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1.
应用天气学分析和物理量诊断方法,围绕暴雨形成的有利条件,对吉林省2012年7月上旬东北冷涡诱发的首场区域性暴雨中四平地区暴雨的形成机制进行详细分析和探讨,结果表明:冷涡为中间涡,暴雨发生在冷涡发展阶段,降水落区位于冷涡第一和第四象限,雨带呈明显经向带状分布,降水性质以稳定性降水为主。整个降水过程分三段,其中前两个阶段导致四平地区出现暴雨,且第一阶段低层有明显的辐合中心,对应降雨较强。四平地区暴雨发生前,冷涡移动缓慢,为区域性暴雨的产生提供了有利天气形势;850hPa切变线偏南,但整层有强垂直风切变,低层辐合、高层辐散以及整层垂直上升运动的明显增强,提供了中尺度动力抬升机制;850hPa以下有弱对流不稳定;850hPa不断加强的西南急流将水汽从东海、黄海、渤海一带源源不断地向该地区输送,提供了充分水汽供应。低层相对较弱的垂直上升运动以及中层无明显的下沉运动区,加上850hPa以下弱对流不稳定,不利于强对流天气产生,以稳定性降水为主。 相似文献
2.
利用NCEP FNL 1°×1°再分析、地面观测、FY-2G卫星和多普勒天气雷达等资料,对广西防城港沿海地区2020年6月16日出现的特大暴雨过程进行成因分析以及触发维持机制探讨。(1)此次极端降雨过程是一次暖区暴雨过程,降雨过程主要分为两个阶段,具有局地性强,雨势猛,强度大,降水难预报和突发性等特点。(2)暴雨在弱环流背景条件下发生,暴雨区有深厚的水汽和较强的不稳定能量,但天气尺度系统上升运动不深厚强度也不强,因而预报难度大。(3)初始对流在防城港南部近海海面触发,靠近海岸线时迅速发展加强,在防城港沿海地区演变成一个较大尺度的MβCS,其西侧和南侧出现一连串强度45～55 dBZ γ中尺度对流系统,不断经过暴雨区上空,形成列车效应最终导致极端降雨的发生。(4)天气尺度背景为北部湾近海海面出现对流提供了有利条件,低空急流的显著加强触发防城港市近海海面初始对流生成;不同性质下垫面的热力差异和MβCS冷池出流造成防城港沿海地区出现中尺度低压及中尺度辐合线,致使对流在防城港沿海地区增强和长时间维持。(5)高温高湿环境中尺度扰动可能处于暖湿不稳定层结... 相似文献
3.
为了研究甘肃东南部相同气候背景条件下极端暴雨天气的成因,提高极端暴雨强度和落区预报的准确率,利用NCEP再分析、自动气象站降水、常规观测资料及卫星云图资料,对2013年8月7日和2017年8月7日发生在甘肃东南部两次极端暴雨进行对比分析。结果表明:两次极端暴雨天气过程都伴随着短时强降水等强对流性天气,具有降水量大、雨强强、灾害重的特点,其中冷空气的强度对暴雨落区、空间分布以及影响系统移动以及对流强度产生重要影响。在强冷空气和高空低槽、低层切变线影响下,暴雨区偏南,强降水区域小,持续时间短,不稳定条件更好,对流强度更强;在弱冷空气和高原槽、低层低涡、低空急流作用下,暴雨区偏北,强降水范围大,持续时间长,大气湿层厚度大,低层水汽辐合强度、涡度以及垂直速度更强,降水效率更高,但对流强度相对较弱。卫星云图上,在强冷空气的影响下对流发展旺盛,形成强中尺度对流云团,对流云团呈带状;在弱冷空气作用下对流云团尺度小,发展范围小,有暖云降水特征,降水效率高。 相似文献
4.
利用常规气象观测数据、台风路径资料和FNL再分析资料,对2016年三个路径相似台风(01号Nepartak、14号Meranti和17号Megi)在江西的暴雨落区差异进行分析。结果表明:三者移动路径相似,登陆后副热带高压强度、水汽输送条件、台风与冷空气结合等差异共同导致在江西暴雨落区不同。台风Megi在江西形成暴雨范围最广,Nepartak次之,Meranti最小。台风Megi登陆后江西地区水汽通量和天气尺度上升运动最强,天气尺度持续稳定性降水以及后期台风环流与低层冷空气相结合,导致降水累计值最大。台风Nepartak影响江西期间无冷空气与之作用,形成的降水以中尺度对流性降水为主,强的对流有效位能释放加剧中尺度对流上升运动,造成以短时强降雨为主的暴雨。台风Meranti影响时江西东北部天气尺度上升运动相对前两者较弱,影响时间相对较短,形成的暴雨较前两者偏弱。 相似文献
5.
使用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和地面降水量资料,对2013年7月2—4日东北冷涡引发的黑龙江省暴雨天气进行了分析。结果表明：1）在东北冷涡影响期间,黑龙江省逐小时雨量大都小于10 mm,但持续时间长,累积雨量大,中西部地区出现大范围暴雨天气。2）东北冷涡发展期,强上升运动与下沉运动的耦合,为暴雨提供了很好动力条件。3）从黄海、日本海到黑龙江省的低空急流为暴雨提供了充足水汽和能量,强降雨区水汽通量达到8 g·s-1·cm-1·hPa-1,水汽辐合强于2×10-5g·s-1·cm-2·hPa-1,850 hPa的θse高于332 K。4）湿位涡变化显示,冷涡影响期间,降雨区上空有对流不稳定条件,有利于强降雨发生。正MPV1位涡舌从对流层高层下伸、东移与暴雨落区东移相吻合;东北冷涡发展期的大气斜压性强,降雨强。维持期、减弱期大气斜压性弱,降雨弱。对流层低层MPV2小于-0.2 PVU区域易出现强降雨。 相似文献
6.
利用常规气象观测资料,分析对比2016年8月31日—9月1日与9月9—10日黔东南地区出现的一般性降雨和区域性暴雨天气过程。探讨两次过程降雨发生发展的天气学条件差异。结果表明:两次降水过程均属于冷锋低槽型降水,降水发生前,黔东南受热低压控制,以晴好天气为主,冷空气都是从西北路径入侵,锋面过境时地面辐合线触发降水的发生发展,降水带主要发生在中低层切变线附近,850 h Pa风速有所加强,但未达到急流强度,对降雨的强度有一定的制约。两次过程都存在降水范围大、时间长的特点。所不同的是:降水强度前者弱,后者强,两次降雨过程中低层影响的天气系统存在不同,8月31日降雨的低层影响系统为贵州西南部发展的低涡系统,黔东南上空850 h Pa形势场出现弱的辐合区;9月9日降雨的低层影响系统为明显的辐合性切变线,存在多个呈东北—西南向的以带状分布的对流系统。通过对两次冷锋低槽型降水讨论得出,黔东南冷锋低槽型暴雨预报应着眼于影响贵州的强涡度中心的建立和加强以及其移动路径。 相似文献
7.
《青海气象》2017,(2)
利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和FY—2D卫星TBB资料,对2013年8月7日和2015年8月7日两次四川暴雨过程进行对比分析,结果表明:两次暴雨降雨强度及范围大小的发生与低值系统位置,副热带高压位置和强度,以及低层切变线、地面冷空气、低空急流以及台风位置等相关。不稳定能量的积聚为两次暴雨过程发生提供了有利条件,与强降水落区对应较好,强的不稳定能量更有利于中尺度对流系统强烈发展。暴雨落区上空受高能舌控制,且不稳定能量逐渐增大,暴雨出现在能量释放阶段。强烈的旋转上升运动为强降水提供了良好的的动力条件。两次过程中水汽辐合的中心以及强度对于降水的强度、落区、持续时间具有一定的指示意义。造成两次暴雨过程的对流云团生成和发展有一定的差异,但两次暴雨过程最大降雨均位于对流云团TBB最大梯度区,一般靠近亮云中心。 相似文献
8.
利用福建省逐小时加密自动站资料、风廓线、S波段双偏振雷达与雨滴谱等新型探测资料以及NCEP逐6 h的1°×1°大气再分析资料,分析了2017年2月21—22日福建中南部一次预报失败的冬季暴雨过程。结果表明:(1)此次暴雨过程类似于锋前暖区暴雨,自2000年以来仅此一例,十分罕见,是在低空急流偏强并长时间维持的背景下产生的,并未受到南支槽和冷空气的影响。(2)闽中大到暴雨带和闽南暴雨区的对流系统相互独立,有多个对流系统影响闽中地区,仅两个对流系统影响闽南地区。降水有较明显对流特征,属暖云弱对流降水,容易导致预报员对雨强估计不足。(3)此次冬季暴雨过程的水汽主要来自南海地区,低层水汽条件与汛期暴雨相当,但整层水汽条件较汛期略差;低空急流对暖湿气流的输送使暴雨区趋于不稳定,但对流不稳定度较汛期弱。(4)高空辐散低层辐合的配置为冬季暴雨带来了有利的动力抬升条件,但暴雨区涡旋性不强,无明显正涡度柱。其中,闽中大到暴雨主要与条件性对称不稳定有关,是在湿斜压作用下倾斜上升运动中产生,而闽南暴雨区既存在对流不稳定,也存在条件性对称不稳定。 相似文献
9.
利用观测资料对2013年7月7~11日(简称"7·7")发生于四川盆地西部的极端暴雨及局地对流条件进行分析,结果表明:(1)这次持续性暴雨由对流性降水和稳定性降水组成,前期对流明显,小时雨量大,中尺度对流系统云顶亮温低,有冷云区,PPI速度图上有逆风区,45 dBZ以上的强回波厚;中后期稳定性降水明显,小时雨量小,但持续时间长,云顶亮温较高,无冷云区,且回波强度在20~40 dBZ左右,PPI速度图上存在"牛眼"结构,暴雨区低层东北风强。(2)对流性与稳定性降水的转换条件与CAPE变化和垂直风切变有关,降水增强(减弱)期,有(无)CAPE值,低层风速小(大)但中高层风速大(大),垂直风切变较强(弱)。(3)在低空南风较弱和东北风偏强的背景下,地面气旋性流场引起的辐合不仅为暴雨提供水汽,而且中尺度辐合线亦为降水发生提供了抬升机制,尤其是在热力条件和低空水汽输送不利的层结稳定阶段,地面气旋流场显得更加重要。 相似文献
10.
《湖北气象》2016,(5)
基于陕西WARMS模式、FY2F卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达和地面加密观测等资料,分析总结了2015年8月3日西安致灾大暴雨过程(以下简称"8.3"大暴雨)的环境条件与中尺度特征。结果表明:该过程强度大、突发性强、降水落区集中,中低层快速东移南压的冷式切变线和地面冷锋是其主要影响系统,地面切变辐合偏弱、整层偏南水汽输送及其辐合不明显是大暴雨持续时间短、范围小的重要原因;地面冷锋后部偏北风遇秦岭北麓地形作用形成初始对流,高层北路冷空气侵入导致不稳定能量增大,二者共同作用触发对流与能量强烈释放,形成β中尺度对流系统,产生大暴雨;低层辐合、高层辐散和垂直上升运动中心偏强而无次级环流,造成暴雨范围小、持续时间短;暴雨区主要位于对流云团云顶亮温(TBB)梯度大值区,与3 h显著正变压中心梯度大值区和切变线交汇点南侧对应;雷达强回波区呈垂直塔状,质心低,属热带海洋型降水回波。在不稳定层结尤其是低层超绝热状态下,加强雷达资料分析研判,跟踪紧邻山地杂波的、孤立的、中心像素点反射率超过60 d Bz的小尺度对流单体发展,可提前发布秦岭北麓暴雨预警。 相似文献
11.
The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.
Policy relevance
This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO2 emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action. 相似文献
12.
Stephen F. Wathen 《Climatic change》2011,108(1-2):333-356
This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events. 相似文献
13.
Anthony H. McDaniel Chris A. Cantrell James A. Davidson Richard E. Shetter Jack G. Calvert 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,12(3):211-227
The infrared absorption cross-sections for eight commonly used halogenated methanes and ethanes have been measured as a function of temperature from 203 to 293 K. High resolution spectra (0.03 cm-1) have been used to derive integrated band strengths and peak cross-sections associated with the spectral features in the infrared region from 600 to 1500 cm-2. The values obtained in this study are compared to those from previous reports, and recommendations are made for uses in atmospheric sensing and radiative energy transfer models. The observed temperature dependence in the spectral features is also discussed. 相似文献
14.
Wind-driven, double-gyre, ocean circulation in a reduced-gravity, 2.5-layer, lattice boltzmann model
A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes. 相似文献
15.
利用气象业务中使用的L波段探空数据和毫米波云雷达观测资料,分析探空相对湿度在入云和出云时的变化规律,提出一种基于探空相对湿度阈值与梯度相结合的云区边界识别改进算法,并利用云雷达观测数据对算法识别结果进行验证.利用北京市南郊观象台2019年1—6月层状云样本验证分析,结果表明:改进算法相比相对湿度阈值法,对云区边界识别更... 相似文献
16.
B. Kochtubajda 《Atmospheric Research》1995,35(2-4)
Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm−3 and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m−3, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m−3. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m−3, with a peak value of 2.81 g m−3. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31−1, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11−1 in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions. 相似文献
17.
利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。 相似文献
18.
Governance,complexity, and resilience 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andreas Duit Victor Galaz Katarina Eckerberg Jonas Ebbesson 《Global Environmental Change》2010,20(3):363-368
This special issue brings together prominent scholars to explore novel multilevel governance challenges posed by the behavior of dynamic and complex social-ecological systems. Here we expand and investigate the emerging notion of “resilience” as a perspective for understanding how societies can cope with, and develop from, disturbances and change. As the contributions to the special issue illustrate, resilience thinking in its current form contains substantial normative and conceptual difficulties for the analysis of social systems. However, a resilience approach to governance issues also shows a great deal of promise as it enables a more refined understanding of the dynamics of rapid, interlinked and multiscale change. This potential should not be underestimated as institutions and decision-makers try to deal with converging trends of global interconnectedness and increasing pressure on social-ecological systems. 相似文献
19.
Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
Coleen Vogel Susanne C. Moser Roger E. Kasperson Geoffrey D. Dabelko 《Global Environmental Change》2007,17(3-4):349-364
Vulnerability, adaptation and resilience are concepts that are finding increasing currency in several fields of research as well as in various policy and practitioner communities engaged in global environmental change science, climate change, sustainability science, disaster risk-reduction and famine interventions. As scientists and practitioners increasingly work together in this arena a number of questions are emerging: What is credible, salient and legitimate knowledge, how is this knowledge generated and how is it used in decision making? Drawing on important science in this field, and including a case study from southern Africa, we suggest an alternative mode of interaction to the usual one-way interaction between science and practice often used. In this alternative approach, different experts, risk-bearers, and local communities are involved and knowledge and practice is contested, co-produced and reflected upon. Despite some successes in the use and negotiation of such knowledge for ‘real’ world issues, a number of problems persist that require further investigation including the difficulties of developing consensus on the methodologies used by a range of stakeholders usually across a wide region (as the case study of southern Africa shows, particularly in determining and identifying vulnerable groups, sectors, and systems); slow delivery of products that could enhance resilience to change that reflects not only a lack of data, and need for scientific credibility, but also the time-consuming process of coming to a negotiated understanding in science–practice interactions and, finally, the need to clarify the role of ‘external’ agencies, stakeholders, and scientists at the outset of the dialogue process and subsequent interactions. Such factors, we argue, all hinder the use of vulnerability and resilience ‘knowledge’ that is being generated and will require much more detailed investigation by both producers and users of such knowledge. 相似文献
20.
利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,通过对发生在江苏的三次不同量级的区域性暴雪、大雪和中雪过程典型个例进行对比分析,发现降雪时,700hPa低空急流的位置和强度是影响降雪量级的主要因素之一;降雪区上空涡度的垂直分布遵循低层负涡度、中层正涡度和高层负涡度的配置,暴雪时正涡度强且正涡度区最为深厚,动力抬升作用强,中雪发生时正涡度区相对最为浅薄,不利于形成强辐合抬升,动力抬升作用弱。且暴雪和大雪发生时基本上整层都为垂直螺旋度正值区,中雪时没有出现明显的正值区;暴雪和大雪过程时中低层都具有明显的逆温层,中高层西南急流造成的对流层中层的爆发性增温是逆温层形成的关键,中雪发生时不一定有逆温层结;降雪强度与湿位涡分量绝对值存在一定的正相关关系。 相似文献