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1.
Damage to the top of coal seams, caused by incorrect blast stand-off distances, results in coal losses of up to 10–15% to the Australian open cut coal mining operations. This is a serious issue to be addressed. Here we propose to use a new forward-looking imaging technique based on the borehole radar technology to predict the coal seam top in real time while drilling blast holes. This is achieved by coupling the conventional borehole radar waves on to a steel drill rod to induce a guided wave along the axial drill rod. The drill rod ahead of the borehole radar behaves as a forward-looking antenna for the guided waves. Both numerical modelling and field trials simulating a drill rod as an antenna are used to investigate the feasibility of the proposed technique for prediction of the coal top under typical open cut environments. Numerical modelling demonstrated that conductivity of the overburden is the most important factor affecting our ability to see coal seams ahead of the drill bit, the guided borehole radar waves could be used for top coal prediction and a theoretical prediction error less than 10 cm and a forward-looking capability of 4–6 m can be achieved. Field trials at Australian open cut coal mines also demonstrated that guided borehole radar waves can be observed and used for prediction of coal top ahead of drill bit during blast-hole drilling in resistive, open cut environments (the average resistivity should be higher than 75 Ωm). 相似文献
2.
Boreholes present a potential hazard to mining in rock salt mines. The only rock salt mine in England was almost lost when they mined into an unknown borehole open to an aquifer. Rock salt is a good transmitter of VHF radar waves, so a good method of detecting boreholes is by using radar probing. This paper investigates theoretically the detection of a borehole in advance of mining using two different radar systems, Bravo II and Charlie II. Bravo II has a peak power of 20 kW at 230 MHz and Charlie II has 3 W at 440 MHz. The borehole detectability depends critically on the radar wave attenuation in salt, which is characterized by its loss tangent, tan δ. The backscattering cross section σ of the borehole is also important. These parameters are related in the radar signal-to-noise equation which determines the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for a given range in salt to the borehole. Theoretically, in salt with a tan δ of 10-3, Charlie II can detect (S/N= 3 dB) a 12.7 cm borehole 225 m in advance of mining while Bravo II, using only 100 W, can detect the same borehole 680 m ahead. These values are with the antenna E field parallel to the axis of the borehole. Theory shows this antenna orientation to be optimum for maximum detection probability. For salt with a tan δ of 2 × 10-5, the smallest value measured for salt, Bravo II can detect the borehole up to 15.3 km using maximum power of 20 kW. 相似文献
3.
Comparing shear-wave velocity profiles inverted from multichannel surface wave with borehole measurements 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jianghai Xia Richard D. Miller Choon B. Park James A. Hunter James B. Harris Julian Ivanov 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(3)
Recent field tests illustrate the accuracy and consistency of calculating near-surface shear (S)-wave velocities using multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW). S-wave velocity profiles (S-wave velocity vs. depth) derived from MASW compared favorably to direct borehole measurements at sites in Kansas, British Columbia, and Wyoming. Effects of changing the total number of recording channels, sampling interval, source offset, and receiver spacing on the inverted S-wave velocity were studied at a test site in Lawrence, Kansas. On the average, the difference between MASW calculated Vs and borehole measured Vs in eight wells along the Fraser River in Vancouver, Canada was less than 15%. One of the eight wells was a blind test well with the calculated overall difference between MASW and borehole measurements less than 9%. No systematic differences were observed in derived Vs values from any of the eight test sites. Surface wave analysis performed on surface data from Wyoming provided S-wave velocities in near-surface materials. Velocity profiles from MASW were confirmed by measurements based on suspension log analysis. 相似文献
4.
M. A. Balikhin L. J. C. Woolliscroft H. St. C. Alleyne M. Dunlop M. A. Gedalin 《Annales Geophysicae》1997,15(2):143-151
A method of wave mode determination, which was announced in Balikhin and Gedalin, is applied to AMPTE UKS and AMPTE IRM magnetic field measurements downstream of supercritical quasiperpendicular shock. The method is based on the fact that the relation between phase difference of the waves measured by two satellites, Doppler shift equation, the direction of the wave propagation are enough to obtain the dispersion equation of the observed waves. It is shown that the low frequency turbulence mainly consists of waves observed below 1 Hz with a linear dependence between the absolute value of wave vector |k| and the plasma frame wave frequency. The phase velocity of these waves is close to the phase velocity of intermediate waves Vint = Vacos(). 相似文献
5.
探索基于孔隙介质动电效应的随钻测井新方法是当前测井勘探领域的热点研究之一.本文针对随钻测井情况下的动(声)-电转换机理,在砂岩模型井中进行了多极源(单/偶/四极源)随钻动电测井实验研究,记录了井中声波激发动电转换波场的时域波形,给出了各分波的时间-速度图,并与多极源随钻声波测井数据进行对比,结果表明:钻铤波诱导的动电转换信号在随钻动电测井全波中的相对幅度显著降低,从而可准确提取到地层声波的传播速度,实现了利用随钻动电测井方法测量地层波速的目的,验证了随钻动电测井技术可有效抑制钻铤波的思想.本文还进一步分析了钻铤波的动电耦合特性,并结合有机玻璃模型井中随钻动电测井和无井孔模型下的随钻声波测量,研究了伴随钻铤波电场信号的传播特性和衰减规律,深入探讨了随钻动电测井全波中钻铤波被削弱的原因,并给出了定量的实验数据分析,为随钻动电测井理论模拟的解释提供有效实验数据支撑. 相似文献
6.
At Delft Geotechnics the technique of ground-penetrating radar is in use for the detection of buried objects such as pipes. To enable us to give our ‘measurements in the field’ a more quantitative interpretation than can be deduced from these alone, a series of experiments has been started under well-defined conditions. A cylindrical vessel containing water simulates wet soil. Mounted horizontally above the water surface is a pulsed triangular half-wave dipole which is used as a transmitting antenna (TA). It has a carrier-frequency of about 160 MHz and a pulse repetition-frequency of about 50 kHz. A movable receiving dipole (‘probe’) in the water measures the transverse, mutually orthogonal Eφ,- and Eθ-components of the pulses as a function of probe-position (r, θ, φ) and of the height h of the TA above the water surface. When these pulses are Fourier-transformed, the transverse electric fields Eφ and Eθ at 200 MHz are obtained. The resulting field patterns are compared with computational results on the basis of the theory of the continuous wave, infinitesimal electric dipole (‘point dipole’). It can be concluded that:
- 1 Far-field conditions have not fully developed at a depth of about 2.50 m, the largest value of the radius r at which field patterns were measured, although it represents a distance of about 15 wavelengths.
- 2 The attenuation constant of the tapwater used, as deduced from E-field measurements for θ= 0, 2.50 m < r < 2.75 m, is slightly less than the value measured using a network analyser and air line combination, in agreement with (1).
- 3 E φ field patterns calculated using the value of the conductivity σ corresponding to the former value of the attenuation constant agree reasonably well with the measured patterns for r≤ 2.50 m and for θ < 20° at all antenna heights considered. Calculated Eφ patterns do not agree so well with the measured patterns when h is close to zero. With increasing height the agreement inproves.
- 4 In accordance with the theory of the point-dipole, the angular distribution of the radiation patterns of the TA becomes wider as the frequency decreases.
- 5 The normalized underwater pulse-spectra shift to lower frequencies with increasing r. This can be explained since the attenuation constant of the water rises with rising frequency.
7.
In the present article, the dependencies of the acoustic signal total energy and the energies of the wave packets of different types of the waves on the elastic parameters and permeability of rocks have been studied. We have considered traditional logging tools containing acoustical monopole source. Calculations were performed in a frequency range of dozens of kilohertz, typical for acoustic well logging. It was shown that in a typical high-velocity formation (vs > vf, where vs and vf are the velocities of the shear wave in the rock and of the compressional wave in the borehole fluid, respectively), the pseudo-Rayleigh waves, whose elastic properties depend mainly on the shear modulus of the rock, contributed significant energy to the total signal energy in the borehole. The energies of different wave packets depend on the permeability in different ways. The greatest sensitivity to permeability change has been shown by the acoustic signal total energy and the energy of the low-velocity part of the pseudo-Rayleigh wave packet. The theoretical analysis was illustrated by real sonic log data. 相似文献
8.
A numerical study of irregular waves in the Norwegian continental shelf wind farm (HAVSUL-II) was conducted using 3rd generation spectral wave models. The study was composed of two parts: the study of the effect of a single windmill monopile in the local incoming wave field using an empirical JONSWAP spectrum, and a wave hindcast study in the wind farm area using realistic incoming wave spectra obtained from large scale simulations for the 1991-1992 winter period. In the single windmill monopile study the SWAN wave model was used, while the hindcast study was conducted by successively nesting from a coarse grid using the WAM model up to a high-resolution (56 m) grid covering 26.2 km2 of the HAVSUL-II windmill farm using the SWAN model. The effect of a single monopile on incident waves with realistic spectra was also studied. In the single windmill study the monopile was represented as a closed circular obstacle and in the hindcast study it was represented as a dry grid point. The results showed that the single windmill monopile creates a shadow zone in the down wave region with lower significant wave height (Hs) values and a slight increase of Hs in the up wave region. The effects of the windmill monopile on the wave field were found to be dependent on the directional distribution of the incoming wave spectrum and also on the wave diffraction and reflection. The hindcast study showed that the group of windmill monopiles may contribute to the reduction of the wave energy inside the offshore wind farm and that once the waves enter into the offshore wind farm they experience modifications due to the presence of the windmill monopiles, which cause a blocking of the wave energy propagation resulting in an altered distribution of the Hs field. 相似文献
9.
在随钻测井条件下,由于钻铤占据了井孔内的大部分空间,充液井孔中沿着井轴方向传播的模式波的特性与电缆测井非常不同.本文建立了随钻正交偶极子测井声学模型,采用三维有限差分方法模拟了偶极子声源在随钻条件下各向异性地层井孔内激发的声场,研究了地层的声学各向异性在随钻正交偶极子声波测井中的响应特征.数值模拟结果表明,在随钻测井条件下,对于井轴同TI地层对称轴垂直的情况,弯曲波分裂现象仍然存在,通过正交偶极子测量方式和合适的反演算法能够准确有效地确定地层的快横波方位角,可以考虑采用同正演理论相结合的反演算法来获得地层的快、慢横波速度及声学各向异性信息;对于井轴同介质对称轴呈一定夹角的TI地层井孔,情况变得非常复杂,不同井斜倾角下弯曲波的速度的变化趋势并非同对应的地层横波速度的变化趋势完全一致,不过在一定的频段内,地层横波速度仍然是弯曲波的最主要控制因素.对于本文研究的模型,当井轴同介质对称轴的夹角大于大于60°时,此时获得的弯曲波的各向异性值基本能够反映对应角度下地层横波速度的各向异性信息. 相似文献
10.
随钻情况下准确测量地层的纵波速度是当前声波测井领域亟待解决的技术难点之一,本文则针对地层纵波速度的随钻测量问题,在实验室内进行了缩小模型的随钻声波测井实验研究.首先,针对无限大流体模型,记录不同声源频率下单极源钻铤波的时域波形,研究钻铤内外两区域钻铤波的传播规律,定量分析这两部分钻铤波的频率响应特性.结果表明,随着声源激励频率的逐渐提高,钻铤波幅度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,且中心频率两侧钻铤波幅度的变化规律不同.之后,针对小尺寸砂岩井孔模型,进行单极源随钻声波测井实验测量,进而比较两种模型下钻铤波的幅值差异性.最后,基于随钻声波测井原理和钻铤波的能量分布规律,提出一种地层纵波速度的提取方法,并进一步利用实测数据验证方法的可行性.结果表明:即使在钻铤不刻槽的情况下,通过能量剔除的方式亦可极大削弱测井全波中钻铤波的幅度,从而实现对地层纵波速度的准确测量. 相似文献
11.
J. Watermann O. de la Beaujardière D. Lummerzheim J. Woch P. T. Newell T. A. Potemra F. J. Rich M. Shapshak 《Annales Geophysicae》1994,12(12):1144-1157
Coincident multi-instrument magnetospheric and ionospheric observations have made it possible to determine the position of the ionospheric footprint of the magnetospheric cusp and to monitor its evolution over time. The data used include charged particle and magnetic field measurements from the Earth-orbiting Viking and DMSP-F7 satellites, electric field measurements from Viking, interplanetary magnetic field and plasma data from IMP-8, and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations of the ionospheric plasma density, temperature, and convection. Viking detected cusp precipitation poleward of 75.5○ invariant latitude. The ionospheric response to the observed electron precipitation was simulated using an auroral model. It predicts enhanced plasma density and elevated electron temperature in the upper E- and F-regions. Sondrestrom radar observations are in agreement with the predictions. The radar detected a cusp signature on each of five consecutive antenna elevation scans covering 1.2 h local time. The cusp appeared to be about 2○ invariant latitude wide, and its ionospheric footprint shifted equatorward by nearly 2○ during this time, possibly influenced by an overall decrease in the IMF Bz component. The radar plasma drift data and the Viking magnetic and electric field data suggest that the cusp was associated with a continuous, rather than a patchy, merging between the IMF and the geomagnetic field. 相似文献
12.
Philip Tillotson Jeremy Sothcott Angus Ian Best Mark Chapman Xiang‐Yang Li 《Geophysical Prospecting》2012,60(3):516-525
We present laboratory ultrasonic measurements of shear‐wave splitting from two synthetic silica cemented sandstones. The manufacturing process, which enabled silica cementation of quartz sand grains, was found to produce realistic sandstones of average porosity 29.7 ± 0.5% and average permeability 29.4 ± 11.3 mD. One sample was made with a regular distribution of aligned, penny‐shaped voids to simulate meso‐scale fractures in reservoir rocks, while the other was left blank. Ultrasonic shear waves were measured with a propagation direction of 90° to the coincident bedding plane and fracture normal. In the water saturated blank sample, shear‐wave splitting, the percentage velocity difference between the fast and slow shear waves, of <0.5% was measured due to the bedding planes (or layering) introduced during sample preparation. In the fractured sample, shear‐wave splitting (corrected for layering anisotropy) of 2.72 ± 0.58% for water, 2.80 ± 0.58% for air and 3.21 ± 0.58% for glycerin saturation at a net pressure of 40 MPa was measured. Analysis of X‐ray CT scan images was used to determine a fracture density of 0.0298 ± 0.077 in the fractured sample. This supports theoretical predictions that shear‐wave splitting (SWS) can be used as a good estimate for fracture density in porous rocks (i.e., SWS = 100εf, where εf is fracture density) regardless of pore fluid type, for wave propagation at 90° to the fracture normal. 相似文献
13.
The electromagnetic fields induced by hydroacoustic waves, propagating in a liquid conducting medium in an alternating magnetic field, have been considered. The equation, relating the induced magnetic field to the undisturbed antenna field and acoustic wave parameters, has been obtained. The spatial—temporal pattern of the induced field has been constructed in the case when acoustic wave propagates along a direct line with an alternating current. 相似文献
14.
Thermal instabilities in the form of oscillatory magnetoconvection representing diffusively modified Alfvén waves in an electrically-conducting Bénard fluid layer of rigid walls in the presence of a vertical magnetic field are investigated. Emphasis of the article is on the transition from a nearly undamped Alfvén wave to diffusively modified Alfvén waves, and on the effect of physically realisable magnetic field boundary conditions on magnetoconvection. It is found that the extra magnetic dissipation in the magnetic Hartmann boundary layers can enhance oscillatory magnetoconvection in the form of strongly modified Alfvén waves. Oscillatory magnetoconvection produced solely by the Alfvén wave mechanism can be the most unstable mode even in the presence of a strong viscous effect. This article also represents the first study on the effect of an electrically conducting wall on magnetoconvection which is associated with a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. We find that the electrically perfectly conducting condition does not yield a good approximation for magnetoconvection with an electrically highly conducting wall. The size of oscillation frequency with an electrically highly conducting wall can be more than a factor of 2 larger than that obtained using the perfectly conducting condition. 相似文献
15.
在多极源声测井中, 低频弯曲波或螺旋波被广泛应用于测量地层的横波速度. 前人的研究已证明在各向同性地层中井孔伪瑞利波、弯曲波及螺旋波的低频极限速度都等于地层横波速度. 大量的数值计算结果似乎表明此结论在横向各向同性（TI）地层情况下也能成立, 但缺乏理论证明. 本文在井孔平行于TI弹性地层对称轴的模型下, 考察了井内声源激发的波在流-固边界上的反射和透射情况, 阐述了非泄漏模式导波产生的必要条件并讨论了其速度上限值. 我们发现在各向异性参数满足一定条件的TI地层中,导波速度的低频极限值小于沿井孔方向上的横波速度. 通过对井孔导波的频散分析以及对时域全波列的数值模拟, 论证了在这类地层中进行多极源声测井时,不可能根据弯曲波或螺旋波的到达时间准确获取地层的横波速度值. 相似文献
16.
The DOPE (Doppler Pulsation Experiment) HF Doppler sounder located near Tromsø, Norway (geographic: 69.6°N 19.2°E; L = 6.3) is deployed to observe signatures, in the high-latitude ionosphere, of magnetospheric ULF waves. A type of wave has been identified which exhibits no simultaneous ground magnetic signature. They can be subdivided into two classes which occur in the dawn and dusk local time sectors respectively. They generally have frequencies greater than the resonance fundamentals of local field lines. It is suggested that these may be the signatures of high-m ULF waves where the ground magnetic signature has been strongly attenuated as a result of the scale size of the waves. The dawn population demonstrate similarities to a type of magnetospheric wave known as giant (Pg) pulsations which tend to be resonant at higher harmonics on magnetic field lines. In contrast, the waves occurring in the dusk sector are believed to be related to the storm-time Pc5s previously reported in VHF radar data. Dst measurements support these observations by indicating that the dawn and dusk classes of waves occur respectively during geomagnetically quiet and more active intervals. 相似文献
17.
The analysis of Stoneley wave propagation in a fracture is essential for the identification and evaluation of fracture parameters from the borehole Stoneley wave. Also, it is important for many geophysics considerations, e.g. for tremor and long-period events observed in volcanoes and geothermal areas. In this paper, we investigate the guided waves propagation in a fluid layer lying between two viscoelastic vertically transversely isotropic media. The viscoelastic mechanism models the attenuation due to the presence of fluid saturation in the rock. A model based on the superposition of three inhomogeneous partial plane waves: one in the fluid and two heterogeneous waves in the solid is developed. The dispersion equation is obtained for this case. A numerical solution is carried out to obtain the guided wave velocity and attenuation coefficient. The results of this investigation show that there is a strong correlation between the velocity dispersion and attenuation of Stoneley wave and the anisotropic parameters of the medium especially in a sandstone (fast) medium. 相似文献
18.
在油、气储层的勘探和开发中观察到的一个现象是储层岩石中普遍存在孔隙和裂隙.随着近年来孔、裂隙介质弹性波动理论的进展,我们可以将此理论应用于测井技术,以此来指导从声波测井中测量孔、裂隙地层的声学参数.本文计算了孔、裂隙地层里充流体井眼中的多极子声场,分析了声场随裂隙介质的两个主要参数(即裂隙密度和裂隙纵横比)的变化特征.井孔声场的数值计算表明裂隙密度可以大幅度地降低井中声波纵、横波的波速和振幅.随着裂隙密度的增加,在测井频段内也可以看到纵、横波速的频散现象(这种频散在孔隙地层中一般是观察不到的).本文还研究了多极子模式波 (即单极的Stoneley波、伪瑞利波以及偶极的弯曲波)随裂隙参数的变化特征.结果表明,这些模式波的振幅激发和速度频散都受裂隙密度的影响.裂隙密度越高影响越大.此外,裂隙还对模式波的传播造成较大的衰减.相对裂隙密度而言,裂隙纵横比是一个频率控制参数,它控制裂隙对声场影响的频率区间.本文的分析结果对裂缝、孔隙型地层的声波测井具有指导意义. 相似文献
19.
本文从数值上研究了裸眼井中弹性波传播的非对称模式,给出了合成微地震图和导波（弯曲波）的频散曲线,发现在“硬”地层和“软”地层的井中,导波都是高度频散的,其最大相速度等于地层的横波速度,其截止频率低于对称模式的伪瑞利波的截止频率;在低频（2-3kHz）和长源距（3-4m）的条件下,由非对称的声源（如声偶极子）所产生的微地震图中,初至信号是以横波速度传播的,而以纵波速度传播的信号被抑制。本文的结果对研制横波速度测井仪是有意义的。 相似文献
20.
钻孔雷达是地质雷达的一种特殊模式.和通常的地质雷达比起来,它有好几个显著的特点.比如,利用钻孔接近地下的某个区域,天线可以相对接近所要测量的地质异常体或目标,从而导致在较深的范围对目标的精确测量.实验场地位于北京西部的一个石灰岩的小山上.该处有一组钻孔,并被大量的裂缝所切割.在这些钻孔中,我们进行了单孔反射测量和跨孔测量.测量的数据经过处理和解释表明,在该场地雷达的径向探测范围可达30米,地下裂缝的分布可以形成清晰的图像.我们可以看到很多裂缝,它们距钻孔的距离及倾角都可以确定下来.在有些情况下,确定裂缝分布的方位是可能的. 相似文献