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1.
The Cainozoic history of the Lake Eyre region opened with a period of deep weathering during which many of the older rocks were extensively kaolinized. Following erosion and later deposition of a thin sheet of Tertiary fluviatile deposits, a period of weathering resulted in the widespread formation of silcrete. Another period of erosion and deposition was followed by soil formation and minor silici‐fication. An important period of erosion followed during which some of the main elements of the present landscape were outlined. Warping during this interval gave rise to shallow basins in which lacustrine sediments accumulated. At about the same time, a system of mound springs developed near the western margin of the Great Artesian Basin. Another major period of erosion followed, by which time the main topographic features of the present landscape had evolved. This last event probably took place near the close of the Tertiary. Throughout the Tertiary, drainage was external and ancestral Lake Eyre remained fresh. The Quaternary was characterized by four periods of aeolian and, to a lesser extent, water erosion and deposition alternating with periods of landscape stability, when weathering and soil formation took place. Throughout the Cainozoic there was an alternation of relatively humid and dry periods, but true aridity and internal drainage did not appear until the Quaternary. Sand ridges were not formed until the late Quaternary. Intervals of gentle warping occurred from time to time during the Tertiary, but the Quaternary has for the most part been a period of stability. These events have given rise to a sequence of distinctive rock and soil‐stratigraphic units whose characteristics are considered in some detail. 相似文献
2.
Long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion from cosmogenic nuclides and geochemical mass balance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Quantifying long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion is important for understanding the long-term evolution of soils, landscapes, and Earth's climate. Here we describe how long-term chemical weathering rates can be measured for actively eroding landscapes using cosmogenic nuclides together with a geochemical mass balance of weathered soil and parent rock. We tested this approach in the Rio Icacos watershed, Puerto Rico, where independent studies have estimated weathering rates over both short and long timescales. Results from the cosmogenic/mass balance method are consistent with three independent sets of weathering rate estimates, thus confirming that this approach yields realistic measurements of long-term weathering rates. This approach can separately quantify weathering rates from saprolite and from overlying soil as components of the total. At Rio Icacos, nearly 50% of Si weathering occurs as rock is converted to saprolite; in contrast, nearly 100% of Al weathering occurs in the soil. Physical erosion rates are measured as part of our mass balance approach, making it particularly useful for studying interrelationships between chemical weathering and physical erosion. Our data show that chemical weathering rates are tightly coupled with physical erosion rates, such that the relationship between climate and chemical weathering rates may be obscured by site-to-site differences in the rate that minerals are supplied to soil by physical erosion of rock. One can normalize for variations in physical erosion rates using the “chemical depletion fraction,” which measures the fraction of total denudation that is accounted for by chemical weathering. This measure of chemical weathering intensity increases with increasing average temperature and precipitation in data from climatically diverse granitic sites, including tropical Rio Icacos and six temperate sites in the Sierra Nevada, California. Hence, across a wide range of climate regimes, analysis of chemical depletion fractions appears to effectively account for site-to-site differences in physical erosion rates, which would otherwise obscure climatic effects on chemical weathering rates. Our results show that by quantifying rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering together, our mass balance approach can be used to determine the relative importance of climatic and nonclimatic factors in regulating long-term chemical weathering rates. 相似文献
3.
喜马拉雅山是地球上最高大与最年轻的山脉之一。自第三纪以来,随着海洋历史的完结和不断上升,自然环境发生了巨大变化,尤其第四纪时期,本区古气候的变化更为引人注目。地壳表层岩石在各地质历史时期和高山气候环境下,曾经受过种种不同程度的风化作用,与陆地表面物质重新分异和组合的同时,各种化学元素也相应地发生过迁移和富集。因此,作为特定气候产物的风化壳类型和地球化学内容都是富有特色的。 相似文献
4.
Recurrent events on a Quaternary fault recorded in the mineralogy and micromorphology of a weathering profile, Yangsan Fault System, Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recurrence characteristics of a Quaternary fault are generally investigated on the basis of field properties that are rapidly degraded by chemical weathering and erosion in warm humid climates. Here we show that in intense weathering environments, mineralogical and micromorphological investigations are valuable in paleoseismological reconstruction. A weathering profile developed in Late Quaternary marine terrace deposits along the southeastern coast of the Korean Peninsula was disturbed by tectonic movement that appears to be a simple one-time reverse faulting event based on field observations. A comparative analysis of the mineralogy, micromorphology, and chemistry of the weathering profile and fault gouge, however, reveals that both the microfissures in the deformed weathering profile and larger void spaces along the fault plane were filled with multi-stage accumulations of illuvial clay and silt minerals of detrital origin, suggesting a repetition of fissuring and subsequent sealing in the weathering profile as it underwent continuous mineralogical transformation and particle translocation. We reconstruct a sequence of multiple faulting events unrecognized in previous field surveys, which requires revision of the view that the Korean Peninsula was tectonically stable, during the Late Quaternary. 相似文献
5.
6.
Cosmogenic nuclide methods for measuring long-term rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering
James W. Kirchner Clifford S. Riebe Kenneth L. Ferrier Robert C. Finkel 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):296
Understanding the evolution of geochemical and geomorphic systems requires measurements of long-term rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering. Erosion and weathering rates have traditionally been estimated from measurements of sediment and solute fluxes in streams. However, modern sediment and solute fluxes are often decoupled from long-term rates of erosion and weathering, due to storage or re-mobilization of sediment and solutes upstream from the sampling point. Recently, cosmogenic nuclides such as 10Be and 26Al have become important new tools for measuring long-term rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering. Cosmogenic nuclides can be used to infer the total denudation flux (the sum of the rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering) in actively eroding terrain. Here we review recent work showing how this total denudation flux can be partitioned into its physical and chemical components, using the enrichment of insoluble tracers (such as Zr) in regolith relative to parent rock. By combining cosmogenic nuclide measurements with the bulk elemental composition of rock and soil, geochemists can measure rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering over 1000- to 10,000-year time scales. 相似文献
7.
P.D. Sumner K.J. Hall J.L. van Rooy K.I. Meiklejohn 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2009,55(5):236-244
The mountains in the eastern region of southern Africa are of significant regional importance, providing for a diverse range of land use including conservation, tourism and subsistence agriculture. The higher regions are comprised of flood basalts and are immediately underlain by predominantly aeolian-origin sandstones. Our understanding of the weathering of these basalts and sandstones is reviewed here, with particular focus on the insights gained from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project and an ongoing study into the deterioration of rock art. While the chemical weathering attributes of the basalts have been substantially investigated, it is evident that the environmental surface conditions of rock moisture and temperature, as affecting weathering processes, remain largely unknown. Within the sandstones, studies pertaining to rock art deterioration present insights into the potential surface weathering processes and highlight the need for detailed field monitoring. Outside of these site-specific studies, however, little is understood of how weathering impacts on landscape development; notably absent, are detail on weathering rates, and potential effects of biological weathering. Some palaeoenvironmental inferences have also been made from weathering products, both within the basalts and the sandstones, but aspects of these remain controversial and further detailed research can still be undertaken. 相似文献
8.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2010,56(5):236-244
The mountains in the eastern region of southern Africa are of significant regional importance, providing for a diverse range of land use including conservation, tourism and subsistence agriculture. The higher regions are comprised of flood basalts and are immediately underlain by predominantly aeolian-origin sandstones. Our understanding of the weathering of these basalts and sandstones is reviewed here, with particular focus on the insights gained from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project and an ongoing study into the deterioration of rock art. While the chemical weathering attributes of the basalts have been substantially investigated, it is evident that the environmental surface conditions of rock moisture and temperature, as affecting weathering processes, remain largely unknown. Within the sandstones, studies pertaining to rock art deterioration present insights into the potential surface weathering processes and highlight the need for detailed field monitoring. Outside of these site-specific studies, however, little is understood of how weathering impacts on landscape development; notably absent, are detail on weathering rates, and potential effects of biological weathering. Some palaeoenvironmental inferences have also been made from weathering products, both within the basalts and the sandstones, but aspects of these remain controversial and further detailed research can still be undertaken. 相似文献
9.
流域盆地的风化作用与全球气候变化 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
介绍了岩石风化作用与流域盆地的物质输送对于研究全球海-陆物质循环和全球气候变化的重要意义。讨论了运用河流的颗粒相和溶解相载荷分别去估算机械剥蚀率和化学风化率的科学性及各种计算方法。从全球的观点对岩性、径流、地势、气候、植被以及人为活动 6个因素对于岩石风化作用及河流颗粒相和溶解相物质输送的影响进行了详细的讨论，得到岩性是决定机械剥蚀率和化学风化率的主导因素，径流和地势是影响河流颗粒物输送的重要因素，而径流和气候则对河流溶解离子的输送影响较大，此外植被和人为活动对河流化学及颗粒物输送的影响也越来越受到人们的关注。探讨了岩石化学风化作用消耗的CO2量及其对全球气候变化的影响，在此基础上，归纳了岩石化学风化作用与气候变化的模式。 相似文献
10.
Alastair G. Dawson 《第四纪科学杂志》1994,9(4):349-356
The islands of Tiree and Coll in the Scottish Inner Hebrides are dominated by staircases of glaciated rock-platform surfaces in Lewisian gneiss that are interpreted here as areas of strandflat. The rock platform surfaces exhibit differential glacio-isostatic uplift from east to west and are considered to indicate at least four separate periods of strandflat formation during prolonged intervals of Quaternary cold climate. It is suggested that many of the well-known areas of high rock platform located farther east in the Scottish Inner Hebrides represent eroded remnants of the strandflat surfaces described here. The existence of the Tiree and Coll strandflat surfaces in conjunction with their formation during periods of Quaternary glaciation implies that they were produced during periods when mainland Scotland was ice-covered yet when the western margin of the ice sheet was normally located east of these islands. A prominent Late-glacial raised shoreline also occurs on both islands and declines in altitude to the west, from 22 m in northeastern Coll to 9 m in western Tiree. It is believed that this shoreline, whose regional gradient is 0.39 m km?1, may represent part of the Main Wester Ross Shoreline that was formed in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland during a period of glacial advance that interrupted the decay of the last (Late Devensian) ice sheet. The general similarity in altitude between the Late-glacial shoreline features and rock platform surfaces implies that during each period of Quaternary strandflat formation, relative sea-level returned to the same approximate position. This would appear to indicate that the glacio-isostatic and glacio-eustatic components affecting the positions of relative sea level in Scotland have remained in approximate equilibrium throughout the duration of the Quaternary. 相似文献
11.
This paper presents the first detailed multi-element geochemical data from the late Quaternary sediments of the Tecocomulco lake basin (central Mexico) and rocks exposed in the basin catchments to understand the extents of chemical weathering and provenance of the siliciclastic fractions. Ternary diagrams of A-CN-K, A-C-N and A-CNK-FM and elemental ratios suggest that most of the lacustrine sediments were derived from mafic volcanic deposits comprising the Chichicuatla and the Apan-Peñon andesites and the Apan-Tezontepec basaltic-andesites. The felsic tephra layers have chemical compositions comparable to the Acoculco volcanic sequences. The calculated indices of chemical weathering such as chemical index of alteration (CIA), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) and chemical index of weathering (CIW) indicate low to extreme chemical weathering for the lacustrine sediments and low chemical weathering for tephra layers. The varying degree of chemical weathering in lacustrine sediments is related to the fluctuating average annual precipitation during the late Quaternary. However, the low weathering of tephra layers are due to their higher rate of deposition. The dacite-rhyolitic tephra layers of ca. 31,000 14C yr BP are relatively more weathered compared to the unweathered rhyolitic tephra of ca. 50,000 14C yr BP. This could be due to the rapid deposition of ca. 200 cm of tephra layers during the ca. 50,000 14C yr BP volcanic eruption that might have prevented the interaction between tephra layers and weathering agents. 相似文献
12.
Mineralogical, textural, geochemical, and weathering characteristics of loess deposits in Golestan province of Iran suggest that they are mostly derived from felsic igneous rocks and are related to Quaternary palaeoclimate. Whole‐rock analyses indicate heavy minerals such as zircon, tourmaline and phyllosillicate minerals (e.g. muscovite, chlorite, illite) exert a significant control on the chemical composition. The loess samples display uniform chemical composition, indicative of similar alteration history. Chemical index of alteration suggests a weak to moderate degree of weathering in a felsic source area. Scanning electron micrographs of quartz grains reveal abundant silt‐sized quartz particles, a result of glacial grinding during the Late Pleistocene in Central Asia. Subsequently, these silt particles were transported from Central Asia to their depositional site by wind and paraglacial processes. Local topography of northeast Iran (Alborz Mountains) acted as a major barrier, entrapping the airborne particles on the plains of Golestan province. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
BRADLEY W. GOODFELLOW OLA FREDIN MARC-HENRI DERRON ARJEN P. STROEVEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2009,38(2):379-398
The weathering and origin of an autochthonous blockfield in the northern Swedish mountains were investigated through an examination of fine matrix and clasts from two pits excavated across ridge-top sorted circles; one on a summit, the other in a saddle. At the summit, fine matrix chemical weathering is limited to the production of poorly crystallized Al- and Fe-oxyhydroxides, whereas some additional vermiculitization and gibbsite crystallization occurs in the saddle. In both locations, volumes of clay-sized matrix are low, mass balance calculations indicate only minor elemental losses and no chemically etched grains are visible under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, soil horizons are absent and chemical weathering intensity is uniformly low across both excavated sorted circles. Minor clast chemical weathering consists of Fe oxidation, which dominates in the matrix-rich circle centres, and some rind development, which increases in frequency in the clast-rich rings. The dominance of physical weathering processes and the presence of only minor chemical weathering, in both fine matrix and clasts, indicate that the blockfield is not a Neogene weathering remnant. Rather, the blockfield has a Quaternary origin, developing during interglacials, interstadials and the Holocene, primarily through subsurface weathering processes. 相似文献
14.
岩体化学风化的非连续性及其科学意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
岩体化学风化在空间上具有高度的非连续性,这种非连续性广泛存在于从宏观、细观到微观的所有尺度。宏观结构面是化学风化最主要的发生场所;风化岩体内,新鲜岩块被沿结构面内法线方向发育的腐蚀带包围,呈斑点状分散于腐岩中。微缝等细观损伤普遍存在于各类岩石中;化学风化从岩块内不同空间位置的水力有效空隙向三维空间扩展,决定了细观尺度上化学风化的非连续性。矿物溶解是在晶体中具有过剩表面能的缺陷位置优先发生的,因而具有显著的微观非连续性。由于非连续特性,化学风化可增大水岩界面,提升矿物溶解反应的规模及速率。通过对既有损伤的扩展及在损伤空间堆积残余物,化学风化具有分离—裂化岩体、岩块及造岩矿物的重要作用,这种作用可使以新鲜岩石为主的岩体大规模脱离母岩,而堆积于坡脚的岩石块体在化学风化的继续作用下,可裂解为更小的岩屑或矿物碎屑,为向水体搬运创造条件,从而极大地促进斜坡夷平及地貌重塑进程。 相似文献
15.
Over time periods of 106 years and longer, atmospheric carbon dioxide content is largely controlled by a balance between silicate rock weathering and CO2 sources (degassing from the Earth plus net organic carbon oxidation). Vegetation cover can affect silicate rock weathering rates by increasing soil CO2 content, stabilizing soil cover, and producing organic acids. Forests absorb more solar radiation than most other ecosystems; this tends to warm Earth's climate, especially outside of the tropics; this warmth would tend to increase silicate rock weathering rates. Here, we develop preliminary parameterizations of this effect that could be incorporated into carbonate–silicate cycle models, based on the results of general circulation model simulations. 相似文献
16.
Tropical chemical weathering produces extensive lateritization and formation of deep weathering profiles. Both processes are fundamental to landscape evolution and slope instability. The Aburrá Valley of the northern Colombian Andes is characterized by tropical conditions. The valley slopes are mostly covered by hillslope deposits originating from four basement rock suites which comprise contrasting granitoid, volcanic–sedimentary, ophiolitic, and metamorphic sources, respectively. Tropical chemical weathering of the Aburrá hillslope deposits and their respective bedrock were examined using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analysis, to document and quantify their chemical weathering profiles, compositions, and mineralogical properties. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), loss on ignition (LOI), and the Mobiles index (Imob) were used to quantify the degree of weathering of hillslope deposits and bedrock source. Weathering trends were analyzed using A–CN–K and A–CNK–FM diagrams. The material mantling the slopes in the Aburrá Valley records an intense weathering history. Chemical weathering is characterized by increased development of clay minerals (kaolinite, halloysite) and iron and aluminum sesquioxides. Lateritization characterizes the final stage of the weathering profiles. Concentrations of CaO, Na2O, K2O decrease markedly in the weathering products compared to the fresh bedrock source, whereas concentrations of Al2O3, Fe2O3, and MgO increase significantly. CIA ratios of matrix slope deposits derived from all four sources near 100, whereas those of boulder slope deposits and saprolites are lower, but exceed source rock values. Different A–CN–K weathering paths are evident for each lithotype, validating the correlation established between the hillslope deposits and their various parents. Chemical weathering indices in some samples are strongly influenced by the presence of sesquioxides, as reflected by high LOI, anomalously low CIA, and varying enrichment trends on the A–CNK–FM diagrams. Consequently, different chemical indices based on different criteria need to be combined to obtain best results, as illustrated here by the combination of LOI, CIA, and Imob. The overall results suggest that tropical conditions have dominated for a long time in the northern Colombian Andes, leading to uniformly high weathering indices in matrix slope deposits irrespective of parent lithotype. Prolonged warm and humid conditions could thus be responsible for the weathering and remobilization of extensive old hillslope deposits during the Quaternary. However, in addition to the influence of climatic factors, tectonism has also undoubtedly influenced slope evolution in the Aburrá Valley. 相似文献
17.
硫酸侵蚀碳酸盐岩对长江河水DIC循环的影响 总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26
对长江及其主要支流河水水化学和溶解无机碳（DIC）同位素组成（δ13GDIC）进行了研究。河水阳离子组成以Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋为主,阴离子以HCO3-、SO4^2-为主,水化学组成主要受流域碳酸盐岩矿物的化学侵蚀控制。DIC含量为0．3～2．5mmol／L,从上游到河口逐渐降低。δ13CDIC值为-12．0‰-3．4‰,与DIC含量具有相似的变化趋势。H2CO3溶解碳酸盐岩是控制河水DIC来源及其占δGDIC组成的主要机制。H2SO4溶解碳酸盐岩加剧了流域碳酸盐岩的化学侵蚀,一方面导致了河水的DIC含量增加,另一方面也使河水的δ13GDIC值升高。 相似文献
18.
Rock-weathering rates as functions of time 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Steven M. Colman 《Quaternary Research》1981,15(3):250-264
The scarcity of documented numerical relations between rock weathering and time has led to a common assumption that rates of weathering are linear. This assumption has been strengthened by studies that have calculated long-term average rates. However, little theoretical or empirical evidence exists to support linear rates for most chemical-weathering processes, with the exception of congruent dissolution processes. The few previous studies of rock-weathering rates that contain quantitative documentation of the relation between chemical weathering and time suggest that the rates of most weathering processes decrease with time. Recent studies of weathering rinds on basaltic and andesitic stones in glacial deposits in the western United States also clearly demonstrate that rock-weathering processes slow with time. Some weathering processes appear to conform to exponential functions of time, such as the square-root time function for hydration of volcanic glass, which conforms to the theoretical predictions of diffusion kinetics. However, weathering of mineralogically heterogeneous rocks involves complex physical and chemical processes that generally can be expressed only empirically, commonly by way of logarithmic time functions. Incongruent dissolution and other weathering processes produce residues, which are commonly used as measures of weathering. These residues appear to slow movement of water to unaltered material and impede chemical transport away from it. If weathering residues impede weathering processes then rates of weathering and rates of residue production are inversely proportional to some function of the residue thickness. This results in simple mathematical analogs for weathering that imply nonlinear time functions. The rate of weathering becomes constant only when an equilibrium thickness of the residue is reached. Because weathering residues are relatively stable chemically, and because physical removal of residues below the ground surface is slight, many weathering features require considerable time to reach constant rates of change. For weathering rinds on volcanic stones in the western United States, this time is at least 0.5 my. 相似文献
19.
云南维西花岗岩地区水文地球化学特征及形成机制研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
基于矿物风化分析,以典型花岗岩地区云南维西为例,对该地区2005年8月地下水和河水水化学性质(pH、Ca2 、Mg2 、K 、Na 、Cl-、HCO3-、SO42-)进行了观测,在Piper图上分析了花岗岩地区水文地球化学特征,并利用主成分分析法探讨了其形成机制。研究认为,在野外调查基础上可将云南维西地区地下水分为6类:花岗岩孔隙水、浅部裂隙水、矿带影响的浅部裂隙水、深部构造裂隙水、花岗岩与灰岩接触带水、花岗岩与第四系堆积物接触带水。利用主成分分析法可以提取影响这6类水的3项公因子:Y1(反映钙长石、黑云母、黄铁矿风化)、Y2(反映水循环深度)、Y3(反映钠长石、钾长石溶滤作用)。地下水和河水公因子得分图分析表明:(1)全风化带孔隙水长石、黑云母溶滤作用弱,而且几乎没有黄铁矿氧化作用;(2)浅部裂隙水和花岗岩与第四系堆积物接触带水两者埋深差不多,但后者因水岩接触面积更大,长石、云母溶滤作用以及黄铁矿氧化作用更强;(3)矿带作用下,浅部裂隙地下水体现一定程度的深部构造裂隙水特征,其钠长石、钾长石风化在所有风化带中最强。因钙长石、黑云母矿物活性相对较弱,其增加幅度不如钾长石、钠长石明显;(4)深部构造裂隙水循环深度大,水岩作用充分,钙长石风化强于其他矿物,钾长石、钠长石因为影响因素多,特别是风化淋滤时间的影响,其风化增强不明显;(5)花岗岩与灰岩接触带水失去花岗岩水特征,更多地表现为灰岩水性质;(6)河水主要离子主要来源于循环较浅的裂隙水、全风化带孔隙水等,循环深度大的地下水贡献小。 相似文献
20.
湖北蛇屋山红土型金矿床地质特征及勘查 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
蛇屋山红土型金矿体（层）赋存于第四系红土中，矿体呈似层状近水平产出，品位低，规模大，易采易选，矿石松散，组分简单，Ａｕ呈超显微粒状吸附于粘土矿物中，成矿物质来自含矿原岩，成矿作用主要与第四纪中更新世湿热条件下化学风化作用有关，该矿床是通过检查化探异常发现的，在勘查过程中坚持探采结合，勘查工作指导金矿开发，金矿开发利用又促进矿床勘查，为我国金矿探采一体化工作探索出了重要的经验。 相似文献