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1.
A. Gabàs A. Macau B. Benjumea P. Queralt J. Ledo S. Figueras A. Marcuello 《Surveys in Geophysics》2016,37(5):897-921
The structure of Cerdanya Basin (north-east of Iberian Peninsula) is partly known from geological cross sections, geological maps and vintage geophysical data. However, these data do not have the necessary resolution to characterize some parts of Cerdanya Basin such as the thickness of soft soil, geometry of bedrock or geometry of geological units and associated faults. For all these reasons, the main objective of this work is to improve this deficiency carrying out a detailed study in this Neogene basin applying jointly the combination of passive seismic methods (H/V spectral ratio and seismic array) and electromagnetic methods (audio-magnetotelluric and magnetotelluric method). The passive seismic techniques provide valuable information of geometry of basement along the profile. The maximum depth is located near Alp village with a bedrock depth of 500 m. The bedrock is located in surface at both sites of profile. The Neogene sediments present a shear-wave velocity between 400 and 1000 m/s, and the bedrock basement presents a shear-wave velocity values between 1700 and 2200 m/s. These results are used as a priori information to create a 2D resistivity initial model which constraints the inversion process of electromagnetic data. We have obtained a 2D resistivity model which is characterized by (1) a heterogeneous conductivity zone (<40 Ohm m) that corresponds to shallow part of the model up to 500 m depth in the centre of the profile. These values have been associated with Quaternary and Neogene sediments formed by silts, clays, conglomerates, sandstones and gravels, and (2) a deeper resistive zone (1000–3000 Ohm m) interpreted as Palaeozoic basement (sandstones, limestones and slates at NW and conglomerates and microconglomerates at SE). The resistive zone is truncated by a discontinuity at the south-east of the profile which is interpreted as the Alp-La Tet Fault. This discontinuity is represented by a more conductive zone (600 Ohm m approx.) and is explained as a combination of fractured rock and a fluid network. The result highlights that the support between different geophysical methods is essential in producing geophysical meaningful models. 相似文献
2.
"孤石"是花岗岩不均匀风化所残留的风化核,在我国南方沿海地区普遍发育."孤石"埋藏分布随机,形状大小各异,给地铁盾构施工带来重大安全隐患,探测"孤石"一直是地铁工程勘察面临的难题.我们首次尝试利用二维微动剖面技术探测"孤石",在深圳地铁7号线车公庙-上沙段区间实测二条剖面,结合少量钻孔资料进行岩性层划分和"孤石"解释.实测结果显示,在二维微动视S波速度剖面上,素填土、粉质粘土、砾质粘性土等岩土层、全风化、强-中风化、微风化和未风化的花岗岩层,视S波速度值各不相同,剖面特征也存在较大差异,利用少量钻孔结果标定,易于划分;在强-中风化花岗岩层中,视S波速度(岩性)横向变化剧烈,局部发育"团块状"高速体,本文将其解释为未风化的花岗岩"孤石".本文结果表明,二维微动剖面技术探测"孤石"是有效的微动视S波速度剖面除能直观显示岩性的纵、横向变化,提供工程基岩面的埋深及起伏形态信息外,还可给出岩土层风化程度的判断信息,为高层建筑的桩基设计提供地球物理依据.作为一种全新的"孤石"探测手段,二维微动剖面技术尤其适用于交通繁忙、建筑物密集的、各种场源干扰严重的闹市区. 相似文献
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4.
Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys, when regionally extensive, may sample a wide-range of geological formations. The majority of AEM surveys can provide estimates of apparent (half-space) conductivity and such derived data provide a mapping capability. Depth discrimination of the geophysical mapping information is controlled by the bandwidth of each particular system. The objective of this study is to assess the geological information contained in accumulated frequency-domain AEM survey data from the UK where existing geological mapping can be considered well-established. The methodology adopted involves a simple GIS-based, spatial join of AEM and geological databases. A lithology-based classification of bedrock is used to provide an inherent association with the petrophysical rock parameters controlling bulk conductivity. At a scale of 1:625k, the UK digital bedrock geological lexicon comprises just 86 lithological classifications compared with 244 standard lithostratigraphic assignments. The lowest common AEM survey frequency of 3 kHz is found to provide an 87% coverage (by area) of the UK formations. The conductivities of the unsampled classes have been assigned on the basis of inherent lithological associations between formations. The statistical analysis conducted uses over 8 M conductivity estimates and provides a new UK national scale digital map of near-surface bedrock conductivity. The new baseline map, formed from central moments of the statistical distributions, allows assessments/interpretations of data exhibiting departures from the norm. The digital conductivity map developed here is believed to be the first such UK geophysical map compilation for over 75 years. The methodology described can also be applied to many existing AEM data sets. 相似文献
5.
Mapping the thickness of sediments in the Ljubljana Moor basin (Slovenia) using microtremors 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Ljubljana Moor basin is characterized by moderate bedrock topography and thicknesses of Quaternary lacustrine and fluvial
sediments ranging from 0 to 200 m. More than 65 boreholes which reached the bedrock were drilled in the area, but their distribution
in the basin is very uneven and some data from the boreholes uncertain. There are also no data on S-velocity distribution
within the basin, but seismic refraction measurements pointed out a rather uniform increase of P-velocity with depth, great
impedance contrast with the bedrock and relatively small lateral velocity variations. The microtremor horizontal-to-vertical
spectral ratio (HVSR) method was therefore applied as a complementary tool to seismic refraction survey to map the thickness
of sediments. First, microtremors were measured at the locations of boreholes which reached the bedrock and the resonance
frequencies determined. The inverse power relationship between the resonance frequency and the thickness of sediments was
then determined from 53 data pairs. The quality of the correlation is moderate due to possible heterogeneities in sediments
and possible 3D effects in some minor areas, but the obtained parameters correspond well to the values obtained in six other
European basins. Secondly, a 16 km-long discontinuous seismic refraction profile was measured across the whole basin, leaving
uncovered some larger segments where active seismic measurements were not possible. Microtremors were then measured at 64
locations along the same profile, using 250 m point spacing, without leaving any gaps. The frequency–thickness relationship
was used to invert resonance frequencies to depths. These were first validated using the results of the seismic refraction
survey, which showed good agreement, and finally used for interpolation in the segments of missing refraction data to obtain
a continuous depth profile of the bedrock. The study has shown that the microtremor method can be used as a complementary
tool for mapping the thickness of unconsolidated sediments also in areas characterized by moderate bedrock topography. As
the input data are always to some extent uncertain, it is important to have a sufficiently large number of borehole data to
establish a frequency–thickness relationship, as well as some additional independent geophysical information for its validation. 相似文献
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7.
陷落柱是危害煤矿安全生产的主要因素之一,如何有效探测陷落柱是实现煤矿安全、高效生产的当务之急.本文首次将微动勘察方法应用于煤矿采区勘探,结果表明,该方法对陷落柱异常区反映敏感.在山西潞安漳村煤矿2002工作面测区已知陷落柱上,无论是单点反演获得的S波速度结构,还是微动视S波速度剖面,均能清晰显示陷落柱.微动剖面确定的陷落柱位置与巷道揭露位置一致,边界误差在10 m左右.微动勘察方法是探测陷落柱的一种行之有效的物探方法,由于其分辨率高、无需人工源、野外施工方法灵活便捷、不受施工场地限制等特点,对探测村庄覆盖区之下的煤层构造、圈定陷落柱等,具有得天独厚的技术优势和应用前景. 相似文献
8.
SURENDRA SINGH 《Geophysical Prospecting》1984,32(6):1033-1044
Field results of shallow seismic reflections obtained with a propane-oxygen detonator (POD) are presented. The survey site was in a tin-mining area of the Kinta Valley in Malaysia. The shallow and irregular limestone bedrock is overlain by alluvial “tailing” and virgin sediments. Sizes of such mining areas can range from about 320 ± 320 m2 to 900 ± 900 m2. The survey was intended to delineate the topography of the bedrock, which is of vital importance in tin ore exploration and exploitation. The equipment included single- and 12-channel signal enhancement seismographs, the POD, a hammer and thumper. The inexpensive and portable POD generates directional waves of reproducible form, variable energy of high frequency, and only a few surface waves at short offsets. Reflections at around 200 Hz were obtained from the shallow bedrock at about 25 m as well as from very shallow lithological interfaces. The interpretation of seismograms is supported by drill-hole lithological sections and synthetic seismograms. The data illustrate the successful use of shallow reflections for mapping irregular bedrock. Reflection seismics can provide better horizontal and vertical details than the refraction method. Further improvements based on the data-processing flexibility of new signal enhancement seismographs and synthetic seismograms are suggested. 相似文献
9.
土石分界面对城市抗震设防和地下工程建设具有重要意义.城市中复杂的干扰限制了常规地球物理勘探方法的使用,本文选用环境友好且抗干扰能力强的微动H/V谱比法对济南中心城区的土石分界面展开研究.在济南中心城区开展三分量微动测量,得到了400多个测点的微动数据,计算了对应的H/V谱比曲线.将得到的H/V曲线划分成单峰、宽峰、双峰和无峰四种类型,分析了不同类型曲线与地质结构的关系.根据基岩性质不同,将研究区的基岩划分为灰岩和岩浆岩两种类型,总结出了基岩为灰岩时的深度-频率关系式,同时发现当基岩为岩浆岩时无法得到可靠的关系式.根据关系式计算得到了济南部分测线的土石分界面深度分布,另外,关系式的计算结果与钻孔资料十分吻合,能满足工程探测的精度要求.本方法为在城市强干扰环境中确定土石分界面深度提供了快速准确的解决方案. 相似文献
10.
《Geofísica Internacional》2014,53(2):199-210
Geophysical methods are widely used in mineral exploration. This paper discusses the results of geological and geophysical studies in supergene manganese deposits of southern Brazil. Mineralized zones as described in geological surveys were characterized as of low resistivity (20Ω.m) and high chargeability (30ms), pattern found also in oxides and sulfite mineral deposits. Pseudo-3D modeling of geophysical data allowed mapping at several depths. A relationship between high chargeability and low resistivity may define a pattern for high grade gonditic manganese ore. Large areas of high chargeability and high resistivity may result in accumulation of manganese and iron hydroxides, due to weathering of the gonditic ore, dissolution, percolation and precipitation. 相似文献
11.
Microtremor study of site effects and soil-structure resonance in the city of Ljubljana (central Slovenia) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andrej Gosar Janez Rošer Barbara Šket Motnikar Polona Zupančič 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2010,8(3):571-592
The city of Ljubljana is located in one of the three areas with the highest seismic hazard in Slovenia, and it is also the
most densely populated. Site effects due to Quaternary sediments, which fill the up to 200 m-deep basin, are characteristic
of the whole city area, but they can be especially strong in the southern part of Ljubljana, which is built on very soft lacustrine
deposits. Existing microzonation studies of the city are inadequate, since there is a lack of borehole, geophysical and earthquake
data. The microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method was therefore applied to a 200 m dense grid of free-field
measurements over an area of 45 km2 (1,223 measuring points) in order to assess the fundamental frequency of the sediments. The main difficulties in microtremor
measurement arose from high levels of traffic and industrial noise, and from underground structures. Experimental conditions
which can influence data quality, such as strong wind and water saturation of soil, were analysed. Very clear HVSR peaks were
obtained in the entire southern part of the city, whereas in the northern part the site response is in general lower due to
lower impedance contrast of gravel with the bedrock. The iso-frequency map of sediments shows a distribution in the range
of 0.9–10 Hz. In the southern part of Ljubljana, sediment frequency correlates well with the thickness of soft sediments known
from geophysical investigations and sparse drilling. Average amplitude of the HVSR peaks is considerably higher in the southern
part (6.7 ± 2.4) than in the northern part (4.0 ± 2.0) of the city, indicating a high impedance contrast of lacustrine sediments
with the bedrock. Microtremor measurements were also performed inside 122 buildings of various heights. We focused on important
public buildings and selected blocks of flats and houses. To assess the longitudinal and transverse fundamental frequencies
of each building, amplitude spectra and the spectral ratio between the upper floor and the basement were analysed for both
directions. When one of these frequencies is close to a nearby free-field fundamental frequency, a potential soil-structure
resonance is present. This was found in 12 of the measured buildings. Three of them are tall residential buildings (from 10
to 15 floors) with a fundamental frequency of 2–3 Hz, and nine of them are low-rise buildings (from 3 to 5 floors) with a
fundamental frequency ranging from 3 to 4.5 Hz. Using the relationship between fundamental frequency and height, the typical
height of buildings that might cause soil-structure resonance can be estimated at a given sediment frequency obtained from
free-field measurements. 相似文献
12.
G.J. PALACKY 《Geophysical Prospecting》1981,29(1):60-88
Since its development some thirty years ago, the airborne electromagnetic (AEM) method has been primarily used as a tool for mineral prospecting. However, advanced AEM systems are capable of other tasks, such as geological mapping and groundwater exploration. Excellent correlation between maps of apparent conductivity and geological maps was observed in several regions of Brazil where AEM surveys were performed. The degree of correlation seems to depend on the local climate. In humid and subhumid tropical regions, a weathered layer develops whose thickness and conductivity depend upon bedrock lithology. Therefore certain lithological types can be recognized from their conductivity signature; e.g., granites and Precambrian coarse clastic rocks are resistive, metavolcanic (particularly mafic) and volcanic rocks are conductive, Phanerozoic sediments are generally highly conductive. Two geophysical surveys are analyzed in the paper. The first was conducted with the time-domain, towed-bird AEM system in the Itapicuru greenstone belt in the state of Bahia. The apparent conductivity map correlated better with the local lithology than the magnetic map. Results of the AEM survey were successfully used to improve the regional geological map. A helicopter EM system was used in the second survey, which covered a portion of the Precambrian shield of Rio Grande do Sul. Also in this region ground checks confirmed the usefulness of conductivity surveys in geological mapping. The technique outlined in the paper holds great promise for countries of humid tropical climate, where few outcrops exist and access is often difficult. The tests performed in Brazil indicate that by executing AEM/aeromagnetic surveys during initial stages of mapping and exploration programs, time and expenditure required for geological field work can be considerably reduced. The resulting geological maps are more accurate and the inventory of mineral occurrences becomes more complete. 相似文献
13.
S. SINGH 《Geophysical Prospecting》1986,34(4):492-507
A field study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the high frequency seismic reflection technique for mapping of shallow and irregular bedrock. Bedrock reflections were obtained using a hammer source with both in-line and common offset field layouts. The recording equipment included 12-channel enhancement seismographs, 28 Hz vertical geo-phones and a microcomputer. The latter increased the overall versatility of the seismic system. Field sites for this study are typical of the geological settings of the tin mining areas of Malaysia. The topographical ‘lows’ of the irregular bedrock control the localization of tin ore. The subsurface geology consists of a thin low velocity layer (± 300 m/s) overlying the compact overburden (± 1700 m/s) which in turn lies on bedrock. This paper discusses various criteria for designing an optimum window for obtaining usable reflections between the first arrival and the leading edge of the ground roll cone. Detailed mapping of the overburden and the bedrock interface by the reflection method can be useful in delineating areas for exploratory drilling and for optimum planning of mining operations. 相似文献
14.
Mohamed H. Khalil 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(8):1829-1845
Groundwater constitutes the main source of freshwater in Shalatein, on the western coast of the Red Sea, in Egypt. The fresh aquifer of Shalatein is intensively dissected by shallow and deep faults associated with the occurrence of dykes and/or dyke swarms. In this context, synthesis of electrical resistivity, ground magnetics, and borehole data was implemented to investigate the freshwater aquifer condition, locate the intrusive dykes and/or dyke swarms, and demarcate the potential freshwater zones. Nine Schlumberger VES’s with maximum current electrode half-spacing (AB/2) of 682 m were conducted. The subsurface was successfully delineated by general four layers. The fresh aquifer of the Quaternary and Pre-Quaternary alluvium sediments was effectively demarcated with true resistivities ranged from 30 to 105 Ωm and thickness ranged between 20 and 60 m. A ground magnetic survey comprised 35 magnetic profiles, each 7 km in length. Magnetic data interpretation of the vertical derivatives (first and second order), downward continuation (100 m), apparent susceptibility (depth of 100 m), and wavelength filters (Butterworth high-pass of wavelengths <100 m and Band-Pass of wavelengths 30–100 m) successfully distinguished the near surface structure with five major clusters of dyke swarms, whereas filters of the upward continuation (300 m) and Butterworth low-pass (wavelengths >300 m) clearly reflected the deep-seated structure. The computed depth by the 3D Euler deconvolution for geological contacts and faults (SI = 0) ranged from 14 to 545 m, whereas for dyke and sill (SI = 1), it ranged from 10 to 1,095 m. The western part of the study area is recommended as a potential freshwater zone as it is characterized by depths >100 m to the top of the dykes, higher thickness of the fresh aquifer (45–60 m), depths to the top of the fresh aquifer ranging from 25 to 40 m, and higher resistivities reflecting better freshwater quality (70–105 Ωm). 相似文献
15.
Adnan Ahmad Khan Asam Farid Gulraiz Akhter Khyzer Munir James Small Zulfiqar Ahmad 《Surveys in Geophysics》2016,37(3):579-599
The study describes a methodology used to integrate legacy resistivity data with limited geological data in order to build three-dimensional models of the near subsurface. Variogram analysis and inversion techniques more typically found in the petroleum industry are applied to a set of 1D resistivity data taken from electrical surveys conducted in the 1980s. Through careful integration with limited geological data collected from boreholes and outcrops, the resultant model can be visualized in three dimensions to depict alluvium layers as lithological and structural units within the bedrock. By tuning the variogram parameters to account for directionality, it is possible to visualize the individual lithofacies and geomorphological features in the subsurface. In this study, an electrical resistivity data set collected as part of a groundwater study in an area of the Peshawar basin in Pakistan has been re-examined. Additional lithological logs from boreholes throughout the area have been combined with local outcrop information to calibrate the data. Tectonic activity during the Himalayan orogeny has caused uplift in the area and generated significant faulting in the bedrock resulting in the formation of depressions which are identified by low resistivity values representing clays. Paleo-streams have reworked these clays which have been eroded and replaced by gravel–sand facies along paleo-channels. It is concluded that the sediments have been deposited as prograding fan-shaped bodies and lacustrine deposits with interlayered gravel–sand and clay–silt facies. The Naranji area aquifer system has thus been formed as a result of local tectonic activity with fluvial erosion and deposition and is characterized by coarse sediments with high electrical resistivities. 相似文献
16.
Every year, numerous casualties and a large deal of financial losses are incurred due to earthquake events. The losses incurred by an earthquake vary depending on local site effect. Therefore, in order to conquer drastic effects of an earthquake, one should evaluate urban districts in terms of the local site effect. One of the methods for evaluating the local site effect is microtremor measurement and analysis. Aiming at evaluation of local site effect across the city of Babol, the study area was gridded and microtremor measurements were performed with an appropriate distribution. The acquired data was analyzed through the horizontal-to-vertical noise ratio (HVNR) method, and fundamental frequency and associated amplitude of the H/V peak were obtained. The results indicate that fundamental frequency of the study area is generally lower than 1.25 Hz, which is acceptably in agreement with the findings of previous studies. Also, in order to constrain and validate the seismostratigraphic model obtained with this method, the results were compared with geotechnical, geological, and seismic data. Comparing the results of different methods, it was observed that the presented geophysical method can successfully determine the values of fundamental frequency across the study area as well as local site effect. Using the data obtained from the analysis of microtremor, a microzonation map of fundamental frequency across the city of Babol was prepared. This map has numerous applications in designing high-rise building and urban development plans. 相似文献
17.
A combination of geophysical methods including continuous electrical resistivity and high-resolution Chirp sub-bottom profiling were utilized to characterize geologic controls on pore fluid salinity in the nearshore of Long Bay, SC. Resistivity values ranged from less than 1 Ω m to greater than 40 Ω m throughout the bay. Areas of elevated electrical resistivity suggest the influence of relatively fresher water on pore water composition. Geophysical evidence alone does not eliminate all ambiguity associated with lithological and porosity variations that may also contribute to electrical structure of shallow marine sediments. The anomalous field is of sufficient magnitude that lithological variation alone does not control the spatial distribution of elevated electrical resistivity zones. Geographical distribution of electrical anomalies and structures interpreted from nearby sub-bottom profiles indicates abrupt changes in shallow geologic units control preferential pathways for discharge of fresh water into the marine environment. Shore parallel resistivity profiles show dramatic decreases in magnitude with increasing distance from shore, suggesting a significant portion of the terrestrially driven fresh SGD in Long Bay is occurring via the surficial aquifer within a few hundred meters of shore. 相似文献
18.
To determine the shear wave velocity structure and predominant period features of T?naztepe in ?zmir, Turkey, where new building sites have been planned, active–passive surface wave methods and single-station microtremor measurements are used, as well as surface acquisition techniques, including the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW), refraction microtremor (ReMi), and the spatial autocorrelation method (SPAC), to pinpoint shallow and deep shear wave velocity. For engineering bedrock (V s > 760 m/s) conditions at a depth of 30 m, an average seismic shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m of soil (AVs30) is not only accepted as an important parameter for defining ground behavior during earthquakes, but a primary parameter in the geotechnical analysis for areas to be classified by V s30 according to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). It is also determined that Z1.0, which represents a depth to V s = 1000 m/s, is used for ground motion prediction and changed from 0 to 54 m. The sediment–engineering bedrock structure for T?naztepe that was obtained shows engineering bedrock no deeper than 30 m. When compared, the depth of engineering bedrock and dominant period map and geology are generally compatible. 相似文献
19.
Analysis of the weightiness of site effects on reinforced concrete (RC) building seismic behaviour: The Adra town example (SE Spain) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Manuel Navarro Francisco Vidal Takahisa Enomoto Francisco J. Alcalá Antonio García‐Jerez Francisco J. Sánchez Norio Abeki 《地震工程与结构动力学》2007,36(10):1363-1383
The damage distribution in Adra town (south‐eastern Spain) during the 1993 and 1994 Adra earthquakes (5.0 magnitude), that reached a maximum intensity degree of VII (European Macroseismic Scale (EMS scale)), was concentrated mainly in the south‐east zone of the town and the most relevant damage occurred in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with four or five storeys. In order to evaluate the influence of ground condition on RC building behaviour, geological, geomorphological and geophysical surveys were carried out, and a detailed map of ground surface structure was obtained. Short‐period microtremor observations were performed in 160 sites on a 100m × 100m dimension grid and Nakamura's method was applied in order to determine a distribution map of soil predominant periods. Shorter predominant periods (0.1–0.3 s) were found in mountainous and neighbouring zones and larger periods (greater than 0.5 s) in thicker Holocene alluvial fans. A relationship T = (0.049 ± 0.001)N, where T is the natural period of swaying motion and N is the number of storeys, has been empirically obtained by using microtremor measurements at the top of 38 RC buildings (ranging from 2 to 9 storeys). 1‐D simulation of strong motion on different soil conditions and for several typical RC buildings were computed, using the acceleration record in Adra town of the 1993 earthquake. It is noteworthy that all the aforementioned results show the influence of site effects in the degree and distribution of observed building damage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
为充分利用微动信号中基阶和高阶模式瑞雷波,本文研究了基于多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数直接反演的方法.该方法首先基于地层介质响应计算多阶瑞雷波的能量占比,考虑实际观测台阵有限台站个数对SPAC系数影响,正演计算多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数,再采用快速模拟退火算法对其反演以获得地下介质横波速度结构.在此基础上,本文通过数值模拟验证该方法的可靠性,分别选取三种典型地质模型,基于模式叠加算法合成理论微动信号,采用本文方法计算其理论多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数并反演,给出反演结果与真实模型对比.我们将该方法应用于上海中心城区的地质调查中,通过与钻探结果对比,进一步验证该方法的有效性.本文理论与实际应用研究表明,基于多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数直接反演的微动探测方法有助于提高反演结果的可靠性,尤其对含软硬夹层的复杂地层介质,可提高探测精度. 相似文献