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1.
INTRODUCTION Point defects in quartz have attracted intensiveand continuing research since the 1950s ( Weil ,2000 ,1984 ; Marfunin, 1979 ; Weeks , 1956 ; McClellandand Donoghue ,1953) because they are key factors inenhancing ( or reducing) device performance andquality of this i mportant piezoelectric and optical ma-terial (Beall ,1994) .Point defects in quartz are usu-ally dilute in concentration and,therefore ,are ame-nable to study by only a fewstructural techniques ,ofwhich electron… 相似文献
2.
《Geoforum》2015
The right to food is increasingly evoked by a range of actors, but there is not sufficient critical analysis of distinct interpretations of what this right means in practice. Through examination of a mineral extraction project with agricultural implications, this article explores diverse human rights narratives and illuminates associated corporate efforts to minimize recognition of food as a fundamental right. A British mining company proposes the Phulbari open pit coal mine in an agriculturally important region of Bangladesh. Highly contested by affected populations, clashes in 2006 between the police and protestors turned deadly in the area. In February 2012, a group of UN Special Rapporteurs cautioned the Government of Bangladesh regarding human rights violations associated with the planned mine. They warned that the project would displace hundreds of thousands of people, while destroying fertile agricultural land. In contrast, an ongoing publicity campaign by the corporation attempts to promote their intervention as a positive step, fully compliant with international human rights and corporate social responsibility standards. Taking this case as an exemplar, the article illuminates the pursuit of mining profit and the distinct use of human rights narratives by corporations and UN Special Rapporteurs. These diverse actors represent the layering of voices weighing in on mineral extraction and associated right to food concerns. Collectively, these layered narratives represent a new terrain for the promotion and contestation of mining and highlight the need to scrutinize mining practices in light of social responsibility and human rights claims being voluntary and self-regulated. 相似文献
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A new aproach to isotopic analysis of carbon,oxygen,sulfur and nitrogen in microsamples has been established.Samples were conventionally prepared by mixing microsamples to be analyzed with reference samples with known δ values in a proper proportion,and then analyzed for their stable isotopes as those at ordinary levels.According to the equilibrium relationships before and after mixing,the δvalues of unknown microsamples were calculated.The δ^15N of the atmosphere was estimated at zero by this approach,which is concordant with the internationally recommended value. 相似文献
5.
A Critical Approach to Probability Laws in Geochemistry 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Probability laws in geochemistry have been a major issue of concern over the last decades. The lognormal on the positive real
line or the additive logistic normal on the simplex are two classical laws of probability to model geochemical data sets due
to their association with a relative measure of difference. This fact is not fully exploited in the classical approach when
viewing both the positive real line and the simplex as subsets of real space with the induced geometry. But it can be taken
into account considering them as real linear vector spaces with their own structure. This approach implies using a particular
geometry and a measure different from the usual ones. Therefore, we can work with the coordinates with respect to an orthonormal
basis. It could be shown that the two mentioned laws are associated with a normal distribution on the coordinates. In this
contribution both approaches are compared, and a real data set is used to illustrate similarities and differences. 相似文献
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Currie proposed a cirterion for predicting liquid immiscibility in silicate melts with reference to their free energies efore and after crystal fractionization of a melt.The present authors have calculated the rock analysis data given by Philpotts and proved the validity of Currie‘s method.The authors are particularly interested in the study of immiscibility in the magma in relation with iron deposits.Therefore,they have also calculated the data for artificial silicate melts as well as the data from the famous Kirunavaara iron deposit. 相似文献
8.
Eastern Australian xenolith suites and lithospheric transition zones are re‐evaluated using new mineral analyses and thermo‐barometry. Some suites, including that defining the southeastern Australian geotherm, are not fully equilibrated. New pressure‐temperature estimates, based on experimental calibrations that allow for Cr and Ti in pyroxenes, differ from earlier results by up to 0.6 GPa and 250°C. The preferred Brey and Köhler 1990 thermo‐barometer indicates a shallower cooler garnet lherzolite transition under Mesozoic New South Wales (50 km depth at 980° C) than for Tertiary Tasmania (60 km depth at 1090°C). Deviations between palaeogeotherms may reflect: (i) higher temperature gradients for Tasmania and New South Wales (by 100°C/0.1 GPa) related to abnormally hot mantle; (ii) higher temperature gradients linked to more voluminous magmatism, largely Cenozoic in age; and (iii) complex temperature perturbations linked to different levels of magmatic intrusion. These deviations blur reconstructions of lithospheric assemblages, where temperature is determinable and pressure comes from an assumed geotherm. Potential errors in locating spinel lherzolite and crust‐mantle transition assemblages may reach 15 km in depth. The highest Tertiary geothermal gradients in Tasmania and northeastern New South Wales match those from regions of active lithospheric extension. The young southeastern Australian geotherm is decaying from a higher temperature equilibration, based on experimental work, and Mesozoic New South Wales geotherms trend towards the lower gradients of bounding cratons. 相似文献
9.
A.R. Selby 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1999,17(3-4):351-371
Tunnelling through soils results in ground loss, causing surface settlements and transverse movements. Where the tunnel drive passes below an existing structure, it is important to estimate the effects upon the structure. However, the free ground deformations should not simply be imposed upon a structure, because the structure contributes to stiffening of the ground. A computational soil-structure interaction analysis is required, to otain detailed stress–deformation response. First, linear finite element and Lagrangian finite difference methods are used to estimate ground movements due to a tunnel in free ground, and the results are compared with values based on empirical equations. The two linear methods and an additional hybrid FE method are then used to assess with soil-structure interaction; two cases of a typical short wall and a long wall lying across the route of tunnels of different depths. The results support the validity of the hybrid method which is used to estimate interactive ground settlements for comparison with a reported case of tunnelling below a building in central London. A more detailed case study is then undertaken to assess building damage caused by gross settlements during tunnelling in mixed soils, at a site in Workington, west Cumbria. A survey allowed estimation of free ground movements. Analysis by the hybrid method on the soils plus uncracked structures indicated intolerable horizontal stresses. Re-analysis with major cracks introduced into the structures resulted in close agreement between measured and computed settlements. 相似文献
10.
Bradley R. Wilson 《Geoforum》2010,41(1):84-92
This paper explores the following general question: Why are Fair Trade coffee farmers in Nicaragua burdened by debt? Nearly five years from “the end” of the coffee crisis, peasant farming households committed to Fair Trade standards continue to struggle with a legacy of indebtedness caused by years of low farm-gate prices and declining productivity between 2000 and 2004. Through ethnographic observation and interviews with peasant farmers in Nicaragua, I explore how farmers experience a simple reproduction squeeze that hinders them from “bootstrapping” their own economic development. I argue that the effort to raise the Fair Trade minimum price and premium for coffee through Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) in 2008 demonstrated a good first step toward improving farm-gate prices, however, these gains must be understood in the context of long-term indebtedness as well as rising production costs and household consumption costs. 相似文献
11.
《中国地球化学学报》2006,(Z1)
Taipingxi, Yichang, Hubei province, China, is situated on the left of the Three-Gorges Dam of the Yangtze River. The bedrock is granite. Yhe Three-Gorges Project began to sluice in June, 2004. The contents of magnesium, aluminum and fluoride in rock and s… 相似文献
12.
《Geoforum》2014
The paper analyses how two private post-tsunami reconstruction initiatives in Sri Lanka mobilized well intended aid to support and assist tsunami affected families, drawing on narratives of compassion, which resulted in an inadvertent obtrusion of the moral imperatives of donors upon the lives of aid receivers. We trace the discursive terrain around goodness, kindness and compassion utilized to generate donations. This quickly slipped into the practical construction of village models that reflected individuals’ ideas and understandings of development, modernism, social consciousness and peaceful coexistence. This merging, we argue, quickly subverted intention for the ‘betterment of villagers lives’, and became a means through which donors made claims on villages and impressed their will upon recipients. Given that private donor involvement in post-tsunami Sri Lanka was a critical factor shaping conditions on the ground, we contend that it is important to unpack their (powerful) role in giving meaning to building back better. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2014
Amid a rapid expansion of global investments in biofuels there has been an equally rapid proliferation of concerns about the inadequacies of current governance schemes to mitigate the environmental impacts of growing agroenergy production. Managing the land use practices of small producers in a way that ensures their activities are financially and environmentally sustainable is a particularly pressing issue that has been overlooked in research on biofuel governance. I illuminate these challenges through an ethnographic study on the multiple breakdowns of environmental governance in the Southern Goiás region of Brazil, a major expansion region for sugarcane ethanol production. I focus on one of the most pressing compliance issues among small and medium size sugarcane farmers; their persistent use of federally mandated conservation areas for cattle production. I find that while these transgressions are often perceived by administrators and officials as being the result of a lack of “environmental awareness” among rural farmers, they are better understood as a safety net to protect landowners against perceived risks of sugarcane production. These violations are further enabled by continuing ambiguity in the enforcement structure for conservation legislation in the region. Recalibrating regulatory systems to better address these issues of accountability and risk is a critical step toward improving environmental governance of global biofuel commodity chains. 相似文献
14.
N. Nirupama 《Natural Hazards》2013,67(2):963-968
This paper demonstrates that there is no unique manner in which hurricanes can be ranked. Land-falling hurricanes during the period 1960–2012 on the east coast of the United States were considered in the research. Hurricanes can be ranked using various criteria, and therefore, ranking can be different according to the criterion used. A total of 30 hurricanes were found to stand out using ten different criteria to define the severity of the hurricanes. 相似文献
15.
In intermediate-acid magmatic rocks,alkaline magmatic rocks,gneisses and migmatitic rocks K-feldspar is a rock-forming rock in which the contents of Pb are highest,just 2-10 times those of the whole rock,3-16 times those of mica minerals and 6-32 times those of quartz.The lowest contents of K-feldspar are recognized in Early Proterozoic and Achaean rocks,with Pb in the K-feldspar accounting for less than 10% of that in the whole rock;in post Middle Proterozoic alkaine magmatic rocks,K-feldspar-rich granites and metamorphic rocks the contents of K-feldspar tend to increase,with the proportion granites and metamorphic rocks the contents of K-feldspar tend to increase,with the proportion of Pb over that in the whole rock being obviously increased.In the alkaline rocks in which K-feldspar accounts for 50%-70% of the total in the whole rock,the contents of Pb in K-feldspar account approximately for 70%-95% of the total lead in the whole rock.Being accessible to hydrothermal alteration in the late periods,K-feldspar was conversed to sericite,calcite,quartz,etc.In the process of such conversion the lead would be leached out and then find its way into fluid phase.This kind of trans-formation can provide sufficient ore-forming material for later Pb metallogenesis. 相似文献
16.
The Kamchatka peninsula, located in the far east of Russia, is a geologically active margin where the Pacific plate subducts beneath the North American and Eurasia plates. This area is characterised by frequent and strong seismic activity (magnitudes up to 8.5) and epicentres are generally distributed offshore along the eastern coast of the peninsula. For many years, hydrogeochemicals have been collected with a mean sampling frequency of three days in the form of the flow rate and the most common ions and gases in the groundwater of three deep wells in the southern area of the Kamchatka peninsula, where the capital city Petropavlovsk is located. Beginning in 1988, five earthquakes with M > 6.5 occurred in this area. These earthquakes were powerful enough to be considered as potential precursor sources in the sense that the stresses and strains building up before them might be expected to cause precursory activity. In order to reveal any possible precursors of these earthquakes, we analysed the hydrogeochemical data collected. We considered any signal having an amplitude three times the standard deviation to be an irregularity and we defined as an anomaly the existence of an irregularity occurring simultaneously in more than one parameter at each well. Then, on the basis of the worldwide past results and the time recurrence of the quoted earthquakes, we chose 158 days as the maximum temporal window between a possible anomaly and the subsequent earthquake. We identified some premonitory anomalies in hydrogeochemical parameters at different wells. On the basis of these results some earthquake forecasting criteria in southern Kamchatka may be tentatively formulated 相似文献
17.
In the past couple of decades, Operational Earthquake Forecasting (OEF) has been proposed as a way of mitigating earthquake risk. In particular, it has the potential to reduce human losses (injuries and deaths) by triggering actions such as reinforcing earthquake drills and preventing access to vulnerable structures during a period of increased seismic hazard. Despite the dramatic increases in seismic hazard in the immediate period before a mainshock (of up to 1000 times has been observed), the probability of a potentially damaging earthquake occurring in the coming days or weeks remains small (generally less than 5%). Therefore, it is necessary to balance the definite cost of taking an action against the uncertain chance that it will mitigate earthquake losses. In this article, parametric cost–benefit analyses using a recent seismic hazard model for Europe and a wide range of inputs are conducted to assess when potential actions for short-term OEF are cost–beneficial prior to a severe mainshock. Ninety-six maps for various combinations of input parameters are presented. These maps show that low-cost actions (costing less than 1% of the mitigated losses) are cost–beneficial within the context of OEF for areas of moderate to high seismicity in the Mediterranean region. The actions triggered by OEF in northern areas of the continent are, however, unlikely to be cost–beneficial unless very large increases in seismicity are observed or very low-cost actions are possible.
相似文献18.
Microorganisms Linked to Neoproterozoic Microspar Carbonate Sedimentation in the Jilin-Liaoning Area 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
GE Ming KUANG Hongwei MENG Xianghua George FURNISS Institute of Sedimentary Basin China University of Geoscience Xueyuan Ro Beijing China Yangzi University Nanjing Jiangsu China Geology Department University of Montan Missoul Montan USA 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(3):784-789
Molar-tooth carbonate refers to a sort of rock that has ptygmatical folded structure comparable to the ivory. This kind of carbonate exists in a special time range (from Middle to Neoproterozoic). Its origin and the possibility to use it in stratigraphic correlation of the paleocontinent is the key task of the IGCP447, a project on Proterozoic molar tooth carbonates and the evolution of the earth (2001-2005). The importance lies in that the molar-tooth structure is the key to solving problems related to Precambrian biological and global geochemical events. The molar-tooth structure is associated with microorganisms. Development and recession of such carbonates have relations with the evolution process of early lives and abrupt changes in sea carbonate geochemistry. In recent years, based on researches on petrology, geochemistry and Sr isotope of molar-tooth carbonate in the Jilin-Liaoning and Xuzhou-Huaiyang area, the authors hold that it can be used as a marker for stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary 相似文献
19.
Samantha R. Cook John M. Chamock Andrew Parker 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):247-247
The mainly 19th Century canal system in the UK, largely managed by British Waterways, has been increasingly brought back into operation over the last few decades, and is now widely used for both leisure, and, increasingly, transport. Both initial and routine dredging of the canal sediment is carried out and these sediments are generally disposed of to land. Because many of the canals were connected with primary industries, their sediments can locally be significantly contaminated with heavy metals, and the behaviour of these metals under differing redox conditions, when introduced into a new environment （i.e., on land） is of importance for environmental risk-assessment purposes. Canal sediments are often rich in sulfidic mineral phases, and we have attempted to quantify the influence of these sulfidic phases on the release and retention of metals in dredged canal sediments, using a combination of traditional chemical techniques （e.g. sequential extraction） and X-ray absorption spectroscopy （XAS）. Sediment samples have been collected from urban fresh-water canals, one in the British Midlands and one in Northern France. It appears from XAS that Cd is largely associated with oxygen in air-dried sediment, and with sulphur in vacuum-dried sediment. 相似文献
20.
Richard H. Pierce Charles E. Olney George T. Felbeck 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1974,38(7):1061-1073
A procedure was devised to study pp′-DDT [2,2-bis()-1,1,1-trichloroethane] adsorption and desorption to suspended particulates in aqueous solutions. DDT adsorption to a marine sediment, sediment fractions, clay and humic acid suspended in sea water was investigated and the humic fraction was found to have a greater adsorbing capacity than the clay or sediment. Removal of the humic fraction from sediment reduced the adsorption capacity to less than 60 per cent of the original sediment sample. It was concluded that suspended humic particulates may be important agents for transporting chlorinated hydrocarbons through the water column and for concentrating them in sediments and in detritus-feeding organisms. 相似文献