高压等温吸附曲线的拟合效果很好,相关系数均在0.99以上,说明该模型可以表征页岩纳米孔隙中超临界甲烷的吸附特征.基于拟合得到的吸附相密度可将过剩吸附量转换为绝对吸附量,并直接计算地层温度和压力下甲烷的吸附分子层数,计算层数均小于1,表明甲烷分子并没有铺满整个孔隙壁面.因此受流体性质、吸附剂吸附能力和孔隙结构3个方面的影响,页岩气的吸附机理为单层吸附,不可能为双层甚至多层吸附. 相似文献
19.
基于Langmuir 等温吸附方程式,开展不同煤阶不同温压条件下等温吸附模拟实验,实验结果表明：在煤岩镜质组反
射率Ro<3.0%时,Langmuir 等温吸附曲线随煤阶、温度、压力升高表现出明显的分带性。随着煤阶的升高,煤吸附能力逐
渐增强。温度小于55℃时不同煤阶Langmuir 体积受温度影响较小,之后影响逐渐增大。低煤阶在12 MPa、中高煤阶在
15 MPa以前随压力增加Langmuir 体积增大明显。根据实测含气量外推法结合高温高压等温吸附实验建立了深煤层含气量数
学模型,显示煤层含气量随埋深呈现快速增加—缓慢增加—不增加—缓慢减小的变化规律,其中低煤阶临界深度介
于1400~1700 m,中高煤阶临界深度介于1500~1800 m。该含气量数学模型对预测深部煤层含气量变化规律及煤层气资源评
价提供基础依据。 相似文献
20.
甲烷水合物生成过程中海水常量离子浓度的变化规律 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
本文自行研制了一套甲烷水合物合成装置,模拟海洋环境甲烷水合物的生成过程,对该过程水合物生成位置、形态、反应时间、环境温压条件进行观测,同时连续测试体系海水中常量离子K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、C1-、SO42-的浓度及海水盐度,探讨水合物生成过程的温压变化及离子浓度变化之间的关系和离子浓度的变化规律.结果表明,海水中甲烷水合物生成具有很大的随机性,在相同的初始条件下可能有不同的水合物成核、聚集过程;甲烷水合物在生成过程中,耗气量不断增加,孔隙水的盐度和海水中常量阴阳离子的浓度也在不断增加,这种变化具有较高的线性相关性(相关系数为0.9848～0.9950),且不受甲烷水合物生成位置及状态的影响;在水合物生成过程的微环境下耗气量相同时,离子浓度存在细微的差异.这些特征为通过测定海底水合物周围孔隙水中常量离子的浓度初步推算水合物的甲烷耗气量提供了依据. 相似文献