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Markus J. Schwab Petra Werner Peter Dulski Edward McGee Norbert R. Nowaczyk Sébastien Bertrand Suzanne A.G. Leroy 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(11-12):991-1005
Lake Sapanca is located on a strand of the Northern Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ, Turkey), where a series of strong earthquakes (Ms >6.0) have occurred over the past hundred years. Identifying prehistoric earthquakes in and around Lake Sapanca is key to a better understanding of plate movements along the NAFZ. This study contributes to the development of palaeolimnological tools to identify past earthquakes in Lake Sapanca. To this end several promising proxies were investigated, specifically lithology, magnetic susceptibility, grain size (thin-section and laser analysis), geochemistry, pollen concentration, diatom assemblages, 137Cs and 210Pb. Sedimentological indicators provided evidence for reworked, turbidite-like or homogeneous facies (event layers) in several short cores (<45 cm). Other indicators of sediment input and the historical chronicles available for the area suggest that three of these event layers likely originated from the AD 1957, 1967 and 1999 earthquakes. Recent changes in sediment deposition and nutrient levels have also been identified, but are probably not related to earthquakes. This study demonstrates that a combination of indicators can be used to recognize earthquake-related event layers in cores that encompass a longer period of time. 相似文献
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J. Neugebauer M. Löffler H. Berckhemer A. Yatman 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1997,86(1):93-102
The course of the active North Anatolian Fault system from Lake Abant to Lake Sapanca was traced by its high micro-earthquake activity. If approaching from the east this section includes a broad south to north overstep (fault offset) of the main fault. Local seismicity has been recorded in this area by a semi-permanent network of 8 stations since 1985 within the frame of the Turkish–German Joint Project for Earthquake Research. The effect of the overstep and its complex fracture kinematics are reflected by the seismicity distribution, the variations of composite fault-plane solutions, and by the spatial coda-Q distribution. Areas of different stress orientation can be distinguished and assigned to different groups of faults. The stresses and the tectonic pattern only in part correspond to a simple model of an extensional overstep and its correlative pull-apart basin. Other types of deformation involved are characterized by normal faulting on faults parallel to the general course of the main strike-slip fault and by synthetic strike-slip faults oriented similar to Riedel shears. Shear deformation by this fault group widely distributed in an area north and east of the main fault line may play an important role in the evolution of the overstep. The development of a pull-apart basin is inhibited along the eastern half of the overstep and compatibility of both strands of the main fault (Bolu–Lake Abant and Lake Sapanca– Izmit–Marmara Sea) seems to be achieved with the aid of the fault systems mentioned. The extension of the missing part of the pull-apart basin seems to be displaced to positions remote from the Lake Abant–Lake Sapanca main fault line, i.e. to the Akyaz?–Düzce basin tract. Highest Q-values (lowest attenuation of seismic waves) were found in the zone of highest seismicity north and west of the overstep which is the zone of strongest horizontal tension. If high coda-Q is an indicator for strong scattering of seismic waves it might be related to extensional opening of fractures. 相似文献
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The 1999 Kocaeli earthquake of Turkey (Mw = 7.4) caused great destruction to buildings, bridges and other facilities, and a death tall of about 20,000. During this earthquake, severe damages due to soil liquefaction and associated ground deformations also occurred widespread in the eastern Marmara Region of Turkey. Soil liquefaction was commonly observed along the shorelines. One of these typical sites is Sapanca town founded on the shore of Lake Sapanca. This study was undertaken as quantitative measurement of ground deformations induced by liquefaction along the southern shore of Lake Sapanca. The permanent lateral ground deformation was measured through the aerial photogrammetry technique at several locations both along the shoreline and in the town. In situ soil profiles and material properties at Sapanca area were obtained based on the data from 55 borings and standard penetration tests (SPT), and laboratory tests, respectively. The data and the empirical methods recommended by an NCEER workshop were employed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of the soils. In addition, simple shaking tests on a limited number of samples were also performed. The permanent ground displacements were estimated from the existing empirical models, sliding block method and residual visco-elastic finite element methods. Then these estimations were compared with the observed ground displacements. The assessments suggested that liquefaction at Sapanca have occurred within Quaternary alluvial fan deposits at depths 1 and 14 m, and the major regions of liquefaction and associated ground deformations were located along the shore and creeks. The evaluations also indicated that for sites with no sand boils but with ground displacement greater than 1 m, thickness of the non-liquefiable layer was large. It is also noted that no liquefaction-induced ground surface disruption is expected at the site when the thickness of the liquefiable and non-liquefiable layers vary between 0.5 and 1.5 m, and 3.5 and 5.5 m, respectively. Except one model, all the empirical models employed in the study over-predicted the observed lateral ground displacements, while sliding block method and residual visco-elastic finite element methods yielded reasonably good results if the known properties of liquefied soils are used. 相似文献
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The Kocaeli earthquake (M w = 7.4) of 17 August 1999 occurred in the Eastern Marmara Region of Turkey along the North Anadolu Fault and resulted in a very serious loss of life and property. One of the most important geotechnical issues of this event was the permanent ground deformations because of both liquefaction and faulting. These deformations occurred particularly along the southern shores of ?zmit Bay and Sapanca Lake between the cities of Yalova and Adapazar? in the west and east, respectively. In this study, three sites founded on delta fans, namely De?irmendere Nose, Yeniköy tea garden at Seymen on the coast of ?zmit Bay, and Vak?f Hotel site on the coast of Sapanca Lake were selected as typical cases. The main causes of the ground deformations at these sites were then investigated. Geotechnical characterization of the ground, derivation of displacement vectors from the pre- and post-earthquake aerial photographs, liquefaction assessments based on field performance data, and analyses carried out using the sliding body method have been fundamental in this study. The displacement vectors determined from photogrammetric evaluations conducted at De?irmendere and Seymen showed a combined movement of faulting and liquefaction. But except the movements in the close vicinity of shorelines, the dominant factor in this movement was faulting. The results obtained from the analyses suggested that the ground failure at De?irmendere was a submarine landslide mainly because of earthquake shaking rather than liquefaction. On the other hand, the ground failures at the Yeniköy tea garden on the coast of Seymen and the hotel area in Sapanca town resulted from liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. It was also obtained that the ground deformations estimated from the sliding body method were quite close to those measured by aerial photogrammetry technique. 相似文献
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Lake Sapanca in NW Turkey is a fault originated freshwater basin fed by seasonally variable flows of 15 streams. Considerations of lake–river interaction, supported by statistical measures of 47 bottom samples, suggest that sediment transport and deposition within the lake is controlled by two types of human constructed structures in addition to natural factors: (1) the dykes constructed in the front of streams, which feed the lake by strong flows, to prevent the filling of lakebed by coarse-grained sediments; (2) the constructed regulator on the outflowing Çarksuyu stream results in a higher sedimentation rate of clay-sized material on the NE corner of the lake, which is extraordinary in the shelf environment. 相似文献
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在前人资料和野外勘查的基础上对祁连山及邻区贵德盆地、循化—化隆盆地、同仁盆地、西宁盆地、门源盆地、临夏盆地、兰州盆地、定西盆地、天水盆地、肃北盆地、酒泉盆地、玉门盆地、张掖盆地、武威盆地、哈拉湖盆地、苏里盆地、木里盆地、民和盆地、共和盆地、青海湖盆地及柴达木等20余个盆地的第四纪地层进行了研究。以祁连山第四纪构造地貌演化、盆地沉积序列、古生物及古气候特征为地层分区依据,对祁连山及邻区第四纪地层进行了地层分区,并对部分地层名称做了厘定或统一。祁连山及邻区第四纪沉积特征总体为东部(主要为陇中地区)黄土分布广泛,堆积了世界上最厚的黄土地层;北部(河西走廊地区)冲洪积扇堆积及风沙发育;南部(柴北盆地)以冲洪积-湖积为主,晚更新世以来发育风成沙及黄土;共和盆地由湖泊转向冲积扇和风沙沉积;青海湖盆延续至今;中西部高山及山间盆地冰碛、冰水堆积以及河流阶地堆积发育。根据上述特征及划分原则,将祁连山及邻区第四纪地层区划分为:兰州—西宁地层区,贵德地层区,酒泉—张掖地层区,柴北地层区,共和地层区,青海湖地层区及肃北—门源地层区。 相似文献
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基于台风发源地、运动路径,以及对太湖流域影响范围、降雨量等特征的分析,提出影响太湖流域台风的刻画标准。据此从1949～2010年的台风资料中遴选出230场影响太湖流域的台风。采用非参数统计、累积距平曲线及Morlet连续小波分析等方法,剖析影响太湖流域台风的频次、年内最早及最晚影响时间等参数的趋势、突变和周期性,并分析了台风与ENSO现象的关系。结果表明:影响太湖流域台风的频次和最早影响时间变化的趋势性不显著,而最晚影响时间则有显著推后的趋势;台风频次的变化呈现"少-多-少-多"波动时演变特性,并可能存在21～22a、6～8a的振荡周期;研究对太湖流域防洪减灾具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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对鄱阳湖流域内的赣州、宜春、南昌和庐山4个气象站近60年的年降水量序列进行小波分析,研究了鄱阳湖流域降水时间序列的周期性变化规律。结果表明,鄱阳湖流域年降水量存在两个明显的周期变化,分别为30～35a和12～15a,2011年正处在30～35a周期转化的节点上,未来30a鄱阳湖流域可能将进入降水偏少的周期;而12～15a周期尺度在2000年以前比较明显,2000年以后12～15a周期特征趋于消失。通过对ENSO指数的变化周期尺度的研究,发现厄尔尼诺现象的出现周期与鄱阳湖流域年降水量周期十分相似,两者具有很高的相关性。 相似文献
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乍得湖盆地构造特征与油气成藏规律初探 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以前人的研究为基础,结合研究区及邻区地球物理资料、岩矿特征、钻井资料,分析了盆地结构特征、构造样式、演化序列以及油气成藏规律。研究表明,乍得湖盆地为伸展断-坳型裂谷盆地,断裂、褶皱构造发育;经历了前裂谷(侏罗纪以前)、同裂谷(135~23.5Ma)、后裂谷(23.5Ma以后)三个演化阶段;主要发育白垩纪和古近纪两套含油气系统。 相似文献
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苏干湖盆地是嵌套在柴达木盆地中的一个封闭盆地,大、小苏干湖是盆地地表水和地下水的汇集中心,两湖相距20km,但大苏干湖为咸水湖、小苏干湖为淡水湖。文章通过氢、氧同位素分析盆地中大、小苏干湖湖水补给来源,解释了两湖虽近,但矿化度差别较大的原因。为解决敦煌盆地地下水资源短缺问题,政府部门计划从苏干湖盆地地下水的主要补给源——大哈尔腾河引水至党河当中,但湖水补给源的不同,导致引水对两湖影响不一。结果表明,大苏干湖湖水补给来源为大、小哈尔腾河上游4 800m以上冰雪融水补给,且径流路径长,蒸发强烈。小苏干湖主要由来自党河南山西段和阿尔金山区雨水补给,径流路径短。因此,大、小苏干湖矿化度差别较大,补给源的不同导致引水对大苏干湖湖水影响较大,而对小苏干湖湖水影响较小。 相似文献
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Paleomagnetic secular variation in a portion of the Bonneville Alloformation is compared with secular variation in lacustrine sediments in the Mono Basin, California, and with secular variation in Lake Lahontan sediments in the northwestern Great Basin. The comparison places an age of about 18,000 yr B.P., and a span of 1000 to 3000 yr, on part of a transgressive stage of Lake Bonneville near Delta, Utah, that is coeval with a wet period in the Lahontan Basin. 相似文献
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利用1971-2010年青海省境内43个气象站的降水量和水汽压月资料, 运用整层大气可降水量经验公式, 计算了青海高原东部农业区、环青海湖区、三江源区和柴达木盆地4个不同生态功能区的可降水量和降水转化率. 结果表明: 不同生态功能区可降水量均呈单峰形态分布, 均在夏季达到最大值; 降水转化率在三江源区和东部农业区呈双峰分布, 柴达木盆地和环青海湖地区呈单峰分布. 不同生态功能区年可降水量近40 a均呈上升趋势, 其中, 柴达木盆地和环青海湖区上升趋势显著; 不同生态功能区年可降水量均发生了突变, 东部农业区发生在1983年, 柴达木盆地发生在1996年, 三江源区和环青海湖区发生在1993年. 可降水量自西向东呈逐渐增加趋势, 降水转化率形成以青海湖区为中心的马鞍形场. 相似文献
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东昆仑阿拉克湖地区第四纪水系演化过程及其趋势 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据第四系沉积物的沉积时代、沉积类型及盆山耦合与迁移规律,将东昆仑阿拉克湖地区第四纪水系变迁划分了4个阶段：早更新世小型内陆盆地无序水系阶段;中更新世冰川水系与东流水系阶段;晚更新世柴达木盆地内陆水系向南溯源侵蚀阶段;全新世黄河外泄水系形成与发展阶段。根据研究区及相邻地区黄河水系和柴达木盆地内陆水系的溯源侵蚀发展历史及趋势分析,认为研究区未来水系发展趋势不一定是加鲁河袭夺鄂陵湖、扎陵湖两湖及黄河水系,而可能是黄河加快下蚀作用和溯源侵蚀,鄂陵湖和扎陵湖将逐渐消失成为河流,黄河水系最终将袭夺柴达木内陆盆地水系。 相似文献
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太湖流域洪水的周期信息图及其可公度性法预测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
据1991年江淮地区异常洪水预测的启示,从太湖流域的历史旱涝记载文献,环湖洪水调查成果和实测水位雨量记录等资料,进行太湖流域洪水周期规律的探讨.通过多种周期提取方法,建立起洪水周期信息图,发现太湖洪水存在着8～11年、20～24年、37～42年和58～62年的周期现象,然后采用可公度性法预测,以供防洪减灾参考. 相似文献
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The postglacial history of Lake Manitoba has been deduced from a study of the changes in physical, mineralogical, and chemical variables in sediment cores collected from the lake. Six lithostratigraphic units are recognized in the South Basin of the lake. Weakly developed pedogenic zones, reflecting dry or extremely low water conditions in the basin, separate five of these six units. The initial phase of lacustrine sedimentation in the Lake Manitoba basin began shortly after 12,000 yr B.P. as water was impounded in front of the receding glacier to form Lake Agassiz. By 11,000 yr ago, continued retreat of the ice sheet opened lower outlets to the east and much of Lake Agassiz drained, including the Lake Manitoba basin. Water levels again rose at 9900 yr B.P., but by about 9200 yr B.P. the South Basin was again dry. For the next 4700 yr there was an alternation of wet and dry conditions in the basin in response to the interaction of a warmer and drier climate and differential crustal rebound of the basin. About 4500 yr ago a new phase of Lake Manitoba sedimentation was initiated when the Assiniboine River began to discharge into the South Basin. The Assiniboine River was diverted out of the Lake Manitoba watershed about 2200 yr ago. Erosion and redistribution of the sandy deltaic sediments deposited by the Assiniboine River has created the barrier beach that now separates the extensive marsh to the south of the lake from the main lake. 相似文献
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鄱阳湖区干旱演变特征与水文防旱对策 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
根据实测水文资料与历史记载资料,分析鄱阳湖区近1 000年来干旱的气候演变特征,表明从大周期上看,本世纪鄱阳湖区的气候严重干旱属正常偏少状态;但从小周期上看,本世纪前20年湖区气候严重干旱为偏多状态,未来十几年的抗旱形势依然十分严峻.利用都昌站水位资料,分析鄱阳湖区近55年来干旱的水文变化特征,表明干旱的水文变化较气候变化更为剧烈,且单向性变化趋势更加显著,说明湖区抗旱水资源利用困难呈加大趋势,旱期供水形势极为严峻.探讨了新形势下水文防旱对策. 相似文献
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Wang Liang Cai Yongli Chen Hongquan Dag Daler Zhao Jingmin Yang Juan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(5):1119-1124
Taihu Lake is at the densely populated region of the eastern coast of China. Taihu Basin is one of the most developed regions
of China. The frequency of flood disaster in Taihu Basin has been increasing in the recent years, resulting in more drowned
areas and economic loss. It is shown that flood disaster is the most serious problems in Taihu Lake and Taihu Basin. Mitigation
of flood problems and return to sustainability has now been given high attention and are prioritized in the Chinese national
policies. This paper describes the state of the flood disaster in the Taihu Basin, examines the root causes for flood disaster,
demonstrates by examples how these analyses known as transboundary diagnostic analysis can be used to develop policy options
that can help predict and reduce the flood disaster based on past and current measures and policy. 相似文献