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1.
《地层学杂志》2016,(2)
前寒武系,虽然不是一个正式的地层单位,但是,却简单明了地代表了形成于寒武纪开始(显生宙起始时)之前的所有岩石,因而就囊括了可以追索到地球形成的所有时间阶段的物质记录。遵循现代地层学的概念体系,要建立一个更加精确的前寒武纪地质年代表将面临着很多挑战。与寒武纪以来的显生宙相对应,前寒武纪曾经被称为"隐生宙"。随着研究的深入,尤其是地质学家在前寒武纪地层中发现了许多生命活动的痕迹,被称为"隐生宙"的前寒武纪就进一步划分为冥古宙、太古宙和元古宙,这代表了前寒武纪地层学研究的第一次概念进步。现行的前寒武纪年代地层划分,主要基于不同克拉通上的可对比的地质事件,而且基于合适的计时性(大致为整数的)时间界限来划分前寒武系,这个划分方案已经服务地球科学界三十余年,尤其是基于大范围的构造活动与沉积特征尝试性地建立了元古宙的纪(埃迪卡拉纪除外),代表了前寒武纪年代地层划分的第二次概念进步。随着对地球前寒武纪演变历史的深入研究而识别出许多不同时代的重要事件,以及更为重要的是从岩石记录的背景变化中识别出造成这些事件的成因,这不但导致了对前寒武纪地球的更加深入的了解,而且为今天重新修订一个新的前寒武纪地质年代表提供了一个难得的机会,从而产生了前寒武纪年代地层划分的第三次概念进步。在新修订的前寒武纪地质年代表中,表现出以下重要的进展:1)运用现代地层学的理念,重新定义了冥古宙、太古宙和元古宙;2)明确了具有特殊地质学涵义的太古宙的底界;3)明确并修订了太古宙-元古宙界线;4)尝试性地进行太古宇的建系。一个修订了的太古宙,可以定义为前寒武纪历史进程中具有以下特征的时间段,即地表上保存的最古老岩石的首次出现(4030 Ma的Acasta片麻岩)、大致在2420 Ma广泛的冰川沉积、变冷的地球条件和大气圈氧气上升的首次出现,据此太古宙还可以进一步划分成三个代和六个纪。太古宙的这个修订和进一步划分,强调了一个基本的科学理念,即太古宙代表了地壳形成与生物圈确立的早期主要阶段,以高度还原性的大气圈为特征。因此,太古宇的建系,是前寒武纪地层学研究一个大胆的尝试,也是一个重要的进展。本文通过详述这一重要进展,为深入理解地球早期复杂的演变历史提供重要的思考途径和研究线索,同时也希望能够为激发研究热情而起到抛砖引玉的作用。 相似文献
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全球冥古宙的研究进展和存在问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冥古宙是地球上最老的一个地质历史时期,由于缺少可靠的岩石记录一直没有得到国际地学界的重视和承认,到2004年才在建议的国际地层表中使用了冥古宙这一术语,定义从地球形成到出现地球最老岩石这段地球历史。但冥古宙与太古宙没有明确的地质界线,一些研究者提出了不同的年代界线(3.85Ga,4.0Ga,4.03Ga),目前还存在较大分歧。目前已知残存的冥古宙岩石只有两处,一处是加拿大的阿卡斯塔片麻岩(Acasta gneiss)中两个英云闪长岩和一个变质花岗闪长岩。前者锆石U-Pb年龄为4002±4Ma和4012±6Ma,后者为4031±1Ma。另一处是东南极索尼山(Mount Sones)的麻粒岩相英云闪长质片麻岩,已获得U-Pb年龄为3927±10Ma。世界上最老的表壳岩(≥3870Ma)出露在格陵兰。冥古宙年代久远,地球形成最初的600~700Ma的初始岩石经历了陨石撞击、地壳再循环、重熔等改造,甚至再循环到地幔,几乎已经消失殆尽。目前主要以年轻岩石中的碎屑锆石或继承锆石作为桥梁,来追索这些古老锆石原来母岩的类型、特征及成因。3800Ma的碎屑锆石已在全球十多个地区发现,而以西澳伊尔岗克拉通的杰克山最多最全,从3800Ma到4404Ma都有,在3840Ma,3900~3920Ma,4000~4200Ma,4260~4300Ma和4404Ma显示峰值,其中以3900~4200Ma最为发育,4404Ma是目前世界公认的最老碎屑锆石。此外在北美克拉通、南非克拉通、华北克拉通等古老克拉通以及一些年轻造山带中都发现有冥古宙的碎屑锆石,这些锆石是追索冥古宙地质事件的重要桥梁。通过对冥古宙碎屑锆石的研究提出了很多值得重视和进一步研究的课题和内容。包括早期地壳的性质,一些锆石具有与太古宙之后岩浆锆石特征相似的环带结构,因此这些碎屑锆石的母岩大部分被认为相当花岗质,来自老地壳的重熔。冥古宙碎屑锆石的Hf同位素等综合分析表明这些碎屑锆石来源于中性熔岩的结晶,或许表明早期地壳具有中性成分特征。冥古宙锆石的成因也是一个重要的课题,根据锆石中钛的含量、锆石Ti饱和温度计计算的温度以及锆石的一些结构特征,有的研究者提出冥古宙相当一部分碎屑锆石是陨石撞击导致的岩石熔融结晶产生的,是追溯地球早期撞击事件的重要手段。在4300Ma的碎屑锆石中包裹有金刚石和石墨晶体,前者表明锆石的母岩曾处于高压条件,而后者石墨的碳同位素接近有机碳,有人认为可能为生命起源的迹象。多个地区的碎屑锆石的边部Th/U比值低,U-Pb年龄为4000Ma左右,属于变质作用的产物,表明当时地壳已具有一定厚度。冥古宙碎屑锆石的研究提出了很多重要的问题,但是由于资料有限,有些认识还存在矛盾,还需要获得更多实际资料,才能对冥古宙的地质事件过程取得更可靠的科学认识。因此今后应加强可能赋存古老碎屑锆石地区的寻找,并发现更多古老碎屑锆石。对现有的古老碎屑锆石加强综合研究以及各地区的对比研究。 相似文献
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欧亚大陆东南缘早新生代古地理演变包含了华南沿海中生代山脉的逐步消减与南海的逐步扩张形成等重大事件。南海北部始新统—下中新统“源-汇”路径研究发现,南海沉积物物源在该时期发生了巨大改变。在始新世和早渐新世,源自南海西部古隆起的“昆—莺—琼”河流系统向南海东部地区输送了大量沉积物,包括珠二坳陷在内的南海北部南侧大部分地区受南海西部物源的控制,仅在珠一坳陷接受来自华南大陆珠江的沉积物;晚渐新世,南海西部物源逐步被北部珠江物源取代;到早中新世,珠江来源沉积物全面越过番禺低凸起进入珠二坳陷,大量来自华南内陆的沉积物被珠江运输至南海盆地,“昆—莺—琼”古河流进一步萎缩,仅在南海西部琼东南盆地分布,并且由西向东沉积物源区昆嵩地块逐渐被海南岛取代。南海西部自晚中新世以来发育的中央峡谷正是该古河流的残余。南海新生代早期“昆—莺—琼”河流系统的发现及珠江演变过程的构建,对于深刻认识该地区新生代早期古地理特征、整个欧亚大陆东南缘的古地貌重建以及盆地的油气勘探均具有重要意义。 相似文献
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近年来,在《古地理学报》(中文版和英文版)的已刊文章和来稿中,一些作者把岩石或岩石类型称作“微相”或“岩相”,把岩石薄片中的微观特征称作“微相”,把岩石的宏观特征称作“宏观相”。笔者曾写过2篇中文的短文《主编的话——岩石不是微相》和《主编的话——岩石不是岩相》,刊于《古地理学报》(中文版)中。但是此二文尚未引起国内外广大读者的关注。还有,在20世纪80年代,一些中国沉积学家根据野外露头和钻井岩心的岩石宏观特征,提出了“亚相”和“微相”。这个“微相”的定义与外国沉积学家在20世纪40年代根据岩石的显微镜下微观特征提出的“微相”的定义完全不同。这些问题屡屡出现从而迫使笔者,作为《古地理学报》(中文版和英文版)的主编,应该遵循“百花齐放和百家争鸣”的方针,再写出1篇中文及英文兼有的新文章,即《沉积相的一些术语定义的评论》(A review on the definitions of terms of sedimentary facies),把沉积相的一些术语,如“相”、“沉积相”、“岩相”、两种“微相”、“宏观相”、“亚相”等术语的定义讲清楚,并把此文同时在《古地理学报》(中文版和英文版)中刊出。希此文能引起国内外广大读者的关注,并撰写文章和参与这些问题讨论及争鸣,争取逐步得到一些共识,从而促进沉积学和古地理学的进步与发展。 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯盆地在地质历史上曾存在中央古隆起、乌兰格尔古隆起、渭河古隆起及乌审旗古隆起4个主要的隆起构造。作者通过沉积地层分布及构造演化过程剖析等方法,系统分析了4大古隆起构造演化的差异性及其对油气成藏控制作用的差异,并首次提出“渭河古隆起”的概念。研究表明,4大古隆起分别形成于不同的地质时代和区域构造环境,并经历了不同的演化过程: 中央古隆起形成于早古生代拉伸构造环境,在印支期发生构造反转而转化为坳陷沉降区; 乌兰格尔古隆起则是自盆地基底形成以来就已存在的长期继承性隆起,但在白垩纪及新生代发生差异隆升—沉降而分化为现今构造的不同单元; 渭河古隆起形成于白垩纪的区域挤压构造环境,也是在新生代发生差异隆升—沉降而分化为今构造的不同单元; 乌审旗古隆起是前寒武纪即已存在的古地形高地,早古生代并无进一步的发展,因而仅是在寒武纪海侵沉积时突显、奥陶纪开始沉积后即快速消隐。古隆起的控藏差异主要表现为: (1)古生代及之前形成的古隆起对盆地油气成藏多具有控相、控储及控制源—储配置等积极作用,且后期“由隆转坳”的古隆起对油气的成藏演化极为有利; (2)白垩纪以来的较晚期隆起对油气成藏总体以破坏性作用为主,尤以对古生界天然气藏的影响最为显著。 相似文献
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古地理图是地质历史时期和人类历史时期自然地理特征的图示,是古地理学研究的最重要的成果。笔者作为《古地理学报》中文版及英文版的主编,针对近年来这两个期刊的来稿及刊登的文章中的一些问题,也涉及其他文章和著作中的一些相关的问题,结合笔者自己长期从事古地理学研究及编制古地理图的实践,写出了本文。其主要内容包括编制古地理图的资料,编制古地理图的方法问题,“单因素分析多因素综合作图法——定量岩相古地理学方法论”即“四步成图法”,古地理图中各古地理单位的命名,古地理图中各古地理单位的说明,古地理图及古地理学文章和著作的理论意义和生产意义的说明,古地理图及古地理学文章和著作的评价标准,自我评价,对作者、读者和社会负责等。敬请广大读者批评指正。 相似文献
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碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩分别产自“外源、浑水”与“内源、清水”环境,二者的交替互层沉积可反映古水体性质、物源供给及气候等环境要素的频繁改变。晚石炭世,柴达木盆地北缘构造相对稳定,盆内发育巨厚的、多级次嵌套的“碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩混积层系”,记录了“冰室地球”冰川活动下的古海平面大幅度升降和古气候、古环境频繁交替信息。文中以柴达木盆地北缘连续完整露头剖面和钻井取心剖面为研究对象,结合区域地质资料、前人研究成果,通过详细的岩心、露头及镜下薄片观察,在研究区重点层段识别出下切谷充填型碎屑岩沉积和碳酸盐岩台地沉积组成的频繁互层序列。碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩互层组合序列在垂向上的有序叠加,构成了复合海平面变化旋回层序,其从碳酸盐岩—改造型台地沉积开始,向上依次发育碎屑岩下切谷充填序列的底部冲积河道沉积、中部河口湾序列和顶部代表海泛面的泥岩沉积,最后转变为碳酸盐岩向海到向陆台地亚相,反映了一个显著的早期海退—中期逐渐海侵—后期再次海退的旋回过程。冰川期急剧变冷的气候和冰川型高频的大幅度海平面升降,驱动滨线及相带迁移,影响到碎屑岩供给速率和碳酸盐生产率,造成了碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩的高频转换。 相似文献
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为了探讨华北板块南缘中元古代沉积地层的时代归属和物质来源、区域古地理格局和大地构造特征,对豫西灵宝福地地区的高山河群进行碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和锆石微量元素特征研究。获得的高山河群年龄最小(年轻)的单颗碎屑锆石 207Pb/206Pb 年龄值为1685±39 Ma,从而限制了高山河群最早沉积年龄不早于1700 Ma。结合上覆的龙家园组年代学标定(1594±12 Ma),将高山河群的形成年代限定为1700—1600 Ma,即中元古代长城纪的中晚期,属国际地质年表的“固结纪”。高山河群中碎屑锆石 207Pb/206Pb 年龄范围为1685—2751 Ma,呈现1850 Ma、2150 Ma、2300 Ma和2500 Ma共4个年龄峰值,对应于华北克拉通古元古代重要的地质事件,并且高山河群以1850 Ma和2500 Ma峰值年龄段的地质体为主要的物源区。根据高山河群与云梦山组碎屑锆石年龄频率对比,推测在豫西地区西侧存在以往报道较少的年龄为2500 Ma的地质体。根据熊耳群火山岩及其对应锆石的地球化学特征和熊耳期盆地动力学性质,并结合高山河群沉积相特征和沉积盆地构造属性,认为熊耳群形成于与“岛弧”共生的拉张性质的弧后盆地地区,而其上覆的高山河群为弧后盆地靠近大陆一侧的具有被动大陆边缘性质的滨浅海沉积。 相似文献
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位于松潘—甘孜造山带雅江穹隆群北东部的容须卡岩浆底辟穹隆区,经历了多期构造演化,内部构造极其复杂。为厘清容须卡地区岩浆与穹隆的演化关系,通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,探讨了容须卡穹隆的地质特征及构造演化。该穹隆中心发育无根或肠状褶皱,及“S”型、“Z”型褶皱和“A”型平卧褶皱; 穹隆外围发育叠加褶皱,反映造山带早期SN向和EW向收缩挤压。该穹隆主要经历了晚三叠世(印支末期)SN向与EW向的“双向挤压”作用; 成穹期岩浆向上侵位时限为(214.4±1.2) Ma; 成穹后经历了挤压推覆和应力松弛阶段; 早中新世(17~10 Ma),由于青藏高原东南缘快速抬升,松潘—甘孜造山带发育NW-SE向鲜水河左旋走滑断裂,使容须卡地区形成一系列NNW向韧脆性和脆性破碎带。 相似文献
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位于松潘—甘孜造山带雅江穹隆群北东部的容须卡岩浆底辟穹隆区,经历了多期构造演化,内部构造极其复杂。为厘清容须卡地区岩浆与穹隆的演化关系,通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,探讨了容须卡穹隆的地质特征及构造演化。该穹隆中心发育无根或肠状褶皱,及“S”型、“Z”型褶皱和“A”型平卧褶皱; 穹隆外围发育叠加褶皱,反映造山带早期SN向和EW向收缩挤压。该穹隆主要经历了晚三叠世(印支末期)SN向与EW向的“双向挤压”作用; 成穹期岩浆向上侵位时限为(214.4±1.2) Ma; 成穹后经历了挤压推覆和应力松弛阶段; 早中新世(17~10 Ma),由于青藏高原东南缘快速抬升,松潘—甘孜造山带发育NW-SE向鲜水河左旋走滑断裂,使容须卡地区形成一系列NNW向韧脆性和脆性破碎带。 相似文献
11.
本文概括性地阐述我国前寒武纪冥古宙、太古宙、元古宙三大地史阶段的重大地质事件,粗略勾绘前寒武纪地球演化的轨迹,期望了解我国与全球变化的异同,进一步突出我国前寒武纪三大地史阶段中新太古代超级地质事件及元古宙时期中国大陆块体对哥伦比亚及罗迪尼亚两个超大陆形成与破裂的地质响应。冥古宙是地球最早期的地史阶段,从太阳系形成的4 567 Ma至地球上最老的4 030 Ma的Acasta片麻杂岩。碎屑锆石保存最好的地点是西澳的Mt. Narryer和Jack Hills。目前在中国大陆至少有7个地点发现具有罕见的约4.0 Ga的碎屑锆石,这些地点并不位于克拉通区,而是赋存于造山系新元古代至古生代以碎屑岩为主的地层中。太古宙(4 030~2 420 Ma)定义为从最古老的岩石出现(4 030 Ma Acasta片麻岩)至冰碛层首次广泛分布的寒冷期之间的一段地史。最古老的岩石为英云闪长片麻岩,构成加拿大西北斯拉夫克拉通4.03~3.94 Ga Acasta片麻岩的一部分。西南格陵兰Isua带保存全球有最老的表壳岩,形成于3 810 Ma。太古宙最重大的地质事件莫过于2 780~2 420 Ma时期的新太古代超级事件。值得指出的是华北克拉通最古老、也是中国最古老的岩石出露在中国辽宁鞍山地区,约3.80 Ga英云闪长岩奧长花岗质片麻岩和3.30 Ga的表壳岩已被识别。华北克拉通太古宙有与世界各地太古宙相似的演化历史和特点,包括花岗岩绿岩带及高级变质片麻岩带、广泛的英云闪长岩奧长花岗岩花岗闪长岩(TTG)片麻岩、古陆壳的出露(略老于3.8 Ga)、广泛分布的BIF等。我国太古宙花岗岩绿岩带虽然在华北克拉通分布较广,但与南非、格陵兰、加拿大、西澳等地经典的花岗岩绿岩带相比,时代偏新,仅以新太古代为主,规模偏小,缺少大面积分布的科马提岩,且变质程度偏高,主要为角闪岩相麻粒岩相变质。演化到元古宙(2 420~541 Ma),则进入成熟的、较冷的、刚性程度较高的地球,以现代样式板块构造、超大陆旋回和更复杂的疑源类(eukaryotic)生命的发育为特征。这种变化大致出现在2 420 Ma左右,与哈默斯利型BIF的消失及地史中首次广泛出现的冰川沉积物年代相近。古元古代早期十分重要的“休伦冰川事件”、指示大氧化事件的古老红层在我国尚未被发现,与Lomagundi Jatuli (LJE) δ13C的同位素漂移有关的关门山组古元古代沉积地层的同位素年代学依据不足;古元古代磷矿和具有巨大石油潜力的2.01 Ga Shunga事件也未能鉴别。但中国最大特色是发育了与哥伦比亚和罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚与裂解有关的良好地质记录,特别是华北克拉通保存了古元古代与哥伦比亚超大陆汇聚有关的超高温、高压麻粒岩等变质及岩浆事件,1 780 Ma以后的中元古代又保存了与哥伦比亚超大陆裂解有关的裂谷沉积及岩浆活动;而在扬子和塔里木陆块区则保存了与新元古代早期与罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚有关的蛇绿岩、混杂岩、洋内弧、俯冲增生杂岩及大陆边缘弧,在约800 Ma以后则发育了与罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解有关的沉积及岩浆活动的地质记录,为中国和全球地质学者研究这一时期地球系统变化和成矿作用提供了客观的野外实验室和良好的范例。 相似文献
12.
A New Progress of the Proterozoic Chronostratigraphical Division 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Precambrian, an informal chronostratigraphical unit, represents the period of Earth history from the start of the Cambrian at ca. 541 Ma back to the formation of the planet at 4567 Ma. It was originally conceptualized as a "Cryptozoic Eon" that was contrasted with the Phanerozoic Eon from the Cambrian to the Quaternary, which is now known as the Precambrian and can be subdivided into three eons, i.e., the Hadean, the Archean and the Proterozoic. The Precambrian is currently divided chronometrically into convenient boundaries, including for the establishment of the Proterozoic periods that were chosen to reflect large-scale tectonic or sedimentary features(except for the Ediacaran Period). This chronometric arrangement might represent the second progress on the study of chronostratigraphy of the Precambrian after its separation from the Phanerozoic. Upon further study of the evolutionary history of the Precambrian Earth, applying new geodynamic and geobiological knowledge and information, a revised division of Precambrian time has led to the third conceptual progress on the study of Precambrian chronostratigraphy. In the current scheme, the Proterozoic Eon began at 2500 Ma, which is the approximate time by which most granite-greenstone crust had formed, and can be subdivided into ten periods of typically 200 Ma duration grouped into three eras(except for the Ediacaran Period). Within this current scheme, the Ediacaran Period was ratified in 2004, the first period-level addition to the geologic time scale in more than a century, an important advancement in stratigraphy. There are two main problems in the current scheme of Proterozoic chronostratigraphical division:(1) the definition of the Archean–Proterozoic boundary at 2500 Ma, which does not reflect a unique time of synchronous global change in tectonic style and does not correspond with a major change in lithology;(2) the round number subdivision of the Proterozoic into several periods based on broad orogenic characteristics, which has not met with requests on the concept of modern stratigraphy, except for the Ediacaran Period. In the revised chronostratigraphic scheme for the Proterozoic, the Archean–Proterozoic boundary is placed at the major change from a reducing early Earth to a cooler, more modern Earth characterized by the supercontinent cycle, a major change that occurred at ca. 2420 Ma. Thus, a revised Proterozoic Eon(2420–542 Ma) is envisaged to extend from the Archean–Proterozoic boundary at ca. 2420 Ma to the end of the Ediacaran Period, i.e., a period marked by the progressive rise in atmospheric oxygen, supercontinent cyclicity, and the evolution of more complex(eukaryotic) life. As with the current Proterozoic Eon, a revised Proterozoic Eon based on chronostratigraphy is envisaged to consist of three eras(Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic), but the boundary ages for these divisions differ from their current ages and their subdivisions into periods would also differ from current practice. A scheme is proposed for the chronostratigraphic division of the Proterozoic, based principally on geodynamic and geobiological events and their expressions in the stratigraphic record. Importantly, this revision of the Proterozoic time scale will be of significant benefit to the community as a whole and will help to drive new research that will unveil new information about the history of our planet, since the Proterozoic is a significant connecting link between the preceding Precambrian and the following Phanerozoic. 相似文献
13.
Discoveries of >4 Ga old zircon grains in the northwest Yilgarn of Western Australia led to the conclusion that evolved crust formed on the Earth within the first few 100 Ma after accretion. Little is known, however, about the fate of the first crust that shaped early Earth's surface. Here we report combined solution and laser-ablation Lu–Hf–U–Pb isotope analyses of early Archean and Hadean detrital zircon grains from different rocks of the Narryer Gneiss Complex (NGC), Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. The zircons show two distinct groups with separate evolutionary trends in their Hf isotopes. The majority of the zircon grains point to separation from a depleted mantle reservoir at ∼3.8–3.9 Ga. The second Hf isotope trend implies reworking of older Hadean zircon grains. The major trend starting at 3.8–3.9 Ga defined by the Hf isotopes corresponds to a Lu/Hf that is characteristic for felsic crust and consequently, the primary sources for these zircons presumably had a chemical composition characteristic of continental crust. Reworked Hadean crust appears to have evolved with a similar low Lu/Hf, such that the early crust was probably evolved with respect to Lu–Hf distributions. The co-variation of Hf isotopes vs. age in zircon grains from Mt. Narryer and Jack Hills zircon grains implies a similar crustal source for both sediments in a single, major crustal domain. Age spectra and associated Hf isotopes in the zircon grains strongly argue for ongoing magmatic reworking over hundreds of millions of years of the felsic crustal domain in which the zircon grains formed. Late-stage metamorphic zircon grains from the Meeberrie Gneiss unit yield a mean U–Pb age of 3294.5 ± 3.2 Ma with initial Hf isotopes that correspond to the evolutionary trend defined by older NGC zircon grains and overlap with other detrital zircon grains, proving their genetic relationship. This ‘Meeberrie event’ is interpret here as the last reworking event in the precursor domain before final deposition. The continuous magmatic activity in one crustal domain during the Archean is recorded by the U–Pb ages and Hf isotope systematics of zircon grains and implies reworking of existing crust. We suspect that the most likely driving force for such reworking of crustal material is ongoing crustal collision and subduction. A comparison of Hf isotope signatures of zircon grains from other Archean terranes shows that similar trends are recognised within all sampled Archean domains. This implies either a global trend in crustal growth and reworking, or a genetic connection of Archean terranes in close paleo-proximity to each other. Notably, the Archean Acasta gneiss (Canada) shows a similar reworking patterns to the Yilgarn Craton of Hadean samples implying either a common Hadean source or amalgamation at the Hadean–Archean transition. 相似文献
14.
传统的前寒武纪地质年代表划分方案以全球标准地层年龄（GSSA）为基础,不代表任何特殊的岩石实体,仅以推测的绝对测年值为界线进行单元划分,脱离了客观的岩石记录和地球演化系统,不利于对前寒武纪地球系统的研究。2004年—2008年前寒武纪划分参考方案,以反映地球历史阶段特征的“关键事件”为界线,创建前寒武纪地层划分的“金钉子”,建立客观的、“自然的” 前寒武纪地质年代表,并且通过全球一级事件群把前寒武纪划分为5个宙,即创世宙、冥古宙、太古宙、过渡宙和元古宙。另外,经过综合分析建议将埃迪卡拉纪归到显生宙。因此,对前寒武纪的研究实际上变为对“前埃迪卡拉纪”的研究,使术语“显生宙”在内涵和应用上更加一致。虽然“参考方案”在一定程度上还仅仅是一个理论框架,需要大量的研究去充实和细化,但是对这两种划分方案的系统研究和对比,可以给我国前寒武纪工作者提供重要的研究思路和方向。 相似文献
15.
We report the first U-Th-Pb ion microprobe depth profiles of four Hadean zircons from the Jack Hills and Mount Narryer supracrustal belts of the Narryer Gneiss Complex (NGC), Western Australia. This ultra-high spatial resolution technique probes the age and origin of sub-micron features in individual crystals that can record episodes of zircon growth. Near-surface grain dates of 2700 Ma or older are coincident with post-depositional growth/modification. Some ages may coincide with documented pre-deposition metamorphic events for the NGC and igneous emplacement at ca. 3700 Ma. Separate events that do not correlate in time with known geologic episodes prior to the preserved rock record are also present on pre-4000 Ma zircons. We find evidence for a ∼3.9 Ga event, which is coterminous within age uncertainty with one or several large basin-forming impacts (e.g. Nectaris) on the Moon attributed to the late heavy bombardment of the inner solar system. 相似文献
16.
Elizabeth A. Bell T. Mark Harrison Malcolm T. McCulloch Edward D. Young 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(17):4816-4829
Several lines of isotopic evidence - the most direct of which is from Hadean Jack Hills zircons - suggest a very early history of crust formation on Earth that began by about 4.5 Ga. To constrain both the fate of the reservoir for this crust and the nature of crustal evolution in the sediment source region of the Jack Hills, Western Australia, during the early Archean, we report here initial 176Hf/177Hf ratios and δ18O systematics for <4 Ga Jack Hills zircons. In contrast to the significant number of Hadean zircons which contain highly unradiogenic 176Hf/177Hf requiring a near-zero Lu/Hf reservoir to have separated from the Earth’s mantle by 4.5 Ga, Jack Hills zircons younger than ca. 3.6 Ga are more radiogenic than -13ε (CHUR) at 3.4 Ga in contrast to projected values at 3.4 Ga of -20ε for the unradiogenic Hadean reservoir indicating that some later juvenile addition to the crust is required to explain the more radiogenic younger zircons. The shift in the Lu-Hf systematics together with a narrow range of mostly mantle-like δ18O values among the <3.6 Ga zircons (in contrast to the spread towards sedimentary δ18O among Hadean samples) suggests a period of transition between 3.6 and 4 Ga in which the magmatic setting of zircon formation changed and the highly unradiogenic low Lu/Hf Hadean crust ceased to be available for intracrustal reworking. Constraining the nature of this transition provides important insights into the processes of crustal reworking and recycling of the Earth’s Hadean crust as well as early Archean crustal evolution. 相似文献
17.
红旗营子杂岩主要块体包括太古代火成岩(斜长角闪片麻岩、石英闪长岩-英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩),晚古元古代或古生代变基性岩(退变榴辉岩和斜长角闪岩),晚古生代变表壳岩(石榴角闪黑云斜长片麻岩和蛇纹石化大理岩)。本次研究的变基性岩(石榴斜长角闪岩)角闪岩相变质作用发生的时间为322.0Ma—317.3Ma,其围岩变表壳岩(石榴角闪黑云斜长片麻岩)沉积作用发生的时限可能为357Ma—350.9Ma,发生角闪岩相变质作用的时间为350.9Ma—343.5Ma。对红旗营子杂岩已报道的变质年龄进行汇总研究表明,存在显著的3个变质年龄区间:晚太古代2494Ma—2448Ma;晚古元古代1900Ma—1734 Ma(峰期为1824.6 Ma)和显生宙495 Ma—234Ma(峰期为323.7Ma)。其中,晚古元古代变质年龄和显生宙变质年龄的峰值最为显著,晚古元古代变质事件可能与华北克拉通东西陆块的相互碰撞及哥伦比亚超大陆的形成有关;显生宙变质事件,可能与古亚洲洋的开裂、俯冲、关闭及造山后的伸展有关。 相似文献
18.
Relatively soon (0.2 Ga) after the Earthformed, it is likely that major oceans appeared in ahot (100°C) reducing environment where carbondioxide was probably the dominant atmospheric gas,with PCO2, values reaching perhaps in excess of 10atm. During the Hadean Eon between 4.3 and 3.8 Ga BP,major changes in the concentration of atmosphericCO2 and associated temperature changes had aprofound influence on the carbonate geochemistry ofthe Hadean Ocean. Although no rocks are known to havesurvived prior to the Archean Eon, it is stillpossible to calculate approximate values for importantseawater parameters during the Hadean Eon based onother sources of information and reasonableassumptions about processes such as weatheringreactions.Our calculations are based on a linear temperaturechange from 100°C to 70°C and logPCO2 change from 1 to -1.5 over the Hadean Eon. Over this range in temperature and P CO2, theinfluence of T is relatively small, but changes inP CO2 result in large compositional variations inthe carbonate chemistry of Hadean seawater. In theearly Hadean, seawater pH was probably about5.8 ± 0.2, DIC may have reached close to 130 mM,and alkalinity was perhaps close to 30 mM. By thelate Hadean, seawater pH probably had changed to closeto neutral (6.8), and DIC and alkalinity were closerto present-day values. Even large uncertainties inNa+ + Cl-, K+ and Mg2+concentrations produce relatively small uncertaintiesin our calculated values for the carbonic acid system. However, larger uncertainties result from reasonableranges for Ca2+ concentrations and the saturationstate of Hadean seawater with respect to calcite.Our calculations support the hypothesis that acarbonate chemistry of seawater roughly similar tothat of modern oceans could have been acquired veryearly in Earth history. If seawater composition werebuffered by reactions involving carbonates andsilicates, then the composition of late Hadean-earlyArchean seawater was not vastly different from that oftoday. Thus, by the conclusion of the Hadean Eon, ifnot before, environmental conditions at the Earth's surface, including temperature and seawatercomposition, were sufficiently equable for theevolution of life, including the Archaebacteria: theextreme halophiles and thermophiles and methanogens.Contrary to the hypothesis of an early Na-bicarbonateocean, our calculations suggest the possibility thatthe early oceans of Earth were a NaCl-dominatedaqueous solution, with somewhat higher DIC andalkalinity concentrations, higher saturation state,and the possibility of lower calcium concentrations.The time course of approach of Hadean seawater to acarbonate composition closer to that of today isdifficult to predict. It is distinctly possible thatthe concentration of calcium in seawater did not reachlevels like that of modern seawater until the latePrecambrian and thus constrained the timing of the"Big Bang" of organic evolution, the emergence of theshelled invertebrates at the beginning of thePhanerozoic. 相似文献
19.
阿尔金北缘沟口泉古元古代蛇绿混杂岩(绿岩)地质特征及意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年经过区域地质调查,在阿尔金北缘沟口泉地区新识别出一套古元古代蛇绿混杂岩,其由洋壳岩块、上覆岩系及外来岩块等组成,洋壳岩块包括变质橄榄岩-堆晶超镁铁质岩、辉长质杂岩、斜长岩、斜长花岗岩、辉绿岩和镁铁质火山熔岩等,为一层序较完整的蛇绿岩套。根据对其各组成单元分布、岩石组合、岩石学、地球化学、同位素年代学等方面的研究以及在变质辉橄岩、斜长岩、辉长岩和玄武岩等岩石中获得锆石U-Pb SHRIMP定年加权平均值年龄(1 889±27)Ma、(1 869±27)Ma、(1 836±40)Ma、(1 818±25)Ma及数个2 200~2 600Ma单点年龄数据,证实了阿尔金北缘地区新太古宙末-古元古代存在一洋盆,并于古元古代末俯冲碰撞闭合形成了沟口泉蛇绿混杂岩,初步判定其为地幔柱型(P型)蛇绿岩。该发现为塔里木南缘阿北-敦煌地块与阿尔金造山带新太古宙末—古元古代构造演化提供了充分依据,对早前寒武纪地壳演化研究具有重要的地质意义。 相似文献
20.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2015,56(7):978-995
The Hadean and Archean geologic history of the Earth is discussed in the context of available knowledge from different sources: space physics and comparative planetology; isotope geochronology; geology and petrology of Archean greenstone belts (GB) and tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) complexes; and geodynamic modeling review to analyse plate-tectonic, plume activity, and impact processes. Correlation between the age peaks of terrestrial Hadean-Early Archean zircons and late heavy bombardment events on the Moon, as well as the Hf isotope composition of zircons indicating their mostly mafic sources, hint to an important role of impact processes in the Earth’s history between 4.4 and 3.8 Ga. The earliest continental crust (TTG complexes) formed at 4.2 Ga (Acasta gneisses), while its large-scale recycling left imprint in Hf isotope signatures after 3.75 Ga. The associations and geochemistry of rocks suggest that Archean greenstone belts formed in settings of rifting, ocean floor spreading, subduction, and plume magmatism generally similar to the present respective processes. The Archean history differed in the greater extent of rocks derived from mantle plumes (komatiites and basalts), boninites, and adakites as well as in shorter subduction cycles recorded in alternation of typical calc-alkaline andesite-dacite-rhyolite and adakite series that were generated in a hotter mantle with more turbulent convection and unsteady subduction. The Archean is interpreted as a transient period of small plate tectonics. 相似文献