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1.
采用GDP核算体系衡量国家和区域的发展存在明显的缺陷,真实发展指数GPI包括经济、社会和环境三个子帐户,包含了一些被GDP所忽略的成本和价值,构建了可量度的可持续发展指标体系来衡量区域经济健康程度和可持续发展能力。本文介绍了GPI的产生和组成帐户.对GPI核算框架与计算方法进行了研究,评介了美国不同区域尺度上的GPI核算应用案例,总结了GPI核算的优点与实施难点,并对在我国开展GPI核算提出了几点建议。  相似文献   

2.
城市标度律及应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
龚健雅  许刚  焦利民  秦昆 《地理学报》2021,76(2):251-260
城市标度律刻画了城市系统某一指标和人口规模的幂函数缩放关系,包括超线性(社会交互类指标)、次线性(基础设施类指标)和线性(个人需求类指标)3种标度关系。本文从城市标度律的验证、解释、应用和质疑4个方面总结梳理了2007—2020年间的研究进展,重点分析了城市标度律和城市时序发展的异速增长律的明显差异,单个城市时序发展不会遵循城市系统的截面标度律。城市规模修正指标为更加客观地评价城市表现提供了新思路。考虑城市规模效应后,2017年中国经济产出效率较高的城市主要位于东南沿海、长江中游和新疆,而东北和中原地区城市经济产出效率较低。城市标度律的机制解释、城市系统动态演化模型和城市内部标度律是未来值得关注的研究方向。  相似文献   

3.
Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indicators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute (WRI), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries (USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia), and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita (IAEC) is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in industrialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.  相似文献   

4.
温室气体排放评价指标及其定量分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indi- cators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute (WRI), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries (USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia), and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita (IAEC) is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in indus- trialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.  相似文献   

5.
初探绿色GDP核算方法及实证分析 --以山西省大同市为例   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
传统GDP未将资源、环境要素纳入国民经济核算体系,不能准确地表现经济发展与资源、环境之间的相互关系。因此用传统GDP衡量一个国家经济发展程度,存在明显不足。绿色GDP是指国家或地区在扣除自然资源及环境污染损耗后新创造的真实国民财富的总量,它能较准确地反映一个国家或地区国民收入水平的状况。文章依据狭义绿色GDP涵义,以山西省大同市为例,结合当地生态资源环境现状,构建资源环境账户虚数指标体系,探讨了绿色GDP的核算方法,并估算了该市2002年的绿色GDP。结果表明:2002年大同市的自然资源损耗为63.86亿元,占GDP的29.29%;环境污染损耗22.18亿元,占GDP的10.18%;绿色GDP为131.33亿元,仅占当年GDP的60.24%,说明该地区经济发展中资源与环境问题十分突出,亟待解决。建议科学、适度、合理地开发利用各类资源,树立市场经济的资源价值观;严格控制污染物排放,加强环境保护治理。  相似文献   

6.
王瑛  林齐根  史培军 《地理学报》2017,72(5):906-917
对中国2000-2012年造成人员伤亡的地质灾害事件进行分析,其空间分布格局受地形等自然环境要素的影响,南多北少,主要位于川西山区和云贵高原地区,东南丘陵地区,北方黄土丘陵,以及祁连山脉和天山山脉等地区,但局部地区的分布格局表明其还受到人为因素影响。构建基于二元Logistic回归的中国地质灾害伤亡事件发生概率模型(CELC),定量分析自然、人为因素的影响程度,结果表明GDP增长率是仅次于地形起伏度的第二大影响因素,GDP增长率每增加2.72%,地质灾害伤亡事件发生的概率变为原来的2.706倍。此外还有多年平均降水、植被覆盖度、岩性、土壤类型、断裂带、产业类型和人口密度等因素。将CELC模型应用于中国县域,计算各个县的地质灾害伤亡事件概率,发现尚未发生但概率较高的县有27个,或为贫困县、或为矿产工业县域,或为房产过度开发县,它们是未来中国需要重点防范地质灾害的县域。  相似文献   

7.
新疆绿色GDP的核算与分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
根据新疆现有的统计和环境监测数据,针对新疆重要的资源环境问题,提出了新疆的绿色GDP(GGDP)核算模式,并对1996-2004年期间新疆的GGDP进行了核算与分析,结果是:GGDP各年度分别在558.38~1636.74亿元之间,GGDP/GDP(%)各年度分别在61.22%~84.05%亿元之间;在1996年和2000年,新疆的耕地、林地、草地面积的很大变化,致使GGDP/ GDP产生了较大的变化,分别是61.22%和84.05%,其他年度影响不大;能源矿成本/GDP(%)处于17.73%~26.13%之间,新疆GGDP核算的其他指标占GDP比重较小;新疆的经济是资源主导型经济,新疆国民经济在快速增长的同时给资源环境带来了较大的消耗。  相似文献   

8.
Transboundary water, more competitive utilization and uncertain availability under the globalization trend, the issue of its apportionment which directly impacts national benefits of each riparian state is becoming one of the important topics in the world. Water is scarce in China, the most important upstream state in Asia, and this task has to be thought over in the coming future. Based on "International Freshwater Treaties Database" (1820-2007) by Oregon State University, and publications and reports on transboundary water utilization and management since 1999, 28 indicators of water apportionment adopted in 49 international treaties and cases in 1864-2002 are divided into 6 types, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the adopted indicators are analyzed in order to find the key indicator(s) of transboundary water apportionment. The major results include: the major adopted indicators, have significant differences among 5 regions/continents, the indicators at rank first and second place in the developed region (North America and Europe) according to the adopted times are "keeping minimum water flow" and "mean annual runoff", but in the developing region (Asia, Africa and South America), the ranking order of the above two indicators is reversed; the major adopted indicators in the watersheds with insufficient water are "mean annual runoff" and "keeping minimum water flow", the ones in the watersheds with sufficient water are "keeping minimum water flow" and "maximum water intake"; the international treaties signed from the first phase to the fourth phase, the developing process shows a progress of "fewer-increasing a lot-decreasing rapidly-equation basically", the regional distribution of the treaties shifts mainly from the developed region to the developing one, especially to Asia and Africa; the major adopted indicators shifts from "keeping minimum water flow" and "mean annual runoff" in 1864-1945, to "keeping minimum water flow" and "maximum water intake" in 1946-1971, then to "hydraulic facility operation" and "mean annual runoff" in 1972-1991, and finally to "keeping minimum water flow" and "mean annual runoff" in 1992-2002, the process shows similar a loop. Finally, the key indicator on transboundary water apportionment can be determined as "keeping minimum water flow".  相似文献   

9.
河南省城镇密集区的空间地域结构   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
乔家君  李小建 《地理研究》2006,25(2):213-221
以河南省997个城镇数据、近900条交通线数据、127个县域社会经济统计数据为基础,分别从节点(各级城镇)发育程度、交通网络联系强度、基质发展水平三方面讨论城镇集聚程度,并在空间分布上进行不同级别的划分。利用GIS空间分析功能,对中原城镇密集区的不同地域结构进行了空间界定:(1)核心区,包括郑州市区、巩义市、新郑市等13个县域;(2)次核心区,包括登封市、中牟县、新乡县等12个县域;(3)潜在核心区,包括开封县、杞县、通许县等18个县域;(4)外围区,包括洛阳市南部、平顶山市南部、新乡市北部等所辖14个县域。其中,核心区人均GDP为全省平均水平的2.04倍,人口仅占全省总额的12.22%,GDP总量占全省总量的25.93%。中原城镇密集区今后除进一步完善城镇体系、加强城镇联系强度、提高区域经济实力外,还要进一步关注城镇密集区发展的薄弱区域。  相似文献   

10.
上海的GDP一般增长核算与绿色GDP核算   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
王铮  刘扬  周清波 《地理研究》2006,25(2):185-192
本文引用Barro的增长核算模型和Asheim的绿色GDP核算模型,对上海的经济增长开展了核算研究。研究发现:1)在改革开放之前,上海的经济增长基本上由资本投入、人力资源的有效投入和劳动力投入支持。改革开放以后经济增长得益于技术进步,但是税收政策干扰了这种增长。2)上海市绿色NNP值低于GDP值,GDP值是绿色NNP值的24倍,在20世纪60、70、80年代一直都维持在3倍以上。目前,上海市的GDP与绿色NNP之间的差距缩小到了2倍左右,说明人们对环境污染和资源耗损问题的关注,已体现到上海市的经济发展中。3)在目前阶段,绿色GDP不适合单独作为经济发展的度量指标,但是可以作为衡量经济发展对环境的影响及对资源的损耗和对GDP指标不足的重要补充。  相似文献   

11.
基于MODIS 3 km AOD遥感数据,利用空间自相关模型及地理探测器对2010—2016年京津冀地区AOD的时空变化特征及其影响因子进行探测。结果表明:(1) 2010—2016年京津冀地区年平均AOD值为0.83,其中天津市年均AOD值为研究区最高,河北省次之,北京市最低。研究区及各分区AOD的7 a变化趋势大体一致,呈现先下降后上升再小幅波动的状态。(2) 空间自相关分析表明京津冀地区AOD空间分布呈现显著正相关。局部高高聚集区主要集中在北京市东南部、天津市南部及河北省的中南部,低低聚集区集中分布在西北部山区。研究区高低聚集区面积均呈减小趋势,不显著区呈扩大态势。(3) 地理探测器结果表明不同区域的主导影响因子不同,北京市首要影响因子为NDVI,其次为人口密度,且二者交互作用明显。天津市主导因子为风速,人口密度、第二产业生产总值等人为因子的作用力也较大,风速与其交互作用较强。河北省主导因子为人口密度,GDP与第二产业生产总值等的作用力次之,整体交互作用偏弱。通过地理探测器解析京津冀地区AOD空间分异的影响机理,其结果对我国大气污染治理具有重要意义。  相似文献   

12.
在加强生态文明建设的背景下,对新疆区域的生态经济投入效益进行分析有助于协调区域经济发展与生态环境的关系。为了解新疆区域生态经济投入效益的变化趋势,采用考虑非期望产出的超效率SBM模型和GML指数模型分别对2001—2017年新疆14个地州市的生态经济投入效益进行了静态分析和动态分析。结果表明:(1)新疆区域的生态经济投入效益水平较低,且各地州市的生态经济投入效益存在明显的差距,但各地州市的效益值都在呈现上升的趋势。(2)各地州市的生态经济投入效益存在明显差异的原因是资源要素的投入松弛,包括建成区面积、能源消费量以及用水总量的投入松弛。(3)新疆各地区的生态经济投入效益全部得到了改善,平均每年上升9.1%,且其提高的主要影响因素是技术进步。此外,宏观政策调控、经济发展水平以及产业结构也会对当地的生态经济投入效益产生影响。据此,提出以下建议:(1)分类指导,促进区域优势互补,加快绿色发展。(2)合理配置资源要素,提高资源利用效率。(3)加大技术研发投入,提高技术水平和管理水平。  相似文献   

13.
基于2000、2015年中国东中部地区261个地级市统计与土地利用数据,运用空间自相关模型,变异系数和三元协调度模型分析其城市人口、GDP和城市建设用地的空间集聚态势和非均衡变化过程,揭示人口城市化与土地城市化的协调程度。结果显示:(1)城市人口、GDP和建设用地的Moran’s I指数均为正值且2015年的值大于2000年的值,显示出明显的空间集聚特征,且在2000—2015年集聚特征不断加强;(2)城市人口密度和人均GDP的变异系数分别从2000年的1.38和0.91下降到2015年的0.96和0.70,地均GDP从1.32上升到1.77,表明城市人口密度和地均GDP的差异在逐步减小,但地均GDP的不均衡性却在增大;(3)2015年,共有171个地级市城市用地规模增长弹性系数小于1.12且人均城市用地小于115m2,但有104个地级市地均GDP在1000元/m2以下,表明虽然绝大部分地级市城市化规模和速率都在可控范围之内,城市用地经济产出仍然相对较低;(4)90%以上地级市的城市人口、GDP和城市建设用地三者在两个研究时间段内处于协调发展状态。  相似文献   

14.
青海湖地区生态系统服务价值变化分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
采用生态系统服务估值、Matlab7.0 多元线性回归分析和敏感性分析等研究方法, 定量分析了生态系统服务价值的变化及其与气候、GDP、个人储蓄、城市化水平等驱动因子之间的相关性和敏感性, 以识别影响青海湖生态环境的主要影响因素, 以期为该区域生态保护调控和管理提供依据。研究结果表明:①2000-2008 年青海湖地区生态系统服务价值平均为119.226 亿元, 2008 年比2000 年下降3.98%;②2000-2008 年生态系统服务价值变化与气温和社会经济发展因素存在显著的负相关, 对气温、GDP和城镇化率的弹性系数分别为0.896、0.249 和0.2988;③2000-2008 年, 生态系统服务价值变化对城市化率和气温具有很大的敏感性, 敏感性系数分别为4.979 和1.712。研究表明, 青海湖地区的生态系统服务下降是气候暖干化和经济发展的综合作用结果。青海湖地区应该关注农牧民生计, 实施生态补偿机制以实现可持续的生态保护战略。  相似文献   

15.
宁夏产业结构演进与经济增长系统研究   总被引:6,自引:5,他引:6  
产业结构的演进与升级一定程度上反映了区域经济的发展阶段与发展能力。以1978-2003年的统计数据为基础,系统研究了宁夏产业结构变迁与区域经济发展的关系。研究结果表明:(1)宁夏产业结构的变化符合产业结构变迁的一般规律,但产业结构高度化水平依然低下;(2)宁夏产业结构变迁的空间集聚效应明显;(3)宁夏产业结构演进对经济增长的影响形成产业结构偏离为正,竞争力偏离份额为负型、产业结构偏离为正,竞争力偏离份额为正型和产业结构偏离为负,竞争力偏离份额为正型三种类型;(4)产业结构变迁对各地区经济增长的影响差异较大。研究指出,在西部大开发和区域经济一体化进程中,以及在国家和地区产业政策调整的背景下,建立产业协调与分工合作机制,发展特色优势产业,推进重点地带布局开发,形成区域性“群落型”经济优势,成为新时期宁夏产业结构调整的战略选择。  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT

The authors bring together two theoretical and empirical strands in economic geography – established work on clusters and nascent research on ‘fictive place’ – in order to introduce the concept of ‘fictive clusters’. To explore this concept, they examine the New Zealand craft beer sector, which has evolved from non-existence since the year 2000. This growth has precipitated the rise of a dynamic and innovative cluster at the local scale in Wellington. The fictive cluster is explored through the Wellington case study, and the authors pose various questions for future work based on this discursive geographical device. The construction and complicit reproduction of what they term a ‘fictive cluster’ has been central to the evolving strategies of the involved agents. Through the use of this term, the evolution of Wellington place-based brands that are increasingly territorially specific are seen as building competitive advantage based on constructed histories, environments, and other geographic characteristics.  相似文献   

17.
This study proposes a regional air pollution exposure index (RAPEI) for Auckland, Canterbury, Otago and Wellington regions. The air pollution index multiplies an emission index (NOx emissions kg/annum), a surrogate for ambient air pollution levels, with a population density index (people per sq km), a surrogate for population exposure. Census Area Units (CAUs), and subsequently defined “key areas” within a region are ranked from 0 to 16. This is one method of investigating the effectiveness of air quality monitoring networks and identifying urban exposure airsheds in New Zealand. Results verified New Zealand's urban exposure airsheds and highlighted areas that may be potential “hot spots” in terms of relatively high ambient air pollution levels and potentially high population exposures. It is possible that these areas should be closely monitored. The GIS‐based maps also show New Zealand's permanent and temporary air quality monitoring stations.  相似文献   

18.
1990—2015年中国县市尺度人口收缩的演变特征及影响因素   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘振  戚伟  齐宏纲  刘盛和 《地理研究》2020,39(7):1565-1579
近年来,区域人口收缩问题在全球范围内引起了广泛关注,并且在中国也日益明显。利用1990年、2000年和2010年人口普查数据以及2015年1%人口抽样调查数据,本文在县市尺度上分析了1990—2000年、2000—2010年和2010—2015年三个时期人口收缩区的空间特征及演化趋势,并定量探讨了其形成与演变的影响因素,主要发现如下:① 人口收缩现象在县市尺度非常明显,三个时期人口收缩区占比均超过20%;② 2000—2010年人口收缩区以大面积扩张为主要特征,东北地区、川黔渝地区、长江中游地区最为明显,而东部地区则主要集中在江苏北部和福建西部等局部范围;③ 2010—2015年人口收缩转缓慢增长成为主要特征,仅东北地区、河南等人口收缩区仍有所扩张;④ 人均GDP和非农就业占比等经济发展水平因素对人口收缩区的形成影响显著,而经济发展速度因素则与人口收缩的演变密切相关;⑤ 除经济因素外,人口自然增长因素对人口收缩区形成及演变的影响均非常显著,且其作用呈增强趋势。  相似文献   

19.
中国都市区及都市连绵区划分探讨   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10  
王珏  叶涛 《地域研究与开发》2004,23(3):13-16,21
依据2000年统计数据,以县域为统计单元,建立中国城市数据库。在此基础上,选用非农产业GDP比重、非农从业人员比重、人均GDP、人口密度4个参数构建都市区的门槛指数等模型,同时建立了数字地图。通过分析我国2000年城市体系的空间分布特点,划分出3级,共2个都市连绵区、2个亚都市连绵区和5个城市密集地带,为我国城市建设和区域经济的发展提供了新的依据。  相似文献   

20.
Liu  Shijun  Xue  Liang 《地理学报(英文版)》2021,31(3):423-436
Unbalanced economic growth is a ubiquitous phenomenon while investigating the regional development at a large spatial scale.Therefore,it is of great significance to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of regional economic growth and the drivers to understand and facilitate the economic development of low development areas.Taking a county as a funda-mental study unit,we used the county-level per capita GDP data on the Loess Plateau from 2005 to 2017,and geographic variables such as slope,elevation,and population density to analyze the spatio-temporal differences and the driving factors of the county-level economic development in the Loess Plateau by employing both conventional and advanced quantitative methods including Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA)and the geographic detector model.Our results suggested that:(1)The selected indicators,including absolute difference,the fluctuation of relative difference and total difference of economic development on the Loess Plateau,all show steady increasing trends,respectively.(2)There are 64.5%of the counties with economic development being below the average level of the whole Loss Pla-teau region.The relatively high developed counties are distributed in the"A"-shaped regions in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Shaanxi,and Henan provinces,however,the low development counties are mainly located in the"V"-shaped regions in Gansu and Shanxi provinces.(3)GDP,investment in fixed assets and urbanization rate are the major driving factors influencing the regional economic development,and the combined effects are far greater than that of any individual factor.  相似文献   

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