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1.
Importance of climate,forest fires and human population size in the Holocene boreal forest composition change in northern Europe 
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下载免费PDF全文 Niina Kuosmanen Heikki Seppä Teija Alenius Richard H. W. Bradshaw Jennifer l. Clear Ludmila Filimonova Maija Heikkilä Hans Renssen Miikka Tallavaara Triin Reitalu 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2016,45(4):688-702
The relative importance of climate, forest fires and human population size on long‐term boreal forest composition were statistically investigated at regional and local scales in Fennoscandia. We employ pollen data from lakes, reflecting regional vegetation, and small forest hollows, reflecting local vegetation, from Russia, Finland and Sweden to reconstruct the long‐term forest composition. As potential drivers of the Holocene forest dynamics we consider climate, generated from a climate model and oxygen isotope data, past forest fires generated from sedimentary charcoal data and human population size derived from radiocarbon dated archaeological findings. We apply the statistical method of variation partitioning to assess the relative importance of these environmental variables on long‐term boreal forest composition. The results show that climate is the main driver of the changes in Holocene boreal forest composition at the regional scale. However, at the local scale the role of climate is relatively small. In general, the importance of forest fires is low both at regional and local scales. The fact that both climate and forest fires explain relatively small proportions of variation in long‐term boreal vegetation in small forest hollow records demonstrates the complexity of factors affecting stand‐scale forest dynamics. The relative importance of human population size was low in both the prehistorical and the historical time periods. However, this is the first time that this type of data has been used to statistically assess the importance of human population size on boreal vegetation and the spatial representativeness of the data may cause bias to the analysis. 相似文献
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Barbara A. Cellarius 《GeoJournal》2001,55(2-4):599-606
Recent legislation for the restitution of ownership rights to, and subsequent management of, formerly privately owned forests
in postsocialist Bulgaria has focused largely albeit not exclusively on the restored forests from the perspective of timber
production, that is, `forest' equals `harvestable timber resource'. Using ethnographic data collected in rural Rhodope Mountain
communities, this paper presents a local-level perspective on forests and forest use, including the meaning that forests hold
for local residents as a source of non-timber forest products such as mushrooms and medicinal plants, of animal pasture, and
of firewood for household heating and cooking. This local social perspective is then contrasted with the timber-resource focus
of the forestry legislation and subsequent planning for forest use. The scale of forest ownership – in part a function of
the restitution legislation – is also addressed in relation to the practicalities of resource management. Generally, the paper
demonstrates a mismatch between the postsocialist forestry legislation and local practice and conditions with regard to forests
and the natural resources therein.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Natural Hazards - We study the prevalence of forest fires in Spain in the long run by computing the probability that a forest tree, as opposed to shrub or bush, will be lost to fire over the course... 相似文献
4.
典型喀斯特地区马尾松纯林及马尾松-阔叶树混交林营养元素生物循环研究——以贵州龙里为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以龙里典型喀斯特地区马尾松纯林及马尾松- 阔叶树混交林为研究对象,研究了两个群落的生物量、营养元素贮量、分布及循环特征。结果表明: 马尾松纯林、马尾松- 阔叶树混交林的生物量分别为40. 62t /hm2、48. 32t /hm2 ,混交林的乔木层总生物量比马尾松纯林高18. 97% ,根系生物量较纯林高65. 12%。混交林乔木层各器官营养元素的含量整体大于马尾松纯林,两群落乔木层N、P、K、S的含量表现出一致的趋势,叶> 根> 枝> 干。混交林乔木层各元素的积累量分别比纯林高47. 97%～ 197. 67% ,凋落物层各元素贮量比纯林高85. 40%～ 318. 301%。混交林的年归还量、年存留量和年吸收量均大于马尾松纯林,且各元素循环系数大于马尾松纯林。马尾松林与阔叶树混交可以有效地提高群落生物量和营养元素循环的能力。 相似文献
5.
Based on a case study in a Thai forest reserve, this article compares two modes of ‘reading’ the forest - official and local forest classification systems - and discusses how they imply different ideas about the forest, and how these competing knowledges interact with the politics of forest governance. Forest classification conventions are shown to slip, as ‘facts’ about the forest, from their origins in extraction-oriented forestry to the realm of conservation. Through a comparison of conventional vegetation classifications used in the state’s governance of the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand, with the classificatory systems of resident Pwo Karen communities, this paper examines the slippage of conventional classifications through various uses and the emphases placed by competing representations of the forest within the context of conservation politics in Thailand. It was found that conventional classifications continued to prioritise the silvicultural potential of trees within a conservation context, downplaying other notions of forests - such as their importance to livelihoods and as lived spaces - which are present in Karen classifications. 相似文献
6.
应用SWAT99.2模型(Soil and Water Assessment Tool),系统地研究了红壤丘岗集水区4种林草系统(自然草被、阔叶林、混交林和针叶林)的地表径流、根层渗漏、蒸发蒸腾、土壤蓄水量的时空特点,并用实测的地表径流对模型进行校正和验证,月地表径流的Nash-Sutcliffe模拟效率系数达到0.74,模拟值和观测值的决定系数达0.90。结果表明,降水的年内分配不均造成了径流、渗漏、土壤蓄水量月份之间的差异,年际间气象条件(特别是降水)的差异性导致了水量平衡支出项的年际差异,其中径流量和渗漏量受降水的影响最大,蒸发蒸腾量次之,土壤蓄水量的年变化量受降水的影响最小;林地能有效地减少区域的地表径流量,其中以阔叶林和混交林的效果最好;林地入渗性能大于草地;蒸发蒸腾量是林地水量平衡支出中最大的一项,且3种林地的蒸发蒸腾量均大于草地。水量平衡的预测结果显示,土地利用方式是区域短期水量平衡的主要影响因子。 相似文献
7.
In 1988, four states in the northeastern USA commissioned a study to address land use changes in the Northern Forest, 26 million acres of temperate and boreal forest extending from Maine to eastern New York State. Against a backdrop of economic destabilization and concerns regarding social and ecological implications of a real estate boom, the sustained deliberative dialogue catalyzed by this study has come to rely heavily on the ambiguous concept of “working forest.” To clarify political and environmental dynamics in the region, we analyzed how people respond to and seek to capitalize on the interpretive flexibility of the term working forest. We combine an analysis of socio-political discourses of working forest based on a structured literature review with an assessment of local peoples’ definitions of working forest based on a survey conducted in a pair of contrasting New York State communities. The first study site represents an amenity-oriented community (i.e. a place where the forest supports a service economy including recreation and tourism) and the other study site represents a timber-dependent community. By linking data from community-level analysis to data derived from a general analysis of forest politics, we seek to develop a more robust perspective. By comparing discourses across differently structured communities, we investigate how local forest politics are mediated by local economic development processes. Our study empirically illustrates contested and geographically uneven processes of social construction of environment and rural development in a region confronting pressures of globalization. Results indicate that timber harvesting is a heavily privileged management objective, as a logic of ‘the forest that pays is the forest that stays’ dominates. Environmental politics in the region, and perhaps more generally, increasingly conforms to a form of pragmatism in which economic opportunities structure conservation planning and investment. 相似文献
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The Hill Forests in Bangladesh have been depleted and degraded in volume, area, and quantity, thus requiring urgent forest
protection by identifying the causes of forest loss. This study seeks to identify the fundamental causes of the shrinking
forest cover in the Hill Forests in Bangladesh. The results indicate four sets of causes: (i) indigenous forest dwellers,
having their own types of problems; (ii) migrants, who, because of problems in their places of origin, have decided to move
to the forests; (iii) the timber industry, which, legal or not, are cutting too many trees; and (iv) the government through
its Forest Department which is not able or willing to implement suitable policies to regulate the cutting trees and to prevent
illegal cutting. Because it is a time consuming task to mitigate the first and second sets of factors, we recommend to involve
forest dwellers in forestry practices as much as possible and taking necessary steps to alleviate the third and fourth sets
and thereby reduce the rate of forest depletion. Accordingly, a number of strategies that should be adopted to halt the loss
of remaining forest cover are discussed.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
为了更直观地反映天然林资源保护工程(以下简称“天保工程”)对森林生态系统涵养水源和保育土壤功能产生的影响,体现天保工程所带来的生态效益,依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范(GB/T 38582—2020)》,以内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局的林区为研究对象,对天保工程实施前(1998年)和实施后(2018年)2期森林生态系统涵养水源和保育土壤功能进行量化分析,认为内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局林区(简称“内蒙古森工林区”)涵养水源价值为950.16亿元(1998年)和1 341.32亿元(2018年),保育土壤的价值为563.49亿元(1998年)和760.11亿元(2018年)。天保工程实施前后,森林生态系统涵养水源功能总价值量排名前3位的林业局依次是根河、莫尔道嘎、乌尔旗汉,保育土壤功能排名前3位的依次是根河、乌尔旗汉、金河。从整体空间分布上分析得出的2期涵养水源和保育土壤功能价值量均呈现中部>北部>南部的趋势。 相似文献
12.
Rockfall simulation models are now able to quantify the protective effect of forest with the integration of rock impacts on trees. Those models require spatially explicit forest characteristics which are costly to acquire in operational conditions. The present study compares rockfall simulation results obtained with different forest input data sources: field data with different levels of spatial detail and two methods based on airborne Lidar data. Three different forest stands are tested with several virtual terrain configurations. When rockfall energies are below 200 kJ, the forest protection effect is significant. For higher energies, it also exists but it is minor compared to the effects of topography and rock volume. For all forest input data sources, the estimated rockfall intensity is within ?13 and 16 % of the reference value, whereas the frequency is generally overestimated. Both Lidar methods yield a satisfactory forest protection effect evaluation, but single tree detection tends to underestimate it. Improvements are possible regarding the spatial heterogeneity of stem density and the diameter distribution by tree species. 相似文献
13.
C SUDHAKAR REDDY SONALI SINGH V K DADHWAL C S JHA N RAMA RAO P G DIWAKAR 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(1):8
This study was carried out to simulate the forest cover changes in India using Land Change Modeler. Classified multi-temporal long-term forest cover data was used to generate the forest covers of 1880 and 2025. The spatial data were overlaid with variables such as the proximity to roads, settlements, water bodies, elevation and slope to determine the relationship between forest cover change and explanatory variables. The predicted forest cover in 1880 indicates an area of 10,42,008 km2, which represents 31.7% of the geographical area of India. About 40% of the forest cover in India was lost during the time interval of 1880–2013. Ownership of majority of forest lands by non-governmental agencies and large scale shifting cultivation are responsible for higher deforestation rates in the Northeastern states. The six states of the Northeast (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura) and one union territory (Andaman & Nicobar Islands) had shown an annual gross rate of deforestation of >0.3 from 2005 to 2013 and has been considered in the present study for the prediction of future forest cover in 2025. The modelling results predicted widespread deforestation in Northeast India and in Andaman & Nicobar Islands and hence is likely to affect the remaining forests significantly before 2025. The multi-layer perceptron neural network has predicted the forest cover for the period of 1880 and 2025 with a Kappa statistic of >0.70. The model predicted a further decrease of 2305 km2 of forest area in the Northeast and Andaman & Nicobar Islands by 2025. The majority of the protected areas are successful in the protection of the forest cover in the Northeast due to management practices, with the exception of Manas, Sonai-Rupai, Nameri and Marat Longri. The predicted forest cover scenario for the year 2025 would provide useful inputs for effective resource management and help in biodiversity conservation and for mitigating climate change. 相似文献
14.
文章选择粤北英德九龙镇典型峰林平原为研究区,在不同地貌部位调查了生态环境的岩石裸露率和土壤厚度,以及植物物种、生物量、盖度等指标,运用物种α多样性指数和Jaccard相似性系数分析了植物多样性与相似性,结果表明:（1）不同地貌部位的岩石裸露率、土层厚度差异较大,峰壁岩石裸露率显著大于峰顶、坡麓和洼地,而洼地的土层厚度显著大于峰顶、峰壁和坡麓;（2）峰顶、峰壁、坡麓和峰间洼地的群丛依次为乔栯榕-竹叶椒+檵木-纤毛鸭嘴草、乔栯榕-红背山麻杆+檵木-五节芒、黄连木-灰白毛莓-纤毛鸭嘴草和长毛八角枫-藤金合欢+粉单竹-纤毛鸭嘴草,优势种与层片结构有一定差异;（3）岩溶植物具有对环境的高度适应性,使不同地貌部位植被能够保持较高的覆盖度,但地势平缓、土层相对较厚的峰顶与峰间洼地的生物量要显著大于坡麓及峰壁;（4）岩石裸露率与土层厚度、土层厚度与生物量间都呈极显著的负相关关系;（5）峰顶与峰间洼地的物种数显著少于峰壁与坡麓,峰顶的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数都显著低于其他部位,而峰壁的几项多样性指数均显著高于其他部位植被,岩溶环境地貌部位的多样性有助于提高生物多样性;（6） Jaccard相似性系数分析表明峰林空间异质性造成物种分布的差异,空间位置远近和地貌部位差异大小对物种分布影响至关重要。 相似文献
15.
Natural Hazards - China's forest cover has increased by approximately 10% as a result of sustainable forest management since the late 1970s. The forest ecosystem area affected by fire is... 相似文献
16.
红色碳酸盐岩石林是湘西地质公园最重要的地质遗迹之一。公园内的红色碳酸盐岩石林发育于奥陶系大湾组与牯牛潭组，集中分布于酉水－猛洞河两岸斜坡与峡谷地带，出露面积84 km2，是当前全球已知的面积最大的奥陶系红色碳酸盐岩石林地貌景观。红石林形态多样、成景效果好，发育了包括塔状、火焰状、墙状、剑状、柱状、锥状等十余种形态。红石林的形成经历了完整的地层沉积-构造抬升-风化剥蚀等阶段，适宜的古地理环境、有利的构造抬升运动和节理裂隙发育、温暖多雨的气候和丰富的地表地下水系是红石林发育的重要条件。因受成景地层的岩性组成复杂、地层偏薄、溶蚀作用差异等因素影响，红石林具有明显的垂直溶痕和水平溶痕叠加现象，具有独特的自然美，形态上与云南石林有较大不同，颜色上，红石林晴红雨黑、四季变幻，可能是石柱表面的藻类造成。除中国西南地区，其他国家或地区的奥陶系红色碳酸盐岩石林分布十分有限，仅泰国沙墩有报道，其稀有性非常突出，具有重要的科学意义和研究价值。但正由于其稀少，许多针对性的研究仍刚起步，值得未来各界学者进一步深入探讨。 相似文献
17.
The paleoenvironmental evolution of a Dutch deltaic swamp forest area during the mid-Holocene was strongly governed by a general rise of water level (bound to postglacial sea-level rise) and by fluctuations in this water-level rise. A phasing of this 2,000 years period shows alternation of closed swamp forest on the one hand, and (fluvio-) lacustrine environment with swamp forest islands on the other. The refined scale of investigation permits bird's-view landscape reconstructions. These also show how attractive the area was for neolithic fishermen. 相似文献
18.
T. T. Veblen 《GeoJournal》1982,6(2):141-150
From May 21–25, 1960 many of the cities of south-cenral Chile suffered extensive damage when shaken by 11 shocks of an earthquake swarm, each measuring over 6 on the Richter scale with the strongest at 8.5. Associated with this seismic activity were volcanic eruptions and thousands of debris avalanches, lands lides, and mudflows in the Andes fromc. 39° to 42° Lat. S. The events of 1960 led to the recognition of long-term effects of repeated catastrophic phenomena on the landform, soil, and vegetation patterns of south-central Chile. Many of the native tree species, including the dominant Nothofagus species, are dependent on massive disturbance for their regeneration which is of critical importance to forest management. Catastrophic geologic hazards, as well as snow avalanches, are highly significant to all aspects of native forest use including production forestry, forest recreation, and protection forestry. The importance of environmental hazards in forest resource development and conservation in Latin America has received scant attention but, as shown by the case of the Andean region of south-central Chile, should be a major consideration in resource use planning. 相似文献
19.
贵州思南石林目前正建设成为思南乌江喀斯特国家地质公园长坝石林景区。本文通过石林的形态特征对比研究及区域地质环境的调查,分析了石林的景观资源特征,并探讨了石林的形成条件和发育演化过程,结果表明:（1）思南石林属溶洼边坡型石林,石林形态多样、个体高大且象形景观众多,加之石林生态环境良好,风光秀美,具有较高的观赏、科研和科普及开发价值。（2）思南石林以质纯层厚的下二叠统深色泥晶灰岩为主,并处于南东-北西构造应力带上,利于较高大石林的形成和保存;地貌上,石林发育在喀斯特单面山与溶蚀洼地之间的斜坡上,不同地貌部位的水动力条件导致石林形态和分布的差异;气候上,思南地区自新第三纪以来以热带、亚热带温湿气候为主,为石林的形成提供了充足的外营力条件;此外,来自碎屑岩区的外源水侵蚀和下伏碎屑岩的隔水顶托作用为大面积石林的形成提供了很好的水环境条件。（3）石林形成过程可归纳为海侵沉积、抬升剥蚀、构造变形、土下溶蚀和地表塑造5个阶段;其中地表塑造阶段是石林的成景时期,依据有关侵蚀数据计算得出石林成景时代约为30.04~45.06 ka,即晚更新世中晚期。 相似文献
20.
Selma Etteieb Mounir Louhaichi Chariton Kalaitzidis Ioannis Z. Gitas 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(12):5017-5032
Mediterranean forests are characterized by spatiotemporal heterogeneity that is associated with Mediterranean climate, floristic biodiversity and topographic variability. Satellite remote sensing can be an effective tool for characterizing and monitoring forest vegetation distribution within these fragmented Mediterranean landscapes. The heterogeneity of Mediterranean vegetation, however, often exceeds the resolution typical of most satellite sensors. Hyper-spectral remote sensing technology demonstrates the capacity for accurate vegetation identification. The objective of this research is to determine to what extent forest types can be discriminated using different image analysis techniques and spectral band combinations of Hyperion satellite imagery. This research mapped forest types using a pixel-based Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), nearest neighbour and membership function classifiers of the object-oriented classification. Hyperion classification was done after reducing Hyperion data using nine selected band combinations. Results indicate that the selection of band combination while reducing the Hyperion dataset improves classification results for both the overall and the individual forest type accuracy, in particular for the selected optimum Hyperion band combination. One shortcoming is that the performance of the best selected band combination was superior in terms of both overall and individual forest type accuracy when applying the membership classifier of the object-oriented method compared to SAM and nearest neighbour classifiers. However, all techniques seemed to suffer from a number of problems, such as spectral similarity among forest types, overall low energy response of the Hyperion sensor, Hyperion medium spatial resolution and spatiotemporal and spectral heterogeneity of the Mediterranean ecosystem at multiple scales. 相似文献