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1.
Declared in 1990, the Piatra Craiului is one of Romania's 15 national parks and biosphere reserves. It has exceptional scenic
and biodiversity value but is under threat from unsustainable agricultural, forestry and tourism management. The paper examines
these threats in a historical context, regarding both the growth of the town of Braşov and areas of dispersed rural settlement
on the mountain edge, and argues that a sustainable future will require negotiation between the park authorities and all stakeholders,
including the local communities and private woodland owners who have benefited or will benefit from restitution. The way forward
is explored with forest management in a central role. First, the certification of woodlands, along with the establishment
of forest user groups and community woodlands, should help to reconcile the conflicting interests in the woodlands and in
wood processing in support of sustainability. Second, the overgrazing of the meadows which is degrading the pastures, restricting
forest regeneration and conflicting with large carnivore conservation, could be moderated by the growth of ecotourism linked
with bears and wolves which would generate a new source of income to compensate farmers for reducing their flocks – given
the importance of the biodiversity resources and the socio-economic pressures – and the paper therefore considers how new
approaches to forest management might provide a basis for conservation and sustainable development. It will be for the recently-established
national park management system – developed with World Bank Global Environment Facility funding – to take these ideas forward
in due course.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Community control of resources and the challenge of improving local livelihoods: A critical examination of community forestry in Nepal 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Community forestry in Nepal vests rights of access, use, exclusion, and management of national forestland to local user groups. There is strong potential for community forests to serve as the basis for improving the quality of life and the status of livelihoods in rural Nepal while conserving forest resources. Frequently, community forest user groups are dominated by local elites who choose to close access to community forestland for several years. As a result, forest conditions are improving, but the poorest households bear the cost of strict protection. In this paper I argue that community forestry is thus having rather limited success at improving rural livelihoods. Although community forestry is fairly successful at conservation, there remain huge wealth disparities between community forest member households, limited access to vital forest products, and significant power disparities within community forest user groups. Such conditions of inequity, reinforced by current community forestry policy and practice, severely challenge the development potential of community-controlled natural resources. In Nepal, overcoming these challenges may require a change in policy that mandates more inclusive local decision-making. 相似文献
3.
David Correia 《Geoforum》2007,38(5):1040-1051
Recent research on environmental conflict in New Mexico has focused on racial and ethnic conflict between environmentalists and Hispanic loggers as a means to explain the trajectory of environmental struggle and the failure of Hispano/environmentalist coalitions opposing Forest Service management policies. This paper seeks to extend this explanation by considering the constraining role of federal legislation, institutional management and commercial resource exploitation that limited opportunities for Hispano/environmental collaborative challenges to federal resource management arrangements. I analyze the foundations of sustained yield forestry on the Carson National Forest in northern New Mexico though a focus on the legal construction of sustained yield policies and the practices of implementing sustained yield on the Vallecitos Federal Sustained Yield Unit, a special timber production sub-unit of the Carson. The paper illustrates how the deployment of sustained yield forestry in New Mexico produced not only conditions of production favorable to commercial timber operators, but also established a complex and contradictory regulatory environment that effectively constrained collaborative efforts between environmentalists and small-scale loggers in their efforts to construct alternative futures for resource management in the region. 相似文献
4.
Tigers, trees and Tharu: An analysis of community forestry in the buffer zone of the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Samantha Jones 《Geoforum》2007,38(3):558-575
In the buffer zone of the Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP), community forests represent a key land use to meet the objectives of the buffer zone concept. This article examines three diverse community forests surrounding the national park and explores how national policy has been mediated by emerging community forestry institutions to create different levels of resource access and benefit distribution both within and between local user groups. Mindful of recent critiques of community-based conservation, the analysis gives considerable attention to the dynamics of power relations and inequality. The extent to which property rights have been transferred to the local level is evaluated and to whom power has been devolved in the process is assessed. The distribution of benefits arising from community forestry is critically examined. It seems that the current system for community forestry creates sufficient incentives for local cooperation due to the potential for increased access to important resources and a high perception of ownership of community forests among the communities. However, emerging institutions vary in the extent to which they reproduce favourable resource access conditions for elites and benefit distribution does seem to be skewed in favour of the wealthy and higher castes, even where management practices on the surface appear fair. National policy creates sufficient but not necessary conditions for achieving downward accountability, transparency and fairness. Greater attention to these issues is needed for buffer zone community forestry to better serve the poor and marginalised populations within user groups. 相似文献
5.
In 1988, four states in the northeastern USA commissioned a study to address land use changes in the Northern Forest, 26 million acres of temperate and boreal forest extending from Maine to eastern New York State. Against a backdrop of economic destabilization and concerns regarding social and ecological implications of a real estate boom, the sustained deliberative dialogue catalyzed by this study has come to rely heavily on the ambiguous concept of “working forest.” To clarify political and environmental dynamics in the region, we analyzed how people respond to and seek to capitalize on the interpretive flexibility of the term working forest. We combine an analysis of socio-political discourses of working forest based on a structured literature review with an assessment of local peoples’ definitions of working forest based on a survey conducted in a pair of contrasting New York State communities. The first study site represents an amenity-oriented community (i.e. a place where the forest supports a service economy including recreation and tourism) and the other study site represents a timber-dependent community. By linking data from community-level analysis to data derived from a general analysis of forest politics, we seek to develop a more robust perspective. By comparing discourses across differently structured communities, we investigate how local forest politics are mediated by local economic development processes. Our study empirically illustrates contested and geographically uneven processes of social construction of environment and rural development in a region confronting pressures of globalization. Results indicate that timber harvesting is a heavily privileged management objective, as a logic of ‘the forest that pays is the forest that stays’ dominates. Environmental politics in the region, and perhaps more generally, increasingly conforms to a form of pragmatism in which economic opportunities structure conservation planning and investment. 相似文献
6.
The Hill Forests in Bangladesh have been depleted and degraded in volume, area, and quantity, thus requiring urgent forest
protection by identifying the causes of forest loss. This study seeks to identify the fundamental causes of the shrinking
forest cover in the Hill Forests in Bangladesh. The results indicate four sets of causes: (i) indigenous forest dwellers,
having their own types of problems; (ii) migrants, who, because of problems in their places of origin, have decided to move
to the forests; (iii) the timber industry, which, legal or not, are cutting too many trees; and (iv) the government through
its Forest Department which is not able or willing to implement suitable policies to regulate the cutting trees and to prevent
illegal cutting. Because it is a time consuming task to mitigate the first and second sets of factors, we recommend to involve
forest dwellers in forestry practices as much as possible and taking necessary steps to alleviate the third and fourth sets
and thereby reduce the rate of forest depletion. Accordingly, a number of strategies that should be adopted to halt the loss
of remaining forest cover are discussed.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Based on a case study in a Thai forest reserve, this article compares two modes of ‘reading’ the forest - official and local forest classification systems - and discusses how they imply different ideas about the forest, and how these competing knowledges interact with the politics of forest governance. Forest classification conventions are shown to slip, as ‘facts’ about the forest, from their origins in extraction-oriented forestry to the realm of conservation. Through a comparison of conventional vegetation classifications used in the state’s governance of the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand, with the classificatory systems of resident Pwo Karen communities, this paper examines the slippage of conventional classifications through various uses and the emphases placed by competing representations of the forest within the context of conservation politics in Thailand. It was found that conventional classifications continued to prioritise the silvicultural potential of trees within a conservation context, downplaying other notions of forests - such as their importance to livelihoods and as lived spaces - which are present in Karen classifications. 相似文献
8.
《Geoforum》2016
This paper offers a critical assessment of REDD+ in Nigeria through a political ecology perspective. Focusing on questions of property rights and resource access, it maps the discursive articulations and contestations through which carbon rights are being determined. It also shows how these articulations and contestations are linked to land and forest rights, and how they shape everyday access to the forest. Evidence from the Nigerian case suggests that factors that complicate rights and undermine access to resources for forest communities under REDD+ are immanent to the contested terrain constituted in part by REDD+ proposals, proponents’ discourses and practices geared towards securing the forest for REDD+. Efforts to secure property rights and guarantee the permanence of REDD+ forests align with economic, ecological and ideological aspirations of state and non-state actors to produce a regime of militarised protectionism. I demonstrate how, in addition to its material and symbolic facilitation of the emergent carbon forestry economy, militarised protectionism as a regime of exclusion also constitutes collateral political economies of ‘more-than-carbon’ forest resources (such as timber and non-timber forest products) which perpetuate capital accumulation by the elites. It is this kind of exclusion–accumulation dialectic, legitimised by carbon forestry claims that this paper describes as carbonised exclusion. The paper thus furthers debates on the political ecology of REDD+ and other carbon forestry projects, while productively engaging technocentric literature on REDD+ and property rights. 相似文献
9.
Trace elements in sub-alpine forest soils on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Industrial development has increased fast in China during the last decades. This has led to a range of environmental problems.
Deposition of trace elements to forest ecosystems via the atmosphere is one potential problem. In this paper, we report the
results from a pilot study where the trace element levels of the sub-alpine forest soils on the eastern edge of the Tibetan
Plateau have been measured. Possible relationships between soil properties and trace element concentrations have also been
investigated. The obtained concentrations (mg kg−1) were boron (B) 48.06–53.70, molybdenum (Mo) 1.53–2.26, zinc (Zn) 68.18–79.53, copper (Cu) 36.81–42.44, selenium (Se) 0.33–0.49,
cadmium (Cd) 0.16–0.29, lead (Pb) 25.80–30.71, chromium (Cr) 96.10–110.08, nickel (Ni) 30.16–45.60, mercury (Hg) 0.05–0.11,
and arsenic (As) 3.09–4.17. With a few exceptions, the element concentration can be characterized as low in the investigated
sub-alpine forest soils. No clear differences in trace element levels were found between topsoil and subsoil samples, indicating
that the atmospheric deposition of trace element has been low. The soil parent material plays a key role to determine trace
element levels. Soil properties, including pHw, organic carbon (OC), clay fraction, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), total iron (Fe), and total aluminum (Al) concentrations
were related to trace element concentration using correlation analysis. Total Fe and Al showed the strongest relationships
with concentrations of most trace elements in the sub-alpine forest soils. PCA analyses indicated that a significant increase
in the number of cars with the fast development of local tourism may result in higher Pb concentration in the future. 相似文献
10.
11.
T. T. Veblen 《GeoJournal》1982,6(2):141-150
From May 21–25, 1960 many of the cities of south-cenral Chile suffered extensive damage when shaken by 11 shocks of an earthquake swarm, each measuring over 6 on the Richter scale with the strongest at 8.5. Associated with this seismic activity were volcanic eruptions and thousands of debris avalanches, lands lides, and mudflows in the Andes fromc. 39° to 42° Lat. S. The events of 1960 led to the recognition of long-term effects of repeated catastrophic phenomena on the landform, soil, and vegetation patterns of south-central Chile. Many of the native tree species, including the dominant Nothofagus species, are dependent on massive disturbance for their regeneration which is of critical importance to forest management. Catastrophic geologic hazards, as well as snow avalanches, are highly significant to all aspects of native forest use including production forestry, forest recreation, and protection forestry. The importance of environmental hazards in forest resource development and conservation in Latin America has received scant attention but, as shown by the case of the Andean region of south-central Chile, should be a major consideration in resource use planning. 相似文献
12.
Farmers, foresters and forest temples: conservation in the Dong Mun uplands, Northeast Thailand 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Between 1970 and 1980 villages adjacent to the Dong Mun Uplands of Northeastern Thailand were transformed from subsistence communities, based on wet rice production, to a cash economy linked to global markets and the national and international political order. Although formally designated reserves had been created on old growth forests, the new economic opportunities encouraged conversion of forests to agriculture. Attracted by a false belief that land was being made available for settlement, immigrants flooded in and cleared forests to plant dryland cash crops using the newly expanded and improved road network to export their products. Social forestry programs may have assisted community development and encouraged agricultural diversification but were insufficient to prevent the contraction of forests, which now remain only as degraded remnants on the steepest slopes and least accessible sites.To some extent the social, political and economic forces have stabilized in Dong Mun and evidence of a new relationship between humans and their forest land is appearing. The Royal Forest Service is largely reconciled to the loss of domain over most of forest reserve and is pursuing a modified management policy that shows some evidence of a shift from an industrial to a post-industrial mode.In recent years, Buddhist monks in forest temples found through the uplands have achieved some effective forest conservation and restoration. Their efforts stem from the Buddhist precepts of the sanctity of all life and a view that forests are places for contemplation and spiritual renewal. Monks have been able to protect and restore some forest land because their views and wishes are far more likely to be honored than laws and demands of government officials. This reflects a broader phenomenon in Thailand where considerable impetus for a contemporary environmental movement has come from religious sources in contrast to the west where it is largely a secular in origin. 相似文献
13.
At a time when the concept of ‘human and environmental symbiosis’ has taken on much significance, protection of suburban forests
(i.e. forests adjacent to or near developed areas) is a topic that has drawn much attention. Suburban forests have, since
ancient times, been places where people have gathered firewood and cultured trees. As a result, the vegetation of suburban
forests is only partially natural and continues to change as the forms of human activity in and around them changes. Accurate
forecasts of how suburban forests will change are, therefore, an important element in the debate over how to protect them.
In this study, a suburban forest was analyzed with laser radar sensing, multi-spectrum scanning, digital photogrammetry analysis,
aerial photograph interpretation, and a field survey. Data gathered using these techniques were compiled on a GIS to forecast
future changes in the forest. Aerial photographs taken over the past 50 years were analyzed to illuminate changes in the forest
over that period. Specifically, comparisons of precise Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) measured by using digital photogrammetry
workstations made it possible to estimate growth in forest height. The possible future conversion of such results to estimates
of amounts of carbon dioxide consolidated by forests should be very significant for discussions of global environmental problems.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
B. N. Floyd Dr. 《GeoJournal》1982,6(5):433-442
The world's tropical rain forests are being cleared at an ever-increasing and alarming rate. If their destruction continues, such forests will virtually disappear over the next half century, with grave consequences to mankind.The major exploirers of the humid tropical forests are timber companies, also crop and livestock farmers. Arguably, the greatest threat come from the many millions of small-scale farmers. If sizeable islands of original rain forest are to be preserved for scientific study and balanced ecological utilization, the rising demands for timber, subsistencee crop and grazing land will need to be satisfied in ways other those currently practised.An overall goal is the integrated development of resources within areas of secondary tropical forest and savanna woodland. If small farmers are to be encouragedto remainin such areas, successful techniques need to be devised to ensure virtually continuous cropping. The strategy of utilizing fast-growing suitable trees as nutrient pumps and for branch mulching is described. The use of appropriate minitaturized equipment and zero tillage is also advocated.It is not intended that these and other measures should provide a permanent blueprint for more intensive small-scale farming in the humid tropics. The penetration of more sophisticated systems subsumed under the Green Revolution should continue. It may be Discovered ultimately that an amalgam of traditional and new practices will best achieve the objective of raising the rural poor of the Third World above the meageress and meanness of their present predicament. 相似文献
15.
The continuous coniferous forest in the Tianshan Mountains primarily consists of Picea schrenkiana. The forest forms an unbroken 1,000 km forest zone extending from west to east on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains,
where environmental conditions such as precipitation, temperature and terrain vary greatly. To gain insight into the differences
between soil properties at the upper and lower limits of P. schrenkiana, soil underlying the forests was studied along 4 transects located at Jinghe, Manasi, Fukang, and Balikun, where the natural
conditions are typical and therefore representative of western, mid-western, mid-eastern and eastern portions of the Tianshan
Mountains. The soil type under the coniferous forest on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains is gray cinnamon forest
soil. For each transect, soil samples were collected from three different depths (0–5, 5–30 and 30–70 cm) in the area near
the upper and lower limits of P. schrenkiana. A total of 48 soil samples were collected from 16 soil profiles and analyzed in two different laboratories. The soil pH,
organic matter (OM), total N, total P, CaCO3, and electrical conductivity (EC) were analyzed using common pedological methods. The continuous distribution of P.
schrenkiana on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains was caused by combined water-heat conditions and pedological factors. At
the upper and lower tree limits, where differences existed in the soil parent materials, precipitation, topography, combined
water-heat conditions, and local atmospheric pattern, the soil properties showed a close relationship with the local environmental
conditions. Due to the presence of high precipitation over the Manasi transect, the soil was fertile and had a low CaCO3 content. In contrast, low soil fertility with high CaCO3 was observed in the soil along the Jinghe and Balikun transects, where there was low precipitation. Although the soil properties
varied on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains due to the presence of different environmental conditions across the
1,000-km forest zone, this region was suitable for the growth of P.
schrenkiana. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that soil played an important role in controlling the continuous distribution
of the P.
schrenkiana along the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains. 相似文献
16.
Natural resources, especially the forest provide a means of livelihood to rural communities in most developing countries.
Unfortunately these resources are under the threat of disappearing because of high population growth rates and poverty that
characterise these communities. Any attempt by development agencies at conserving these resources is tantamount to depriving
these rural areas of their survival base. Yet due to its strategic socio-economic and cultural importance, the forest ecosystem
needs to be sustained for future generations. This paper examines the various challenges faced by the State and other conservation
agencies in natural resource management and the possible options which can be employed in an effort to ensure a sustainable
exploitation of the forest in Anglophone Cameroon. It discusses the efforts of these actors, within the framework of the emerging
concept of community forestry, local community strengthening and integrated rural development. While highlighting some of
the achievements of international NGOs like Bird Life International and World Wide Fund for Nature in the region, the study
concludes that the future of sustainable management of forest resources relies on a holistic poverty alleviation approach
that takes into consideration the empowerment of these communities. This will ensure that they participate and benefit from
the exploitation of the resources in the form of local development.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Commercial afforestation in South Africa dates back to the 1870s and started as an alternative to the fast disappearing indigenous
timber resource. It involves the planting of exotic timber species and has impacts on water resources, soil biodiversity,
landscapes, etc. Commercial afforestation of land has been subjected to regulation through the Afforestation Permit System
(APS) since 1972, primarily to protect the national water resource. Since the APS no longer adequately dealt with afforestation
regulation, it was replaced in 1999 with a procedure that was supposed to integrate the requirements of relevant legislation
and general environmental management principles. This paper is a theoretical review of the background and development of the new South African Streamflow Reduction Activities licensing procedure, as well as
whether it complies with the requirements of an environmental management system such as ISO 14001. The main conclusion is
that the new procedure, although an improvement on the previous procedure, still has shortcomings especially with regard to
the operational and decommissioning phases of forestry in South Africa. It is recommended that these aspects be addressed
in order to mitigate the impact of forestry on water sustainability in South Africa.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
David Correia 《Geoforum》2010,41(1):66-73
Beginning in the 1990s, private ownership in Maine forestland shifted from a number of corporate owners to a patchwork of timber investment management organizations (TIMOs) and real estate investment trusts (REITs). This transformation reflected restructuring trends in the paper and pulp industry. During this same period, forest certification increased to levels that today make Maine one of the most certified states in the United States with nearly 8 million acres certified by one of a number of certifying entities. This paper examines the contradictory tensions of these trends. Specifically, the conservation goals of certification are undercut by increased investment in timber resources characterized by new financial instruments focused on return on investments. The increased use of first-party, industry-based certification suggests that the antagonisms between capital and conservation are being resolved in ways that undermine the purported conservation goals of forest certification standards. 相似文献
19.
Mountain Protection Forests against Natural Hazards and Risks: New French Developments by Integrating Forests in Risk Zoning 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Forests can play a very significant role in protection against natural hazards and risks in mountain lands, especially against erosion and rockfalls. This paper first assesses knowledge concerning the capacity of forests to control natural hazards, with emphasis placed on forest location in catchments or slopes. Zoning aspects are then presented; based on the use of GIS, they allow determining priorities for forestry operations (cuts and biological engineering), in view to setting up an 'optimal management' of mountain forest ecosystems. Finally, an explanation is given of how the results of research are used for the management and planning of mountain ecosystems, illustrated by an example of researcher-practitioner transfer in France. Zoning, prevention, display and regular aspects are developed. On the basis of the experience and knowledge presented here, recommendations are proposed to better take into account the role of mountain forests in the control of natural hazards and risks. It is necessary to have an adapted legislative and economic framework, define priority forest intervention zones and determine an adapted sylviculture. 相似文献
20.
The optimal rotation of a flammable forest stand when both carbon sequestration and timber are valued: a multi-criteria approach 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Luis Diaz-Balteiro David L. Martell Carlos Romero Andrés Weintraub 《Natural Hazards》2014,72(2):375-387
This paper proposes a multi-criteria approach that accounts for the risk of fire when determining the optimal rotation of a forest stand that is being managed for both timber production and carbon sequestration purposes. The multi-criteria framework uses in a combined way, multi-objective optimization and compromise programming methods. The proposed approach is computationally simple and allows for the quantification of conflicts between the criteria considered through the elicitation of the corresponding Pareto frontiers. Once the best portion or compromise sets of the Pareto frontiers are determined, then some indications of the increase in social welfare due to a potential reduction in the risk of fire are obtained. We illustrate the use of our methodology by applying it to an example that has previously been investigated in the forestry literature. Finally, some potential policy implications derived from the results obtained are highlighted. 相似文献