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1.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):437-448
Ten years after the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) was first reported in Ghana, it continues to spread throughout the country following patterns that are rare in other African countries. HIV is seen in twice as many females as males, more frequently in rural than urban regions, and regions with high rates of polygamy have significantly lower rates. The evidence presented in this paper shows that HIV diffusion patterns probably reflect the spatial distribution and social networks of vulnerable social groups. While information-based campaigns are still necessary in the fight against HIV/AIDS, they fail to enable or empower vulnerable people to protect themselves against infection. 相似文献
2.
Joseph R. Oppong Libbey Kutch Chetan Tiwari Sonia Arbona 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):653-663
U.S. prisons have higher rates of HIV infection and tend to locate in poor areas. Because the geographic concentration of vulnerable peoples creates an environment of heightened vulnerability to disease, and vulnerable places attract vulnerable people (Oppong and Harold 2009), we should expect higher HIV infection rates in areas immediately adjacent to prison facilities. Using deidentified HIV surveillance data, we explore this hypothesis. The results suggest that areas in close proximity to prison units have lower socioeconomic status and higher HIV rates, with clear distance decay, and should be prioritized for increased intervention to reduce HIV incidence. 相似文献
3.
自工业革命以来,全球环境发生深刻变化。生态脆弱区生态系统稳定性差、抗干扰和自我恢复能力弱,在全球变化背景下,自然资源供给能力下降、土地退化、生物多样性减少、灾害频发,生态系统面临巨大风险,亟需开展生态脆弱区全球变化风险应对研究。本文重点对中国典型生态脆弱区全球变化风险来源、全球变化对生态脆弱区的影响、全球变化风险应对等研究进行总结,并提出未来全球变化应对策略,以期促进中国典型生态脆弱区生态系统对全球变化响应的深入理解,提高生态脆弱区应对全球变化的能力。生态脆弱区全球变化风险源于环境变化对自然、社会、经济复杂系统的影响。全球变化对生态脆弱区的影响是显著的,以气候变化为主要标志,人类活动为主要驱动力,引起极端气候事件、灾害频发、土地退化、植被生产力降低、生物多样性减少、冰川冻土消融和水资源格局改变等环境问题,并在未来全球变化持续影响下可能加剧,而生态建设工程的实施显著改善了生态环境。今后应加强自然、社会、经济系统耦合,加强资源环境要素监测和全球变化风险评估与预警等方面的研究。 相似文献
4.
Joseph Holler 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):526-537
Adaptation is increasingly planned and funded to reduce negative impacts of climate change for vulnerable social groups; however, vulnerable groups have the least capacity to adapt. Adaptation is therefore unlikely to produce socially sustainable or equitable outcomes. Six adaptation processes on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, are modeled with logistic regression to identify their determinant factors. Most adaptations simply reproduce unsustainable patterns of social vulnerability rooted in unequal access to land and other resource entitlements. A few exceptions are observed, where low costs, widely accessible knowledge, and community groups with cross-scale social networks enabled vulnerable social groups to implement adaptations. 相似文献
5.
Semiarid regions are vulnerable environments with a series of important and often discussed problems such as land degradation, water scarcity and desertification. These regions are dynamic and respond quickly to climatic and environmental changes. Unlike lakes in temperate zones, lakes in semiarid regions are yet poorly utilized as climatic and environmental indicators. In this study aquatic deposits are used to uncover the environmental history of a severely degraded area in central Tanzania. The 210Pb and 137Cs chronologies date a 360 cm long sediment sequence to 155 years. The sediments show that lake Haubi basin changed from a seasonally waterlogged depression to a lake at the turn of the century. Calculated sedimentation rates show that the catchment of the lake has been subject to varied and enhanced soil erosion during the last 155 years. 相似文献
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《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(1):48-57
The epidemiological pattern of HIV/AIDS in Africa and Tanzania is characterized by geographical variations in HIV prevalence. Despite the geographical variations, heterosexual contact remains the predominant mode of HIV transmission. The article examines the interrelationships of social, spatial and temporal issues in explaining the sexual risk of HIV/AIDS amongst youths in rural Tanzania. Drawing on discussions with young people, the authors employ a comparative approach to establish categories of social practices that explain HIV risk. HIV risk is largely influenced by social interaction as youths engage in routine day-to-day activities in different geographical locales. The availability of antiretroviral treatment ushered in new dynamics in locally available strategies to manage the risk of HIV infection. Gender relations appear to have an underlining influence in determining the timing and place of risk as well as ways of controlling risk. The study participants emphasized both social and biomedical interventions to manage and control sexual activity and risk. Youth-focused and community-wide interventions addressing HIV prevention, care and treatment need to recognize the fact that the HIV epidemic in Tanzania is increasingly becoming a rural phenomenon structured by a wide range of local, national and global processes. 相似文献
8.
中国生态文明建设和“健康中国”战略强调切实治理影响人口健康的环境问题,建设健康人居环境。论文基于2000年和2010年中国人口普查资料以及2005年和2015年各省级行政单元1%人口抽样调查等数据资料,论文使用探索性空间分析方法刻画中国城市人口死亡率的时空变化特征,并采用空间回归方法,揭示城市PM2.5的平均浓度对人口死亡率的影响及其空间溢出效应,以及社会经济因素对PM2.5—人口死亡率关联的调节效应。结果表明：① 中国城市人口死亡率的空间分布特征呈现明显的异质性,高死亡率地区早期集聚分布于西南地区,2005年后在西南地区、华北地区、华东地区和华中地区呈现逐渐集聚分布态势。低死亡率地区长期集中分布于西北地区、东北地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区和京津两市。② 人口死亡率的分布存在空间关联性,高—高类型地区早期集中分布于西南地区,后期向东扩展;低—低类型地区主要分布于北疆、内蒙古西部和广东省及其周边地区。③ 城市PM2.5浓度对人口死亡率具有显著的正向影响,并且对邻近地区的人口死亡率具有显著的空间溢出效应。④ 中国城市PM2.5浓度对人口死亡率的影响存在学历差异和城乡差异,地区高学历人群集聚可降低PM2.5的健康风险,城镇化发展进程缓慢则会加重PM2.5的健康风险。研究旨在为防范空气污染暴露导致的健康风险、建设健康人居环境提供科学依据。 相似文献
9.
社会-生态系统恢复力理论为可持续发展研究提供了新视角。从社会、经济、生态三大子系统,脆弱性和适应能力两大要素着手,建立社会-生态系统恢复力评价指标体系,采用集对分析法测度黄土高原2000—2018年各子系统及社会-生态系统恢复力,利用探索性空间数据分析法进行时空演变格局分析,并甄别社会-生态系统恢复力的主要影响因素。结果表明：（1） 2000—2018年社会-生态系统恢复力由0.522增强至0.721。社会恢复力由0.548增强至0.629后减弱至0.525;经济恢复力由0.401持续增强至0.850;生态恢复力由0.725减弱至0.607后增强至0.734,子系统恢复力演化趋势均不协同,经济系统与社会-生态系统恢复力演化趋势协同。经济系统恢复力的增强对于社会-生态系统恢复力增强具有显著促进作用。（2） 社会-生态系统恢复力出现显著空间集聚趋势,较高地区除省会城市和包头等能源富集区外,关中平原地区始终呈现高-高（H-H）集聚格局,其余地区恢复力普遍相对偏低。（3） 2000年以来黄土高原地区社会-生态系统恢复力生态维度障碍度始终高于社会和经济维度,不同地区指标层首要影响因素为人均GDP。 相似文献
10.
Tanja R. Müller 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2010,31(3):330-342
This article summarizes findings from a research project on junior farmer field and life schools (JFFLS) as an agriculture‐based intervention to improve the livelihood prospects of children and orphans made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS in central Mozambique. In the sites investigated JFFLS have opened up concrete present and potential livelihood options in agriculture and beyond. More generally, the resource profile dynamics of participants are altered in ways that provide strong grounds to believe that the skills and knowledge they have gained will positively impact the trajectories of their future lives. In terms of HIV/AIDS mitigation, the findings recommend livelihood‐based interventions aimed at altering the vulnerability context of specific population groups. 相似文献
11.
基于ESDA的河南艾滋病空间格局 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以2008 年河南省地级市艾滋病分布数据为基础,利用ESDA空间数据挖掘的方法,对河南省艾滋病空间格局进行全面分析。结果表明：① 综合考虑河南省18 个地级市艾滋病确诊人数数据的空间自相关分析结果和不同传播途径感染单因素空间格局的结果,将河南艾滋病感染区域分为以FPD感染途径为主的豫南、豫东南高度流行区和以高危行为传播途径为主的豫北低度流行区;② 河南省艾滋病感染途径分布中,FPD感染、母婴感染、异性传播感染和注射吸毒传播具有明显的空间正相关,而同性传播途径与输血感染则显示出较大的空间随机分布特征;③ 与FPD 感染存在空间正相关的为注射吸毒传播、异性传播以及母婴传播方式,输血、同性以及其他方式传播途径与FPD感染途径分布不存在空间相关性。 相似文献
12.
In this article we draw on the power of geographic information systems (GIS) to examine the progression of HIV/AIDS in Africa for the period from 1986 to 2003. We use GIS for two purposes: (1) to transform and interpolate a set of annual point-based HIV/AIDS rates into area data; and (2) to extract or “mine” annual HIV/AIDS prevalence rates from the interpolated area (country) level maps. Once the rates are extracted from the GIS analysis we then model and forecast them into the near future (i.e., 2004–2010) by using the UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) software. The article offers an alternative grounded in geospatial analysis for yielding estimates of HIV/AIDS rates in Africa. Using incomplete sets of data for the period from 1986 to 2003, mean HIV/AIDS rates are generated from spatially interpolated data and future trends are estimated. The results indicate that the HIV/AIDS epidemic for many countries in Africa has reached the saturation or maturity level as evidenced by the typical S-shaped curves in the trends over time. As a matter of fact, some countries have begun to experience a sustained decline in the rates (e.g., Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe). 相似文献
13.
1995—2015年中国人口迁移的时空变化特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
本文利用人口普查数据,估算了1995—2015年中国地（市）间人口O-D迁移流和迁移率,结合GIS空间分析和社会网络分析方法,揭示了20年间中国人口迁移的时空变化特征。研究发现：① 中国人口迁移由相对不活跃、局部地区参与的“低活性时代”,逐步走向相对活跃、绝大多数地区参与的“高活性时代”。② 人口迁移地域类型的时空演化过程呈现出各活跃型地（市）不断扩散,而非活跃型地（市）大幅缩减的特点。③ 人口迁移网络以“胡焕庸线”为界,东、西两侧迁移流“东密西疏”且差异悬殊,这一空间格局具有很强的稳定性和顽健性。④ 在人口省内迁移持续增强,以及跨省迁移中沿海三大城市群吸引力的“此消彼长”和西南地区吸引力不断增强的背景下,东中西部地区的人口迁移流场结构表现为：沿海地区主要城市群内部分化和影响范围减弱,中部地区（除湖北省）未能演化出以省为单元的独立社区,西部地区则是西北相对稳定而西南持续变动。 相似文献
14.
中国海外移民类型及移民族群特征探讨 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
中国人移民海外历史悠久,近百余年来规模最大,至今已超过3000万人。中国海外移民对许多国家和地区的社会经济发展产生了重要影响。文章概要回顾了近代中国各类型海外移民的历史,分析了海外移民的世界分布格局及其形成原因。在揭示海外移民为当地资源开发、经济发展、社会进步、民族独立作出重要贡献基础上,对华人族群民族意识、文化属性、传统华人社会结构、双重认同、不同地域华人族群特色以及海外移民不同程度融入所在国主流社会的类型等进行了研究。文章强调,当前对不同地域华人族群所居地位和作用,应加深理解,在振兴中华进程中,国家应高度重视这一族群能力的发挥。 相似文献
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16.
利用北京社会调查、法律文书、兴趣点、路网、定位数据,发现盗窃及暴力犯罪密度对犯罪恐惧感并无显著关联或影响偏弱,犯罪活动与犯罪恐惧感存在“匹配且具高安全性”“匹配且具高危险性”“不匹配且比主观感知更危险”“不匹配且比主观感知更安全”等类型。脆弱人群更易高估安全风险;防卫空间及街道眼理论分别适用于解释客观犯罪和主观感知,高密度、混合型、密路网的可渗透环境容易产生比主观感知更危险的情形;物理与社会失序、居住不稳定性会产生比主观感知更安全的情形;高人员流动性及高地位社区的居民则易低估安全风险;出入管控和环境维护能起到减犯罪、降恐惧的双重作用。 相似文献
17.
In view of food affordability and the threshold for food security, this paper has established an integrated index for assessing the vulnerability of food security in China, which is composed mainly of the balance between food supply and demand, the reserve for food security and the economic capacity for offset food demand. Six types of food security regions are identified based on the data from county-level statistics. At regional scale, China’s food security is not optimistic. Under normal conditions without the emergence of extreme disasters and decline of grain-sown areas, China’s most vulnerable areas (Type VI) account for 30.3% of the total number of counties (cities), which are unable to meet the ends by food productivity or market based measures at subsistence levels. In China, there are only 14.5% of the counties (cities) that could guarantee well-off food security through grain production (Type I) or economic measures to meet the demand by themselves (Type III). According to the different vulnerable levels of food security and its dominant forming factors, vulnerable regions of food security in China could be classified into three categories: (1) Vulnerable regions of food security dominated by natural factors (including Type IV and Type VIa), which account for 39.4% of the total number of counties (cities), mainly located in fragile ecologic zones, i.e., farming-grazing transitional zones in the marginal areas of summer monsoon, the poor hilly areas in southern China and so on; (2) Vulnerable regions of food security dominated by low ratio of grain-sown areas (including Type VIb and Type V), which account for 16.7% of the total number of counties (cities), mostly located in the developed areas in the eastern coast of China; (3) Potential vulnerable regions of food security with underdeveloped local economies (Type II), of which 57% are the main grain-surplus regions in China, mainly located in the areas of plains and basins with favorable climate. 相似文献
18.
区域人口密度函数与增长模式:兼论城市吸引范围划分的GIS方法 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
区域人口密度函数是研究中心城市对周围区域影响的有效方法。为了控制自然因素对人口密度分布的影响 ,本文的研究地域范围限定在我国四个主要的平原地区 :东北、华北、两湖平原和四川盆地。城市吸引范围是基于重力模型用GIS方法划分的。利用 1982年至 1990年的人口资料进行的模型模拟的结果表明 ,我国区域人口分布特征同西方国家一样 ,呈现出距离衰减特征 ,即随离城市的距离的增加 ,人口密度逐渐下降。由于城市经济增长的原因 ,城市人口增长快于边远地区 ,呈现出向心集聚的趋势。但不同区域集聚程度不一 ,核心城市人口快速增长的区域 ,腹地的人口增长比较迟缓 ;而核心城市人口增长速度一般的区域 ,腹地近乎是同步增长。 相似文献
19.
中国粮食安全脆弱区的识别及空间分异 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
In view of food affordability and the threshold for food security, this paper has established an integrated index for assessing
the vulnerability of food security in China, which is composed mainly of the balance between food supply and demand, the reserve
for food security and the economic capacity for offset food demand. Six types of food security regions are identified based
on the data from county-level statistics. At regional scale, China’s food security is not optimistic. Under normal conditions
without the emergence of extreme disasters and decline of grain-sown areas, China’s most vulnerable areas (Type VI) account
for 30.3% of the total number of counties (cities), which are unable to meet the ends by food productivity or market based
measures at subsistence levels. In China, there are only 14.5% of the counties (cities) that could guarantee well-off food
security through grain production (Type I) or economic measures to meet the demand by themselves (Type III). According to
the different vulnerable levels of food security and its dominant forming factors, vulnerable regions of food security in
China could be classified into three categories: (1) Vulnerable regions of food security dominated by natural factors (including
Type IV and Type VIa), which account for 39.4% of the total number of counties (cities), mainly located in fragile ecologic
zones, i.e., farming-grazing transitional zones in the marginal areas of summer monsoon, the poor hilly areas in southern
China and so on; (2) Vulnerable regions of food security dominated by low ratio of grain-sown areas (including Type VIb and
Type V), which account for 16.7% of the total number of counties (cities), mostly located in the developed areas in the eastern
coast of China; (3) Potential vulnerable regions of food security with underdeveloped local economies (Type II), of which
57% are the main grain-surplus regions in China, mainly located in the areas of plains and basins with favorable climate. 相似文献
20.
Leticia Gmez-Mendoza Ernesto Vega-Pea M. Isabel Ramírez Jos Luis Palacio-Prieto Leopoldo Galicia 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2006,26(3-4):276-290
The objective of study was to explore short-term trends of processes that determine land-use change in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca (SNO), Mexico. Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) were estimated in a complex mosaic of vegetation in the SNO from 1980 to 2000, and projected them to 2020 through a Markovian model. SNO is highly vulnerable to climatic change according to a 2050 GCM scenario. However, 3% annual rate of tropical and temperate forest deforestation from agriculture and livestock encroachment, suggest the threat from land-use change is higher than that from climatic change for this study site. Productive land-use strategies are needed to reduce such high deforestation rates for tropical regions. Controlling deforestation would also reduce short-term effects of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Because of the necessity to evaluate anthropogenic ecosystem changes, it is imperative to separate short-term influences such as deforestation, from long-term influences such as climatic change. 相似文献