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1.
Gold deposits in the Syama and Tabakoroni goldfields in southern Mali occur along a north-northeast trending mineralised litho-structural corridor that trends for approximately 40 km. The deposits are interpreted to have formed during a craton-wide metallogenic event during the Eburnean orogeny. In the Syama goldfield, gold mineralisation in 9 deposits is hosted in the hanging-wall of the Syama-Bananso Shear Zone in basalt, greywacke, argillite, lamprophyre, and black shale. Gold is currently mined primarily from the oxidised-weathered zone of the ore bodies. In the Syama deposit, mineralisation hosted in altered basalt is associated with an intense ankerite–quartz–pyrite stockwork vein systems, whereas disseminated style mineralisation is also present in greywackes. In contrast, the Tellem deposit is hosted in quartz–porphyry rocks.In the Tabakoroni goldfield, gold mineralisation is hosted in quartz veins in tertiary splay shears of the Syama-Bananso Shear Zone. The Tabakoroni orebody is associated with quartz, carbonate and graphite (stylolite) veins, with pyrite and lesser amounts of arsenopyrite. There are four main styles of gold mineralisation including silica-sulphide lodes in carbonaceous fault zones, stylolitic quartz reefs in fault zones, quartz–Fe–carbonate–sulphide lodes in mafic volcanics, and quartz–sulphide stockwork veins in silicified sediments and porphyry dykes. The several deposit styles in the goldfield thus present a number of potential exploration targets spatially associated with the regional Syama-Bananso Shear Zone and generally classified as orogenic shear-hosted gold deposits.  相似文献   

2.
The Bagassi gold deposits are situated on the West African craton and hosted in Palaeoproterozoic rocks of the Houndé greenstone belt, southwest Burkina Faso. High-grade gold mineralisation is hosted in quartz–gold ± pyrite veins-lodes (V1A), in dilational zones and narrow shears in the Bagassi granitoid, and forms the majority of the resource–reserve portfolio in the Bagassi exploration permits, with gold grades of 18–21 g/t. Shear hosted gold-pyrite mineralisation in quartz veins in dilational jogs (V1B) occurs along narrow discontinuous shear zones that trend north-northwest in Birimian-aged metabasaltic units, and forms a secondary gold resource. Gold mineralisation is restricted to formation in the late Eburnean Orogeny and formed during a change from east-west to transcurrent compression and shearing. The Bagassi deposits demonstrate that granitoids emplaced prior to onset of the Eburnean Orogeny represent viable gold mineralisation in host rocks that are increasingly seen to be associated with significant gold resources.  相似文献   

3.
The world-class > 4 Moz Wona-Kona gold deposit is hosted within the Paleoproterozoic Birimian Houndé greenstone belt which is the most important gold mineralized belt in the western part of Burkina Faso, with a cumulative reserve of ~ 11 Moz. The mineralization consists of a pervasive silicification with disseminated pyrite–arsenopyrite crosscut by quartz–carbonate veinlets (1 to 10 cm wide) forming a vertical, thick (up to 40 m) and laterally extensive (5 km) northeast trending orebody hosted within a large (200 m wide) shear zone of regional extent. Gold occurs in association with 3 generations of pyrite and 2 generations of arsenopyrite. Free gold, interpreted as the last mineralizing event, occurs as late fracture filling in the pervasive silicification zone.  相似文献   

4.
The Inata gold deposit is hosted in the Bouroum greenstone belt of northern Burkina Faso and contains ca. 5 Moz of gold resource. The greenstone belt is divided into 4 distinct domains: The Pali West, Pali-Minfo and Fété Kolé domains comprised of variable proportions of mafic to intermediated volcanic, volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks, and the Sona Basin comprised of feldspathic sandstones and turbidites. Potential Tarkwaian-like conglomerates are rarely observed on the eastern margin of the basin. The stratigraphy is crosscut by a series of intrusions between 2172 ± 15 Ma and 2122 ± 4 Ma. A complex deformation sequence is recorded in the rocks and has been interpreted in a five stage scheme: early syn-depositional basin margin faults reactivated through time and partitioning all subsequent regional deformation (DeB); N–S compression (D1B > 2172 Ma); E-W compression (D2B, < ca 2122 Ma); NW–SE compression (D3B), and a late N–S compression (D4B). D2B-D4B overprint all rocks, including those of the Sona Basin and Tarkwaian-like conglomerates. Peak metamorphism is mid- to upper-greenschist facies.Mineralisation at Inata is hosted in black shales and volcaniclastic rocks of the Pali-Minfo domain and comprises shear-zone hosted quartz-tourmaline-ankerite veins with associated sulphides dominated by pyrite and arsenopyrite. Three generations of pyrite (py1, py2, py3) and one generation of arsenopyrite (apy2) have been identified. Py1 is parallel to bedding and early D1B foliation and not associated with gold. Py2 and apy2 are coeval, contain up to 1 ppm gold and are spatially associated with auriferous quartz veins. Py3 locally overprints previous assemblages and is also associated with Au. Fluid inclusions in quartz indicate H2O to H2O–CO2–NaCl fluids in auriferous quartz veins.Microscopic to macroscopic observation of fabric-mineral-vein crosscutting relationships indicate that mineralisation is syn-D2B, disrupted and remobilised during D3B. All observations and data are consistent with Inata representing an orogenic style of gold mineralisation formed relatively late in the evolution of the host terrane.  相似文献   

5.
The Youga gold deposits are located in southern Burkina Faso, close to the border with Ghana and classified as epigenetic mesothermal orogenic type gold deposits. They are hosted within or adjacent to Tarkwaian-type metasediments of the Youga Basin, composed of a succession of arkosic sandstones, conglomerates and subordinate chlorite schists. The Youga deposits are characterized by two distinct styles of mineralization; the moderately to weakly silicified host rock with quartz stockwork veining and pyrite as the predominant sulphide which generally grades between 0.5 and 2 g/t and the intensely silicified arkose with abundant quartz veins and more diverse sulphides (pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and galena) which generally grades > 3 g/t. The alteration paragenesis associated with the mineralized vein stockwork is characterized by quartz, ankerite, albite, chlorite and pyrite. The first mineralization episode occurred under brittle-ductile conditions during the D1Y deformation event characterized by E–W trending penetrative to discrete structures. Gold is concentrated in zones affected by irregular fracturing, quartz veining and occasional brecciation. Reworking of these structures during D2Y, by N–S to NE-trending sub-vertical shear zones, lead to further economic concentration of gold found in eight individual deposits, all localized in or immediately adjacent to Tarkwaian-type sediments (Main, East, West Zone 1, 2, and 3, A2NE, NTV and Zergoré). Absolute age of mineralization is unknown as well as that of the host sediments; however stratigraphic and structural craton-wide correlations suggest that the mineralization occurred after 2110 Ma if not much later. Commercial production was achieved at the Youga Gold Mine in 2008 and as of December 31st, 2014 has produced 537,621 oz of gold.  相似文献   

6.
Birimian supracrustal sequences in NE Burkina Faso are dominated by meta-volcaniclastic greywacke, intercalated meta-conglomerate, siltstone and shale. The sequences where subjected to two phases of deformation and contact metamorphosed to hornblende–hornfels facies during emplacement of pyroxenite–gabbro–norite (Yacouba Mafic complex), granodiorite–tonalite (Tin Taradat granodiorite–tonalite) and dolerite dykes.Structural studies indicated that the NE-trending, first-order crustal-scale Markoye Shear Zone (MSZ; Markoye Fault of [Jeambrun, M., Delfour, J., Gravost, M., 1970. Carte géologique de L’Oudalan. Bureau De Recherches Geologiques et Miniéres, Burkina Faso.]) has undergone at least two phases of reactivation concomitant to two phases of regional deformation. The first phase of deformation, D1, resulted in the formation of NNW-NW trending folds and thrusts during dextral-reverse displacement on the MSZ. The deformation is termed the Tangaean Event and predates the Eburnean Orogeny. D2 phase involved a period of SE–NW crustal shortening and sinistral-reverse displacement on the MSZ, and is correlated to the Eburnean Orogeny 2.1 Ga. Deformation in D2 is characterised by NE-trending regional folds (F2) and a pervasive NE-trending foliation (S2-C to S2). Within the MSZ, deformation is characterised by NNE-trending zones of mylonite that are bordered in the hangingwall and footwall by pseudotachylite veins. Buck quartz-carbonate veins and quartz cataclasite veins crosscut the mylonite zones and are, in turn, crosscut by quartz–chlorite–(muscovite) shears that formed during reactivation of the MSZ late in D2. Several generations of veins are recognised at the Essakane main deposit (EMZ): Arsenopyrite–pyrite–gold mineralization in quartz veins formed in D1 during metasomatic alteration of the host rocks; Vein-stockwork gold mineralization is interpreted to have formed late in D2.  相似文献   

7.
The Tasiast gold deposits are hosted within Mesoarchean rocks of the Aouéouat greenstone belt, Mauritania. The Tasiast Mine consists of two deposits hosted within distinctly different rock types, both situated within the hanging wall of the west-vergent Tasiast thrust. The Piment deposits are hosted within metasedimentary rocks including metaturbidites and banded iron formation where the main mineral association consists of magnetite-quartz-pyrrhotite ± actinolite ± garnet ± biotite. Gold is associated with silica flooding and sulphide replacement of magnetite in the turbidites and in the banded iron formation units. The West Branch deposit is hosted within meta-igneous rocks, mainly diorites and quartz diorites that lie stratigraphically below host rocks of the Piment deposits. Most of the gold mineralisation at West Branch is hosted by quartz–carbonate veins within the sheared and hydrothermally altered meta-diorites that constitute the Greenschist Zone. At Tasiast, gold mineralisation has been defined over a strike length > 10 km and to vertical depths of 740 m. All of the significant mineralised bodies defined to date dip moderately to steeply (45° to 70°) to the east and have a south–southeasterly plunge. Gold deposits on the Tasiast trend are associated with second order shear zones that are splays cutting the hanging wall block of the Tasiast thrust. An age of 2839 ± 36 Ma obtained from the hydrothermal overgrowth on zircons from a quartz vein is interpreted to represent the age of mineralisation.  相似文献   

8.
Primary gold deposits in Burkina Faso occur in Paleoproterozoic Birimian belt formations (2.0 Ga). Mineralization was synchronous with regional metamorphism and deformation, and is either hosted within, or is adjacent to, quartz-bearing veins. These are classical characteristics of epigenetic gold deposits in Precambrian metamorphic terranes and permit to classify the mineralized sites from Burkina Faso as orogenic-type gold deposits. A review of data collected over the past decade by our team permits to recognize two main styles of gold mineralization: (1) Quartz-vein hosted; this style occurs in all lithologies, the veins are deformed and gold is principally concentrated within the veins, associated with either sulfides or tourmaline. (2) Disseminated; this style occurs exclusively in albitites (and to a lesser extent listvenites) with gold occurring mainly within alteration halos of generally undeformed quartz-albite-carbonate vein. Quartz-vein and disseminated styles of mineralization can be associated within the same deposit. Albitites and listvenites are alteration products of mainly calc-alkaline igneous rocks of felsic to ultramafic composition, respectively. The predominant alteration assemblage consists of chlorite, albite, carbonate, and pyrite. Sulfides occur as fine masses commonly in the alteration halos close to vein margins and consist mainly of pyrite and arsenopyrite, depending on host-rock composition. Gold occurs as free native metal and, locally, in form of tellurides, in fissures or as inclusions within pyrite and arsenopyrite. Two main populations of fluid inclusions are associated with the gold deposits, independently of the mineralization style: (1) carbonic inclusions consisting of up to 90 mol% CO2 (plus N2 and CH4) and (2) aqueous-carbonic fluid inclusions with moderate salinities. Interestingly, the disseminated gold style deposits of Burkina Faso, which have the highest economic potential, show strong similarities with the world-class Ashanti deposit, in neighboring Ghana.  相似文献   

9.
The Bendigo and Castlemaine goldfields are classic examples of structurally controlled orogenic gold deposits in the Bendigo Zone of central Victoria, SE Australia. Detailed mapping and biostratigraphic interpretation has led to a better understanding of the regional structural controls of this type of gold-quartz mineralisation. Mineralised quartz veins are hosted by the Castlemaine Group, an Early-to-Middle Ordovician turbidite succession at least 3,000 m thick. Gold deposits are controlled by low-displacement faults that are clustered into several belts (the goldfields) indicating a regional structural control. The timing of mineralisation overlapped with that of the major period of deformation including folding, cleavage development and regional faulting. The Bendigo and Castlemaine goldfields are located in an area termed the Whitelaw thrust sheet bounded by two unmineralised, high-displacement, regional-scale faults. Mapping has revealed an interrelationship between the regional-scale faults, regional structural style and goldfield location. The goldfields lie immediately west of the boundary between the upper and lower portions of the thrust sheet and are characterised by symmetric folds with sub-horizontal to synclinal enveloping surfaces, relatively low co-axial strains and moderate cleavage development. The non-gold-bearing areas immediately east of each goldfield correspond with the lower part of the Whitelaw thrust sheet and are characterised by higher non-coaxial strains, stronger cleavage and folds with wide west-dipping limbs giving rise to easterly vergent sections and steeply west-dipping enveloping surfaces. That mineralisation was an integral part of the thin-skinned style of deformation in the central Bendigo Zone is indicated by timing relationships and the interrelationship between local-scale mineralised structures and regional-scale features such as large-displacement unmineralised faults, regional variations in fold style and overall thrust sheet geometry. The work supports previous models that suggest mineralised fluids were focussed along a linked system of deep-seated faults. The primary conduits may have been major regional-scale ‘intrazone’ faults, which are inferred to sole into detachments near the base of the Castlemaine Group. It is proposed that these structures linked with minor intrazone faults and then with networks of low-displacement mineralised faults that were strongly controlled by folds. The location of minor intrazone faults was probably controlled by internal thrust sheet geometry. The distribution of gold deposits and of gold production suggests that maximum fluid flow was concentrated along the eastern margins of networks of low-displacement faults.  相似文献   

10.
The Aurora Project is a Cu-Ni-PGE magmatic sulphide deposit in the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex of South Africa. Since 1992 mining in the northern limb has focussed on the Platreef deposit, located along the margin of the complex. Aurora has previously been suggested to represent a far-northern facies of the Platreef located along the basal margin of the complex and this study provides new data with which to test this assertion. In contrast to the Platreef, the base metal sulphide mineralisation at Aurora is both Cu-rich (Ni/Cu < 1) and Au-rich. The sulphides are hosted predominantly in leucocratic rocks (gabbronorites and leucogabbronorites) with low Cr/MgO (< 30) where pigeonite and orthopyroxene co-exist as low-Ca pyroxenes without cumulus magnetite. This mineral association is found in the Upper Main Zone and the Aurora mineral chemistry is consistent with this stratigraphic interval. Pigeonite gabbronorites above the Aurora mineralisation have high Cu/Pd ratios (> 50,000) reflecting the preferential removal of Pd over Cu in the sulphides below. Similarly high Cu/Pd ratios characterise the Upper Main Zone in the northern limb above the pigeonite + orthopyroxene interval and suggest that Aurora-style sulphide mineralisation may be developed here as well. The same mineralogy and geochemical features also appear to be present in the T Zone of the Waterberg PGE deposit, located under younger cover rocks to the north of Aurora. If these links are proved they indicate the potential for a previously unsuspected zone of Cu-Ni-PGE mineralisation extending for over 40 km along strike through the Upper Main Zone of the northern Bushveld.  相似文献   

11.
Gold mineralisation in the White River area, 80 km south of the highly productive Klondike alluvial goldfield, is hosted in amphibolite facies gneisses in the same Permian metamorphic pile as the basement for the Klondike goldfield. Hydrothermal fluid which introduced the gold was controlled by fracture systems associated with middle Cretaceous to early Tertiary extensional faults. Gold deposition occurred where highly fractured and chemically reactive rocks allowed intense water–rock interaction and hydrothermal alteration, with only minor development of quartz veins. Felsic gneisses were sericitised with recrystallisation of hematite and minor arsenic mobility, and extensively pyritised zones contain gold and minor arsenic (ca 10 ppm). Graphitic quartzites (up to 5 wt.% carbon) caused chemical reduction of mineralising fluids, with associated recrystallisation of metamorphic minerals (graphite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite) in host rocks and veins, and introduction of arsenic (up to 1 wt.%) to form arsenopyrite in veins and disseminated through host rock. Veins have little or no hydrothermal quartz, and up to 19 wt.% carbon as graphite. Late-stage oxidation of arsenopyrite in some graphitic veins has formed pharmacosiderite. Gold is closely associated with disseminated and vein sulphides in these two rock types, with grades of up to 3 ppm on the metre scale. Other rock types in the White River basement rocks, including biotite gneiss, hornblende gneiss, pyroxenite, and serpentinite, have not developed through-going fracture systems because of their individual mineralogical and rheological characteristics, and hence have been little hydrothermally altered themselves, have little hydrothermal gold, and have restricted flow of fluids through the rock mass. Some small post-metamorphic quartz veins (metre scale) have been intensely fractured and contain abundant gold on fractures (up to 40 ppm), but these are volumetrically minor. The style of gold mineralisation in the White River area is younger than, and distinctly different from, that of the Klondike area. Some of the mineralised zones in the White River area resemble, mineralogically and geochemically, nearby coeval igneous-hosted gold deposits, but this resemblance is superficial only. The White River mineralisation is an entirely new style of Yukon gold deposit, in which host rocks control the mineralogy and geochemistry of disseminated gold, without quartz veins.  相似文献   

12.
The 43 t (1.4 Moz) of gold in the Woodcutters goldfield 50 km north of Kalgoorlie has wide geological significance in terms of gold in Archaean granite, as well as its local commercial and exploration significance. Woodcutters is already one of the largest Archaean gold systems in granite, and is unusual in being so far laterally from the nearest greenstone belt. Gold in the Federal zone, one of the deposits making up the Woodcutters goldfield, is hosted in hornblende‐biotite granodiorite,6 km from the mapped contact with greenstone. In Federal open pit, the granodiorite is coarse‐grained in the northern half, and a fine‐grained granodiorite in the south, with both hosting gold. These two types of granodiorite are rather similar in both mineralogy and geochemistry. There is also a subordinate fine‐grained monzodiorite. The Federal gold mineralisation is in a northwest‐striking, northeast‐dipping (315° strike/60°E dip) shear zone in the Scotia granite. Variation in grainsize of the host rocks might have affected the style of deformation with more brittle fabrics in the coarse‐grained phase and more ductile fabrics prominent in the fine‐grained granodiorite. Hydrothermal alteration is extensively developed around the Federal deposit and is a useful vector towards gold mineralisation. Distal epidote alteration surrounds a proximal muscovite‐biotite alteration zone that contains quartz‐sulfide veins. The alteration shares some of the common alteration characteristics of Archaean greenstone‐hosted gold, but differs in that carbonate‐chlorite alteration is only weakly developed. This difference is readily explained in terms of host‐rock composition and lower concentrations of Fe, Mg and Ca in the granite compared with greenstone. Fluid‐inclusion studies demonstrate that the fluids associated with the hydrothermal alteration at Woodcutters shared the common characteristics of fluids in Archaean greenstone gold, namely low‐salinity and dominant H2O–CO2. Fluid inclusions with moderate salinity were found in one fresh sample away from mineralisation, and are inferred to represent possible magmatic fluid. There is no evidence of a granite‐derived fluid being responsible for gold mineralisation. The granodiorite host rock had cooled, crystallised and had at least started to undergo deformation prior to gold introduction. The distribution of gold mineralisation in the Woodcutters goldfield has the style, shape and orientation comparable with greenstone‐hosted gold deposits in the same region. The northwest trend, the quartz veining and simple pyrite mineralogy are all features common to other greenstone‐hosted gold deposits near Kalgoorlie such as Mt Pleasant. The alteration fluid appears to have penetrated the granite on the scale of many hundreds of metres, causing large‐scale alteration. Woodcutters gold mineralisation resulted from the same metamorphic fluid processes that led to formation of greenstone gold deposits. In this metamorphic model, granitic rocks are predicted to be less‐favourable gold hosts than mafic rocks for two reasons. Granitic rocks do not generally fracture during regional deformation in such a way as to create large‐scale dilation. Furthermore, with less iron and no carbon, granitic rocks have lower potential to precipitate gold from solution by wall‐rock reaction. The metamorphic model predicts that those granite types with higher Fe should host better gold deposits, all other factors being equal. Accordingly, tonalite‐trondhjemite and hornblende‐bearing granodiorite should provide better environments for major gold deposits compared with monzogranite, and granite sensu stricto, as borne out by Woodcutters, but mafic rocks should be better hosts than any of these felsic to intermediate rocks.  相似文献   

13.
The Walhalla-Woods Point Goldfield in southeast Australia is characterised by large gold deposits associated with a Late Devonian dyke swarm. The setting of this goldfield is unique because unlike the major gold deposits in Victoria, it occurs close to the eastern margin of the Western Lachlan Orogen, and highlights the disparities between the evolving phases of orogenic gold mineralisation in the Western Lachlan Orogen, and the contrasts between sediment hosted, dyke-associated and dyke-hosted gold mineralisation. This study integrates existing and new data from renewed mapping of the geology and geochemistry of three gold deposits near the township of Walhalla, in the historically important yet under-explored and under-researched Walhalla-Woods Point Goldfield. The ten highest yielding deposits within the goldfield are either hosted within, or adjacent to, intrusions of the Woods Point Dyke Swarm. This is due to the greater chemical reactivity of the calc-alkaline dykes, and the greater rheological contrast between the dykes and surrounding low-grade metasedimentary units, which allowed for the formation of dyke-hosted quartz breccia veins that are consistently favourable sites for gold mineralisation in the Walhalla Goldfield. This is in contrast to historical production, which concentrated on visible gold within the shear zone-hosted laminated quartz veins. Gold and As assay results have highlighted the increased levels of invisible gold disseminated along dyke margins in proximity to shear zones and quartz reefs. The high-yielding gold deposits hosted wholly by the dyke intrusions of the Woods Point Dyke Swarm are orogenic gold deposits, as they are not associated with elevated levels of Bi, W, As, Mb, Te and Sb, typical of intrusion-related gold deposits.  相似文献   

14.
The northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa contains a number of occurrences of platinum-group element (PGE) mineralisation within Main Zone rocks, whereas the rest of the complex has PGE-depleted Main Zone units. On the farm Moorddrift, Cu–Ni–PGE sulphide mineralisation is hosted within the Upper Main Zone in a layered package of gabbronorites, mottled anorthosites and thin pyroxenites. Our observations indicate that a 10-m-thick, ‘reef-style’ package of mineralisation has been extensively ‘disturbed’, forming a mega breccia which in some localities may distribute mineralised rocks over intersections of over 300 m. The sulphides are made up of pyrrhotite, pentlandite and chalcopyrite, heavily altered around their margins and overprinted by secondary pyrite. Platinum-group mineral assemblages typical of primary magmatic deposits, with Pt and Pd tellurides and sperrylite, are present in the ‘reef-style’ package, whereas there is a decrease in tellurides and an increase in antimonides in the ‘disturbed’ package, interpreted to be related to hydrothermal recrystallization during veining and brecciation. Sulphur isotopes show that all sulphides within the mineralised package on Moorddrift have a crustal signature consistent with local country rock sediments of the Transvaal Supergroup. We interpret the mineralisation at Moorddrift as a primary sulphide reef, likely produced as a result of the mixing of crustally contaminated magmas in the Upper Main Zone, which has been locally disrupted post-crystallisation. At present, there are no firm links between Moorddrift and the other known PGE occurrences in the Main Zone at the Aurora and Waterberg projects, although the stratigraphic position of all may be similar and thus intriguing. Nonetheless, they do demonstrate that the Main Zone of the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, unlike the eastern and western limbs, can be considered a fertile unit for potential PGE mineralisation.  相似文献   

15.
The Nassara-Au prospect is located in the Birimian Boromo Greenstone Belt in southwestern Burkina Faso. It is part of a larger mineralized field that includes the Cu–Au porphyry system of Gaoua, to the north. At Nassara, mineralization occurs within the West Batié Shear Zone that follows the contact between volcanic rocks (basalt and andesite) and volcano-sediments (pyroclastics and black shales) at the southern termination of the Boromo Belt. Gold is associated with pyrite and other Fe-bearing minerals that occur disseminated within the sheared volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks. In particular, highest grades are distinguished in alteration halos of small quartz–albite–ankerite veins that form networks along the shear zone. Here, pyrites are marked by As-poor and As-rich growth zones, the latter containing gold inclusions. Gold mineralization formed during D2NA. Subsequent shear fractures related to D3NA related are devoid of gold. Nassara is a classical orogenic gold occurrence where gold is associated to disseminated pyrite along quartz veins.  相似文献   

16.
South Greenland has been the site of historic mining of cryolite, copper, graphite and gold, hosts mineral deposits with gold, uranium, zinc, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, REE, iron, titanium, vanadium, fluorite and graphite, and has additional potential for lithium, beryllium, phosphorus, gallium and thorium. Data from stream sediment geochemical surveys document that South Greenland is enriched in a range of these elements relative to the rest of Greenland and to estimates of the upper crust composition. Distribution patterns for individual elements within south Greenland exhibit enriched regions that are spatially related to lithological units, crustal structure and known mineralisation.The Northern Domain of South Greenland includes the southernmost part of the orthogneiss-dominated North Atlantic craton. Orogenic gold mineralisation is hosted by quartz veins and hydrothermally altered rocks associated with shear zones intersecting the Mesoarchaean Tartoq Group of mafic metavolcanic rocks. Geochemical exploration indicates that additional potential for gold mineralisation exists within Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal rocks overlying the Archaean basement.Rocks formed during the Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogeny occupy a major part of South Greenland and has been divided into two domains. The Central Domain is underlain by the Julianehåb igneous complex forming a 100 km wide ENE–WSW zone centrally across South Greenland. Intrusive and extrusive, mostly felsic magmatic rocks were emplaced in two main stages (1850–1830 and 1800–1780 Ma) in a continental arc setting. Positive anomalies in aeromagnetic data indicate that mafic plutons are common in the late igneous complex. Intra-arc mafic metavolcanic rocks contain syngenetic stratabound copper sulphide and epigenetic shear zone-hosted copper–silver–gold mineralisation at Kobberminebugt and Kangerluluk, whereas metasedimentary and metapyroclastic rocks contain stratabound uraninite mineralisation. Orthomagmatic iron–titanium–vanadium mineralisation is hosted by a gabbro. A potential for porphyry-type mineralisation related to the late intrusive stages of the Julianehåb igneous complex is suggested by showings with copper, molybdenum and gold together with stream sediment anomalies for these elements. Vein-type uranium mineralisation occurs in fault zones in the Julianehåb igneous complex related to Mesoproterozoic rifting.The Southern Domain contains an assemblage of Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks that underwent moderate to strong deformation, peak HT–LP metamorphism and partial melting with subsequent retrograde exhumation at 1790–1765 Ma. The supracrustal rocks contain syngenetic Au, As, Sb, U, and Zn mineralisation in volcanic or graphite- and sulphide-rich sedimentary environments; graphite was mined historically at two sites. Many stream sediment gold anomalies are located in a NE-trending belt along the boundary between the early Julianehåb complex and the supracrustal rocks to the south. They reflect a number of auriferous quartz vein occurrences, including the Nalunaq gold deposit, hosted in a system of shear zones and probably generated as orogenic gold during Ketilidian accretion. The 1755–1730 Ma, A-type Ilua plutonic suite is the latest magmatic event in the Ketilidian orogen.The 1300–1140 Ma Gardar period involved continental rifting, sedimentation and alkaline magmatism. Numerous dykes and 10 ring-shaped intrusion complexes were formed across South Greenland. An orthomagmatic iron–titanium–vanadium deposit is hosted by troctolitic gabbro. Residual magmas and fluids resulting from extreme magmatic differentiation, possibly combined with assimilation of older crust, created mineral deposits including cryolite that was mined at Ivigtut, large low-grade deposits of uranium–rare earth elements–zinc at Kvanefjeld and tantalum–niobium–rare earth element–zirconium at Kringlerne, in the Ilímaussaq complex, as well as tantalum–niobium–rare earth elements at Motzfeldt Sø in the Igaliko complex.The South Greenland crustal evolution records effects of mantle processes, such as lithospheric extension, subduction and underplating, which resulted in recurrent magma emplacement in tectonically active environments. As such, the geology of South Greenland reflects events and circumstances that are favourable to the generation and preservation of hydrothermal ore-forming fluid systems during the Ketilidian orogeny as well as to the development of extreme rock compositions within the Gardar alkaline igneous province.  相似文献   

17.
The Hetai goldfield, located in the southern segment of the Qinzhou Bay-Hangzhou Bay Juncture Orogenic Belt (QHJB), is the largest concentration of gold deposits in Guangdong Province, South China. The gold mineralization is hosted within the late Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic Yunkai Group and strictly confined to mylonite (ductile shear) zones. The nature of the structural control of mineralization, in particular the role of ductile versus brittle deformation and their ages, which remain unclear despite numerous previous studies, are examined in this paper through an integrated study of geochronology and mineralogy.Lamellar and filament structures shown by pyrite and pyrrhotite in the ores suggest that sulfidation took place during ductile deformation and syntectonic metamorphism, but the majority of the ores are associated with brittle deformation features. In combination with macroscopic and microscopy observations on shear fabrics, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating on zircons of hydrothermal origin from mylonites suggests that the Hetai goldfield was subjected to two shearing events: an early sinistral ductile shearing at ca. 240 Ma, and a late dextral ductile-brittle shearing at ca. 204 Ma (Indosinian). These ages are ca. 90–30 Ma older than the previously published gold mineralizing ages of ca. 175–152 Ma (Yanshanian), suggesting that the main gold mineralization and related brittle deformation significantly postdate the ductile deformation. This inference is supported by the mineralization temperatures estimated from geothermometers of arsenopyrite (ca. 350–290 °C), chlorite (ca. 260–230 °C), and sphalerite (ca. 230–170 °C) intergrown with native gold, which are considerably lower than that for the ductile deformation (500–300 °C or higher). Based on these data, we propose that the gold mineralization in the Hetai goldfield predominantly occurred during the Yanshanian event, and only minor gold mineralization and associated sulfidation took place during the earlier Indosinian ductile deformation.  相似文献   

18.
The Ar Rjum goldfield is an example of late Neoproterozoic Au mineralization that is hosted by submarine arc assemblage and syn-anorogenic intrusive rocks. Apart from ancient workings, recent exploration in the goldfield defined three main targets along 3 km N–S corridor (Um Na'am, Ghazal and Wasema), and indicated that Wasema alone hosts 11.8 Mt @ 2.5 g/t Au. The majority of gold and sulfide mineralization is confined to diorite, where gold content increases with shearing, pyrite–sericite–carbonate alteration and development stockworks of quartz–carbonate–pyrite veins and stringers. Generally, the concentration of gold increases in the diorite samples that experienced variable degrees of hydrothermal alterations near local shear zones. Anomalous gold content (up to 11.76 g/t) in some metachert is the result of the remobilization of volcanogenic lattice-bound (refractory) Au into free Au due to post-metamorphic hydrothermal alterations. The chemistry of pyrite from the mineralized veins and stringers indicates considerable amounts of gold that reaches ~ 0.3 wt.%.Chlorite that co-exists with pyrite in the hydrothermally altered metavolcanics is mostly sheridanite with up to ~ 25 wt.% FeOt and minor amounts of ripidolite. Chlorite geothermometry suggests that two temperature ranges affecting the area. The first temperature range (290–334 °C) is consistent with regional greenschist facies metamorphism, and the second (306–355 °C) is interpreted to be related to recrystallization-submarine hydrothermal alteration related to the gold mineralization. Stable isotope (δ34S, δ18O and δ13C) data suggest an original volcanogenic arc signature that has been slightly modified by low-grade metamorphism, and finally by the late interaction of hydrothermal fluids. Ore evolution model for the Ar Rjum goldfield includes seafloor sulfide alteration, several deformation episodes and intrusive effects, and in this context the ore resulted from the reduction of seawater sulfates. The gold-rich veins interpreted as orogenic lode deposits are confined to localized shear zones in a syn-orogenic diorite.  相似文献   

19.
The Niassa Gold Belt, in northernmost Mozambique, is hosted in the Txitonga Group, a Neoproterozoic rift sequence overlying Paleoproterozoic crust of the Congo–Tanzania Craton and deformed during the Pan-African Orogeny. The Txitonga Group is made up of greenschist-facies greywacke and schist and is characterized by bimodal, mainly mafic, magmatism. A zircon U–Pb age for a felsic volcanite dates deposition of the sequence at 714 ± 17 Ma. Gold is mined artisanally from alluvial deposits and primary chalcopyrite-pyrite-bearing quartz veins containing up to 19 ppm Au have been analyzed. In the Cagurué and M’Papa gold fields, dominantly N–S trending quartz veins, hosted in metagabbro and schist, are regarded as tension gashes related to regional strike-slip NE–SW-trending Pan-African shear zones. These gold deposits have been classified as mesozonal and metamorphic in origin. Re–Os isotopic data on sulfides suggest two periods of gold deposition for the Cagurué Gold Field. A coarse-crystalline pyrite–chalcopyrite assemblage yields an imprecise Pan-African age of 483 ± 72 Ma, dating deposition of the quartz veins. Remobilization of early-formed sulfides, particularly chalcopyrite, took place at 112 ± 14 Ma, during Lower Cretaceous Gondwana dispersal. The ～483 Ma assemblage yields a chondritic initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 0.123 ± 0.058. This implies a juvenile source for the ore fluids, possibly involving the hosting Neoproterozoic metagabbro. The Niassa Gold Belt is situated at the eastern end of a SW–NE trending continental-scale lineament defined by the Mwembeshi Shear Zone and the southern end of a NW–SE trending lineament defined by the Rukwa Shear Zone. We offer a review of gold deposits in Zambia and Tanzania associated with these polyphase lineaments and speculate on their interrelation.  相似文献   

20.
At least 15 manganese deposits crop out in the West African craton in Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. There average grade estimates range from 17 to 52% total Mn oxide and average volume of 5–19 Mt of ore; they consequently provide an attractive target for exploration and eventual exploitation. The Tambão and Béliata Mn oxide deposits in the Oudalan province (northeast of Burkina Faso), and Takavasita, Agualla and Tondibi Mn oxide deposits in the Ansongo Inlier (eastern Mali) generally crop out as a saprolitic residuum that formed during the Miocene to Eocene and are enriched in manganese to 52% total Mn oxide. The saprolitic residuum is overlain by blocky to botryoidal manganese-rich duricrusts that form part of the resource portfolio. The residuum overlies deeply weathered manganese-bearing carbonates, shales and volcaniclastic siltstones of the Birimian Supergroup (2.3–2.1 Ga) that form a low-grade resource and likely formed in a heat-driven seawater convection system that provided hydrothermal solutions from submarine volcanic centers. They are typically intercalated with mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks.  相似文献   

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