共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Ripples and transverse dunes in areas of abundant sand supply increase in height and spacing as a function of time, grain size, and excess shear velocity. How and why each of these factors influence ripple and transverse dune size, however, is not precisely known. In this paper, the controls on the height and spacing of ripples and transverse dunes in areas of abundant sand supply are investigated using a numerical model for the formation of eolian bedforms from an initially flat surface. This bedform evolution model combines the basic elements of Werner's [Werner, B.T., 1995. Eolian dunes: Computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology 23, 1107–1110.] cellular automaton model of dune formation with a model for boundary layer flow over complex topography. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between bed shear stress and slope on the windward (stoss) side of evolving bedforms. Nonlinear boundary layer model results indicate that bed shear stresses on stoss slopes increase with increasing slope angle up to approximately 20°, then decrease with increasing slope angle as backpressure effects become limiting. In the bedform evolution model, the linear boundary layer flow model of Jackson and Hunt [Jackson, P.S., Hunt, J.C.R., 1975. Turbulent wind flow over a low hill. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 101, 929–955.], generalized to 3D, is modified to include the nonlinear relationship between bed shear stress and slope. Bed shear stresses predicted by the modified Jackson and Hunt flow model are then used to predict rates of erosion and deposition iteratively through time within a mass-conservative framework similar to Werner [Werner, B.T., 1995. Eolian dunes: Computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology 23, 1107–1110.]. Beginning with a flat bed, the model forms ripples that grow in height and spacing until a dynamic steady-state condition is achieved in which bedforms migrate downwind without further growth. The steady-state ripple spacing predicted by this model is approximately 3000 times greater than the aerodynamic roughness length of the initially flat surface, which is a function of grain size and excess shear velocity. Once steady-state ripples form, they become the dominant roughness element of the surface. The increase in roughness associated with ripple formation triggers the same bedform instability that created ripples, causing dunes to form at a larger scale. In this way, the numerical model of this paper suggests that ripples and dunes are genetically linked. Transverse dunes in this model have a steady-state height and spacing that is controlled by the effective roughness length of the rippled surface, which is shown to be on the order of 500 times greater than the original roughness length, but varies significantly with the details of ripple morphology. The model predictions for ripple and dune spacing and their controlling variables are consistent with field measurements from the published literature. The model of this paper provides a preliminary process-based understanding of the granulometric control of ripples and dunes in areas of abundant sand supply and unidirectional prevailing winds, and it argues for a genetic linkage between ripples and dunes via a scaling relationship between eolian bedform size and the aerodynamic roughness length. 相似文献
2.
Numerical modelling of flow structures over idealized transverse aeolian dunes of varying geometry 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model (PHOENICS™ 3.5) previously validated for wind tunnel measurements is used to simulate the streamwise and vertical velocity flow fields over idealized transverse dunes of varying height (h) and stoss slope basal length (L). The model accurately reproduced patterns of: flow deceleration at the dune toe; stoss flow acceleration; vertical lift in the crest region; lee-side flow separation, re-attachment and reversal; and flow recovery distance. Results indicate that the flow field over transverse dunes is particularly sensitive to changes in dune height, with an increase in height resulting in flow deceleration at the toe, streamwise acceleration and vertical lift at the crest, and an increase in the extent of, and strength of reversed flows within, the lee-side separation cell. In general, the length of the separation zone varied from 3 to 15 h from the crest and increased over taller, steeper dunes. Similarly, the flow recovery distance ranged from 45 to >75 h and was more sensitive to changes in dune height. For the range of dune shapes investigated in this study, the differing effects of height and stoss slope length raise questions regarding the applicability of dune aspect ratio as a parameter for explaining airflow over transverse dunes. Evidence is also provided to support existing research on: streamline curvature and the maintenance of sand transport in the toe region; vertical lift in the crest region and its effect on grainfall delivery; relations between the turbulent shear layer and downward forcing of flow re-attachment; and extended flow recovery distances beyond the separation cell. Field validation is required to test these findings in natural settings. Future applications of the model will characterize turbulence and shear stress fields, examine the effects of more complex isolated dune forms and investigate flow over multiple dunes. 相似文献
3.
4.
雅鲁藏布江米林宽谷段爬升沙丘粒度分异特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
雅鲁藏布江米林宽谷段爬升沙丘分布广泛。选择卧龙镇西侧雅鲁藏布江右岸典型爬升沙丘,根据沙丘爬升高度和叠置沙丘地貌部位对其表面沉积物进行了系统采样。作为河谷风沙地貌的重要组成部分,相应采集了河漫滩、阶地沙丘沙样品。粒度分析表明,爬升沙丘对河漫滩沙丘、阶地沙丘在物源和形成过程方面具有继承性,其表面沉积物以细沙和极细沙为主(2.07～3.71Φ),分选中等或较好(0.20～1.41Φ),细偏,多峰。由坡脚向丘顶的沉积物粒径变细,分选变好,偏度和峰度降低。爬升沙丘表面叠置沙丘的粒度向丘顶变粗、分选变好。细沙、极细沙等粒级组分与高度相关,反映颗粒爬升能力不同。叠置条带状沙丘脊部和槽部的粒度存在分异。 相似文献
5.
Inmaculada Rodríguez Santalla María Jos Snchez García Isabel Montoya Montes David Gmez Ortiz Tomas Martín Crespo Jordi Serra Raventos 《Geomorphology》2009,104(3-4):238-252
This paper presents an analysis of the dune field dynamics of El Fangar Spit in the Ebro Delta (Spain), associating it with the internal structure of dunes carried out with ground-penetrating radar and supported by data from topographic DGPS. These analyses are of great importance to ascertain the state of the internal structure of dunes as an important element in their stability and, therefore in their evolution. The internal structure shows accretion and progradation sequences of dunes over beach deposits, which depend on dune morphology (height, crest orientation) and location, as well as the processes acting on them. 相似文献
6.
基于2014年第10号强台风“麦德姆”登陆前后福建平潭岛海岸前丘、爬坡沙丘、横向沙丘和沙席等海岸沙丘形态的高精度测量数据,分析了典型海岸沙丘在台风登陆前后的形态变化,初步总结了华南海岸风沙地貌形态的台风响应模式。结果表明：4类典型海岸沙丘在台风“麦德姆”登陆前后的形态变化较大且主要是以体积减小和沙丘高度降低为主,测点高程的平均变化值为0.22 m,样区海岸沙丘体积平均减小0.59%,测点高程变化的平均值为高度降低0.05 m,但不同类型海岸沙丘及其不同部位的响应变化并非一致且存在较大差异,此与台风“麦德姆”的强侵蚀力及不同海岸沙丘的形态及其下伏地形、表面植被分布等的差异有关。 相似文献
7.
在库姆塔格沙漠羽毛状沙丘分布区选取典型地段作为观测区,运用全站仪测量了观测区羽毛状沙丘地形特征。结果如下：（1） 构成羽毛状沙丘羽轴的沙垄由首尾相连的变形的新月形沙丘构成,其走向为N55°E;新月形沙丘的平均高度为17.65 m,西北翼角的平均长度为72 m,均长于东南翼角。（2） 沙垄的纵断面（SW→NE）表现出明显的波动性,波长在50～100 m之间,波高在10～25 m之间。（3） 沙垄的平均宽度为127.69 m,平均坡度为12.59°;西北坡平均坡长为71.74 m,平均坡度为11.65°,东南坡平均坡长为59.05 m,平均坡度为13.52°。（4） 羽毛状沙丘的“羽枝”部分是由地形平缓的穹状大沙波首尾相连构成,并未像遥感影像一样呈现出明暗相间的羽毛状图案。大沙波的平均宽度为641.34 m,其纵断面相对平缓,2个波峰之间的距离在400 m左右,波峰高度为1～3 m,平均坡长为322.37 m,平均坡度为1.28°,仅为沙垄的10%。 相似文献
8.
巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠分别为中国面积第二、第三大流动性沙漠,对两大沙漠连接带新月形沙丘的动态监测可以揭示该地区沙丘形成演化规律,为沙漠连接带风沙地貌发育研究提供科学支撑。通过Google Earth高清历史影像对巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠连接带的新月形沙丘带进行监测,分析了两大沙漠交界处沙丘的移动速率和形态变化。结果表明:巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠连接带沙丘移动速率范围5.88-19.55 m·a^(-1),平均移动速率10.03 m·a^(-1);移动方向范围109°-135°,平均移动方向122°。风况为沙丘移动提供动力条件,合成输沙方向与沙丘移动方向吻合。受NW、WNW方向输沙影响,新月形沙丘南翼在移动速率增加的同时长度不断伸长,显著区别于北翼。沙丘移动受控于沙丘本身形态,沙丘各形态参数(迎风坡长度、高度、宽度、周长、底面积)与移动速率呈现显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。植被覆盖以及沙丘密度的差异导致了研究区沙丘移动速率的差异。沙丘移动前后,形态参数变化具有复杂性,而沙源丰富度差异以及丘间地灌丛沙包对沙丘形态的改变,是沙丘形态变化复杂性的主要原因。两大沙漠连接带年输沙通量170-521 t·m^(-1),均值为301 t·m^(-1)。 相似文献
9.
新月形沙丘顶部稳定性是风沙地貌学尚未解决的科学问题。研究新月形沙丘的顶部稳定性,对于绿洲边缘风沙运动规律揭示、防沙工程建设和沙区生态环境保护等具有重要的现实意义。选择民勤沙区新月形沙丘,通过测定沙丘各部位风速、风蚀风积和粒度等,分析了新月形沙丘顶部稳定机理。主风向（NW）作用是新月形沙丘最高点与沙脊线重合、沙丘前移和高度降低的过程;反向风（SE）作用是沙丘最高点与沙脊线分离、沙丘背风坡风蚀与沙丘增高的过程。由于研究区以NW风为主,新月形沙丘沿NW-SE方向前移,SE风只能风蚀减缓沙丘背风坡的坡度。人为干预将会阻止或减少从迎风坡向沙丘顶部输送沙量,使得新月形沙丘背风坡尤其是背风坡上部风蚀过程增强,新月形沙丘逐渐过渡为抛物线形沙丘。 相似文献
10.
包兰铁路沙坡头段防护体系前沿栅栏沙丘形态与近地面流场 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
防护体系前沿阻沙栅栏不仅是维持栅栏沙丘形态、阻挡流沙进入防护带内的重要屏障,还是栅栏沙丘这一独特沙丘类型形成发育的首要条件。形态测定与流场观测表明,在沙坡头铁路防护体系前沿地带,栅栏沙丘迎风坡平均坡度大于天然沙丘,背风坡坡度小于天然沙丘,背风坡水平长度与迎风坡水平长度之比约为0.7,远大于天然沙丘（0.3）。阻沙栅栏显著影响沙丘表面流场,但栅栏缺失或沙埋后栅栏沙丘与天然沙丘表面流场结构具有很大的相似性。沙丘迎风坡剪切风速均沿坡面至丘顶呈先增大、后减小的趋势,但栅栏沙丘迎风坡脚至中上部剪切风速增长速度较快,中上部至丘顶剪切风速迅速降低而且幅度较大,这种变化对栅栏沙丘的成长具有重要意义。 相似文献
11.
《Geomorphology》2007,83(1-2):48-57
Dune fields have recently come to be recognized as self-organizing systems that can be seen progressing from states of disorganization or randomness to uniformity. Dune systems can be highly sensitive to changes in factors, such as climate and sediment transport, that determine system state. Changes in climate and sediment state can take time to work their way through a dune system; this, in turn, leads to spatial heterogeneity in dune field organization. Using the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southern Utah as a model, this study tests nearest neighbor analysis adapted as a method to objectively identify and characterize differences in two dimensional dune patterns within a dune field and to identify changes in dune patterns over time. Reducing transverse and barchanoid dunes from linear to three-point features in planar space emphasizes the clustering that occurs when dune lengths and wavelengths are more disorganized or random. This clustering may be in response to a system perturbation, such as an influx of sediment, and is reflected in lower nearest neighbor index (R) values. As the system adjusts to the perturbation and moves towards steady state, dune length and spacing increase through migration and coalescing of smaller dunes; the resulting higher R values reflect this move towards greater uniformity in dune pattern. With the organizational states of dune systems recording feedback to changes in extrinsic climate and sediment factors, nearest neighbor analysis provides a proxy measure of system stability. 相似文献
12.
Origin of a complex and spatially diverse dune-field pattern, Algodones, southeastern California 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
The Algodones Dune Field of southeastern California shows a complex and spatially diverse dune-field pattern that is superimposed upon a series of topographic lineations. Analysis of dune-field pattern parameters (dune crest length, crest orientation, dune spacing and defect density) derived from aerial images indicates that the dune-field pattern represents two constructional generations. Prominent compound crescentic dunes formed during the first constructional generation. A younger generation consists of a variety of simple crescentic dunes, linear dunes and zibars. Statistical differences in the pattern parameters between the dune groups within the second generation are resolved through consideration of the boundary conditions under which the dune pattern evolved, and provide explanations for: (1) diversity of dune types, (2) range in implied constructional times, (3) range in crest orientations, and (4) the anomalous nature of the population of linear dunes. The boundary conditions that have modified pattern development include orographic effects, grain size, vegetation, areal extent and antecedent conditions. Topographic lineations in the Algodones range from the Western Ramp, which defines the field margin, to subtle features masked by the pattern of dunes. Imaging of the Western Ramp using Ground Penetrating Radar shows high-angle cross-strata migrating perpendicular to the lineation trend. The most plausible hypothesis for the origin of the lineations is as dune ridges sequentially shed from adjacent Lake Cahuilla, which is the source of Algodones sands. The overall geomorphic complexity of the Algodones originates from the emplacement of the dune ridges during stages of Lake Cahuilla, the two generations of dune-field construction, and the controls exerted by boundary conditions. 相似文献
13.
在沙丘分类系统中,回涡沙丘是一种重要的有障沙丘形态,系运移风沙流在障碍物前遇阻堆积而成。野外测量表明,回涡沙丘具有与新月形沙丘相似的外观,其迎风坡坡度一般在2°～18°之间,背风坡坡度较陡为21°～31°。回涡沙丘高度及其与障碍物距离受障碍物高度的控制,障碍物越高则回涡沙丘也越高,沙丘离障碍物也越远,沙丘高度、沙丘与障碍物距离分别与障碍物高度线性相关。粒度特征反映了局地沙源特征,粗细颗粒均可在风力作用下形成障前堆积形态。同一地区回涡沙丘与新月形沙丘表面物质的粒度参数对比表明,由于障碍物前回旋涡流的影响,回涡沙丘表面物质经历了更为强烈的风力分选过程,物质组成更细,分选更好,更趋于正偏和窄峰态。 相似文献
14.
河北昌黎翡翠岛海岸沙丘移动的初步观测 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
采用RTK GPS技术与测量方法,于2006-2008年对中国海岸沙丘主要分布区域之一的河北昌黎黄金海岸翡翠岛的典型海岸新月形沙丘和横向沙脊的移动进行了高精度观测。观测结果表明,翡翠岛海岸沙丘的移动总体呈现出缓慢、向陆、往复式前进的特征,但不同沙丘类型以及沙丘不同部位的移动间存在差异,其中海岸横向沙脊是底部基本稳定下脊顶在夏秋季向海东移、冬春季向陆西移的往复变化中向陆西移,而新月形沙丘则是沙丘的整体陆向位移且移动速度相对较快,主要与风况、沙丘高度与规模及人类活动有关。 相似文献
15.
Controls on coastal dune morphology, shoreline erosion and barrier island response to extreme storms 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The response of a barrier island to an extreme storm depends in part on the surge elevation relative to the height and extent of the foredunes which can exhibit considerable variability alongshore. While it is recognized that alongshore variations in dune height and width direct barrier island response to storm surge, the underlying causes of the alongshore variation remain poorly understood. This study examines the alongshore variation in dune morphology along a 11 km stretch of Santa Rosa Island in northwest Florida and relates the variation in morphology to the response of the island during Hurricane Ivan and historic and storm-related rates of shoreline erosion. The morphology of the foredune and backbarrier dunes was characterized before and after Hurricane Ivan using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis and related through Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). The height and extent of the foredune, and the presence and relative location of the backbarrier dunes, varied alongshore at discrete length scales (of ~ 750, 1450 and 4550 m) that are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Cospectral analysis suggests that the variation in dune morphology is correlated with transverse ridges on the inner-shelf, the backbarrier cuspate headlands, and the historical and storm-related trends in shoreline change. Sections of the coast with little to no dune development before Hurricane Ivan were observed in the narrowest portions of the island (between headlands), west of the transverse ridges. Overwash penetration tended to be larger in these areas and island breaching was common, leaving the surface close to the watertable and covered by a lag of shell and gravel. In contrast, large foredunes and the backbarrier dunes were observed at the widest sections of the island (the cuspate headlands) and at crest of the transverse ridges. Due to the large dunes and the presence of the backbarrier dunes, these areas experienced less overwash penetration and most of the sediment from the beachface and dunes was deposited within the upper-shoreface. It is argued that this sediment is returned to the beachface through nearshore bar migration following the storm and that the areas with larger foredunes and backbarrier dunes have smaller rates of historical shoreline erosion compared to areas with smaller dunes and greater transfer of sediment to the washover terrace. Since the recovery of the dunes will vary depending on the availability of sediment from the washover and beachface, it is further argued that the alongshore pattern of dune morphology and the response of the island to the next extreme storm is forced by the transverse ridges and island width through alongshore variations in storm surge and overwash gradients respectively. These findings may be particularly important for coastal managers involved in the repair and rebuilding of coastal infrastructure that was damaged or destroyed during Hurricane Ivan. 相似文献
16.
科尔沁沙地典型生境下芦苇的生长特征分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
对科尔沁沙地两类典型生境下芦苇根茎生长及生物量等特性进行了分析研究。结果表明,固定样地芦苇株高、分蘖株数、不定芽数、根茎节数及根茎总长均大于半流动样地。从半流动样地到固定样地,芦苇根茎表现出节间长度缩短,节间直径变粗的趋势。固定样地芦苇叶长、叶宽明显大于半流动样地,并且固定样地芦苇叶间距是半流动样地上的近3倍。与半流动样地相比,固定样地根茎生物量在总生物量中所占比例有所增加,而地上生物量所占比例减小。芦苇根茎生长及生物量分配在两类样地间的变化特征与土壤质地、紧实度以及养分含量等因素有密切的联系,同时也反映了芦苇对不同沙生生境的适应对策。 相似文献
17.
塔里木沙漠石油公路沿线沙丘移动规律 总被引：23，自引：7，他引：16
通过对肖塘南2km试验路段100m×100m沙丘移动监测区1991年10月、1992年10月及1993年10月的3次详测,总体上可以认为,沙丘各几何形态参数间存在着较好的相关性。但限于沙源供应不足,沙丘发育具有不成熟性,从而使有些沙丘几何形态参数间不存在理论上应具有的相关性。沙丘高度与宽度有较好的线性正相关关系,与底面积及体积存在较好的指数正相关关系。从而可以认为,沙丘高度是反映沙丘形成、规模及发育程度的较好示量指征。沙丘移动方向随主风向的改变而改变,并与落沙坡方向有明显的不一致性。沙丘移动强度与高度、底面积成线性负相关关系,而与体积成指数负相关关系。在不同时期,上述关系可用相似的多元线性方程表示。沙丘前移过程中,沙丘形态既有由不成熟到成熟的正向演变又有由成熟向不成熟的逆向演变过程。 相似文献
18.
19.
沙丘形态特征是风沙地貌研究的重要内容。数字高程模型（DEM）因卓越的三维地形表达能力被广泛应用于沙丘形态研究中。长期以来，受交通条件和研究方法的制约以及高大沙山分布位置的限定，对巴丹吉林沙漠沙丘形态的研究主要集中在沙漠东南部，缺乏对整个沙漠沙丘分布规律及其形态参数特征的系统认知。而对整个沙漠沙丘形态特征的研究，是区域风沙地貌形成与演化研究的重要组成部分。以巴丹吉林沙漠内所有独立沙丘为研究对象，利用研究区DEM数据和一种新的算法，研究了沙漠内两种主要类型沙丘（横向沙丘、星状沙丘）的分布规律及其形态参数特征。结果表明：沙漠内独立沙丘大约有6 033座，高度9~433 m，高度超过350 m的巨型沙山共有53座，其中星状沙山7座，最大高度383 m；横向沙山46座，最大高度433 m。横向沙丘高度与等效沙丘厚度呈正相关的线性函数关系，星状沙丘高度与等效沙丘厚度呈正相关的对数函数关系，表明在现代气候和环境条件下，横向沙丘高度仍在增加，而星状沙丘高度增长已经趋缓。两类沙丘的主轴向大都垂直于研究区主风向NW-SE。横向沙丘起沙风风向单一，沙丘轴向集中在NE-SW和NNE-SSW方向；星状沙丘起沙风风向略为复杂，沙丘存在多个次级轴向。 相似文献
20.
依据福建平潭岛海岸爬坡沙丘在2016年夏秋季台风“尼伯特”“莫兰蒂”“鲇鱼”组成的台风群登陆前后一年内8次形态高精度测量数据,探究典型海岸爬坡沙丘在台风群登陆后的年内形态变化过程及其特征。结果表明:(1)台风群造成海岸爬坡沙丘体积减少了0.13%、沙丘高度最大降低1.43 m,且不同部位高度变化存在一定差异,特别是后缘因地表植被破坏高度变化最明显。(2)台风群中单个台风作用下海岸爬坡沙丘形态变化虽明显,但未发现存在累积效应。(3)海岸爬坡沙丘形态在台风群后的近一年内以体积增加、沙丘高度增加为主,特别是爬坡沙丘前缘部位有明显的变化规律。(4)海岸爬坡沙丘形态对台风群的响应特征是台风群(强度、数量)、海岸爬坡沙丘原形态、植被盖度、海滩类型及周边环境等因素综合作用的结果,而台风群过后爬坡沙丘形态恢复变化与其形成发育因素相类似,其中海滩沙源和风况是关键性因素。 相似文献