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1.
夏季珠江口水体中多环芳烃的分布、组成及来源 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用1999年7月对珠江口海域的调查资料,对该区表层海水中优控多环芳烃的分布、组成及来源进行了分析和讨论,结果表明:(1)夏季珠江口海域表层海水中14种溶解态多环芳烃[苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、艹屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)艹北、茚并(1,2,3-cd)艹比]的质量浓度为63.8~171.7 ng/L,且沿着冲淡水流向呈降低趋势;(2)颗粒态中15种多环芳烃[萘、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、艹屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)艹北、茚并(1,2,3-cd)艹比]的质量浓度为60.7~186.7 ng/L,其分布与水体载沙量及悬浮颗粒物的性质、粒径有关,具有从河口内向外海降低的分布特征;(3)多环芳烃组成和特征参数比值的分析表明,珠江口海域高温裂解来源的多环芳烃在伶仃洋海区输入最多,且主要为人类活动中煤燃烧排放的,而在香港岛周围海区的输入则相对较少,且主要为油燃烧排放的;(4)与法国塞纳河及长江口等河口相比,珠江三角洲海域水体中存在高菲含量排放源。 相似文献
2.
Stress proteins (heat shock proteins, hsps) form part of the cellular protein repair system, and are induced by a wide variety of Stressors. To determine their suitability as tools for assessing sublethal sediment toxicity, we measured levels of members of the stress protein families hsp60 and hsp70 in benthic estuarine amphipods (Ampelisca abdita) exposed to sediments from 23 different sampling sites in San Francisco Bay for 10 d. Concentrations of sediment-associated xenobiotics were determined. Per cent survival was recorded and surviving animals were analysed for stress proteins using western blotting techniques. An inverse correlation (r2 = 0.44) was seen between amphipod survival and hsp64 levels, and hsp64 levels were positively correlated with concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (r2 = 0.5). Principal component analysis revealed that amphipod mortality was linked to a combination of several PAHs (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene) and di-n-butylphthalate at southern San Francisco Bay sites. At northern San Francisco Bay sites, negative correlations were found between hsp64 levels and organotin compounds (MBT, DBT, TBT), and between hsp71 levels and the PAHs, benzo (b,k)fluoranthene and benzo(G,H,I)perylene, suggesting an inhibitory effect of these compounds on stress protein expression. 相似文献
3.
R.H.M. Eertman C.L.F.M.G. Groenink B. Sandee H. Hummel A.C. Smaal 《Marine environmental research》1995,39(1-4)
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene significantly reduced the feeding rate of mussels. For both compounds the tissue concentration resulting in a 50% reduction of the clearance rate (TEC50) was calculated. At high tissue concentrations both aromatic compounds reduced the tolerance of mussels to aerial exposure, whereas at low tissue concentrations an improved response was noticed. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were elevated only at low tissue concentrations of fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene. At the highest measured tissue concentrations the activity of both enzymes was reduced, possibly due to a narcotic effect. The reproductive success rate of mussels appeared to be affected negatively by the investigated hydrocarbons. The results of a pilot experiment indicate that mussels can be used also for the testing of contaminated sediments. 相似文献
4.
The potential of heterotrophs to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons derived from oil in water and sediments in the northern North Sea around the Brent, Beryl, Forties and Murchison oilfields and at a number of stations, from the Forties field to the Firth of Forth, was estimated using 1-14C naphthalene and 7, 10-14C benzo(a)pyrene. The degradation of uniformly labelled 14C mixed 1-amino acids was used as a measure of total heterotrophic activity. Results showed that microorganisms have the potential to degrade the smaller aromatic hydrocarbon molecules rapidly in the water column and in surface sediments. Close to the Beryl platform, where diesel-washed drill cuttings have been continuously dumped, the rate of input of hydrocarbons to the sediment has exceeded the rate of degradation. Mineralization of benzo(a)pyrene, estimated in the sediments only, was minimal. Close to production platforms the biodegradation rate of mixed 1-amino acids showed no increase comparable with that found for naphthalene, suggesting that existing microbial populations had not increased but adapted to degrade oil in water and sediments. 相似文献
5.
R.F. Lee B. Dornseif F. Gonsoulin K. Tenore R. Hanson 《Marine environmental research》1981,5(2):125-143
Addition of a heavy oil to a Spartina salt marsh in the autumn resulted in high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment and benthic animals. The highest concentrations of phenanthrene, chrysene and fluoranthene in the sediment were 112, 105 and 75 ng/g sediment, respectively. These concentrations rapidly decreased during the 20 week period following the spill. The times for these hydrocarbons to decrease to 50% of their highest values, i.e. half-life, were approximately 100, 70 and 30 days in sediment, mussels and oysters, respectively. Benthic macrofauna species showed three responses to oil addition which included no change, an increase, or a decrease in the population. No changes were noted in populations of fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax), oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and mussels (Modiolus demissus). Mud snails (Nassarius obsoleta) increased in density after the spill due to immigration of adult snails from untreated areas to scavenge on animals killed by the oil. Many of the adult periwinkles (Littorina irrorata) were killed by the oil. In the spring, juvenile periwinkles recolonised to oiled areas as a result of larvae settling. 相似文献
6.
本文在现场情况下，研究了自然条件下受污染海岸带沉积物中的7种多环芳烃（Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons，简称PAHs）的解吸动力学行为。结果表明，7种PAHs）的解吸动力学行为。结果表明，7种PAHs的解吸动力学行为可以用二元模型模拟。文中并将所得数据与文献报道的数据进行了比较。 相似文献
7.
The feasibility of mangrove leaves as a full diet for sesarmid crabs has been questioned for decades. Since these leaves are nitrogen-poor, sesarmids probably obtain nitrogen from other sources to sustain growth. The aim of this study was to assess the food partitioning of the sesarmid species Neoepisesarma versicolor with emphasis on nitrogen allocation. The preference for animal tissue when crabs were pre-fed diets of different nitrogen content was determined in the laboratory. Furthermore, the possible in situ diet composition of N. versicolor was established from carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signature (δ13C and δ15N) of freshly caught individuals and their potential food sources, using a concentration-dependent mixing model. N. versicolor showed significantly higher feeding preferences for fish meat when pre-fed leaf material without than with access to meat, indicating that this crab species can meet its nitrogen demand by ingesting animal tissue. The stable isotope mixing model based on in situ materials suggests that the diet of N. versicolor consists of ∼60% leaves in terms of biomass, leaving ∼40% for other sources such as animal tissue and benthic microorganisms. The biomass contribution from animal tissues, in form of e.g. other crustaceans and fish carcasses, was found to account for ∼15%. Despite the relative low biomass fraction, animal food sources may contribute with up to half of the nitrogen in the diet of N. versicolor. The quantity of ingested sediment most likely exceeds that of animal tissues. However, due to the low concentration of assimilable microalgae and other microorganism, we propose that sediment associated sources are less important as a nitrogen source for N. versicolor than hitherto presumed. 相似文献
8.
Zhanna M. Tairova Anders M.B. Giessing Rikke Hansen Ole Andersen 《Marine environmental research》2009,67(1):38-46
The possibility of using the pyrene metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure was investigated by exposure of the marine polychaete Nereis diversicolor to several PAHs in the laboratory. Animals were exposed to pyrene alone and to five different PAHs – phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[k]flouranthene. After five days of exposure the concentrations of parent PAHs and 1-hydroxypyrene were identified using three different analytical methods, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/F), synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The SFS measurements of 1-hydroxypyrene were validated by the more sensitive method HPLC/F. The positive correlation between total PAHs and 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in the polychaete tissues observed in experiments, suggests the feasibility of 1-hydroxypyrene as a suitable biomarker for total PAH exposure assessment. Furthermore, the possibility of employment of the simple and rapid SFS method instead of HPLC/F for biomarker analysis has been confirmed by the positive and significant correlation between results achieved by these two analytical methods. 相似文献
9.
J.M. Augenfeld J.W. Anderson D.L. Woodruff J.L. Webster 《Marine environmental research》1980,4(2):135-143
Protothaca staminea and Macoma inquinata were exposed to sediment contaminated with 1237 ppm Prudhoe Bay crude oil in the field. Eighty-five per cent of the Protothaca and 17% of the Macoma survived 54 days' exposure. Body burdens of saturated and di- and tri-aromatic hydrocarbons were less than 2 ppm and quite variable. The condition index of Protothaca was reduced by 6% by exposure to oil. The level of free glycine in the mantle, gills and adductor muscle did not change significantly, but the taurine level fell, leading to a decrease in the taurine:glycine ratio. It was concluded that Protothaca, a filter feeder, is affected less severely by oil pollution than Macoma, a detritivore, perhaps because the feeding activity of filter feeders is less inhibited. 相似文献
11.
Lars Frlin David R. Livingstone Kerstin Magnusson Laurence D. Peters Montserrat Sol Anders Sjlin ke Granmo 《Marine environmental research》1996,42(1-4)
The use of a suite of different biochemical markers in the deep sea fish Roundnose grenadier and caged common mussels, and analyses of contaminant levels in the mussels, indicate that Skagerrak are more polluted than waters around the Faroe Islands. In Roundnose, induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is consistent with increased benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) in mussels and elevated levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mussels and sediment from Skagerrak. This evidence of a large-scale environmental impact of pollutants should lead to further efforts to decrease transport into, and deposition of, waste compounds in the Skagerrak area. 相似文献
12.
基于特征比值的原油中PAHs标志物风化规律研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以渤海某原油作为研究对象进行综合模拟风化实验, 探讨了原油中五类PAHs组分的风化规律并筛选出其中稳定的诊断比值。结果表明: 经过50d风化, 原油中PAHs的分布已经发生了较大的改变, 其中萘系类损失最为严重, 菲系列所占的比例有所提高, 二苯并噻吩、屈、芴系列则保持相对稳定, 这为进一步筛选用于溢油来源鉴别的新诊断比值参数提供了一定依据; 经风化检验, 现有常用6种PAHs诊断比值在风化50d后较稳定, 可用于风化溢油的鉴别; 所选取新诊断比值中, 菲和屈系列、烷基取代二苯并噻吩类、烷基取代芴类抗风化能力较强, 共筛选出34种诊断比值可作为溢油鉴别的有效指标。 相似文献
13.
菲与芘在砂基培养的红树植物秋茄中的分布与可视化定位 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究采用系列浓度盆栽试验研究多环芳烃（PAHs）菲与芘在红树植物秋茄（Kandelia obova-ta）中的迁移与分布规律,采用加速溶剂萃取（ASE）法和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）方法测定秋茄叶片和根中的多环芳烃含量,应用倒置荧光显微镜对秋茄叶片中的多环芳烃进行定位表征.结果表明：秋茄能从培养液中吸收菲和芘,并将根系吸收的菲和芘向叶片运输.秋茄体内菲和芘含量随处理时间（4、8、21 d）呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在培养8 d达到最大值.与4 d和8 d处理相比,在21d试验完成后,秋茄根与叶中的菲和芘含量显著降低,表明在红树植物体内存在明显的PAHs降解或者挥发.秋茄根系中的菲和芘含量随处理浓度提高而增高,与叶片相比,PAHs更多地在根部累积.在叶片中,菲和芘主要储存在叶片的维管束及附近的海绵组织中. 相似文献
14.
To investigate the biological impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on reproductive system, scallops Chlamys farreri were continuously exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (0.5, 3, 10 μg L?1) during 15 days. DNA damage and histological alterations were examined in female gonad. DNA strand break levels significantly increased after 12 h exposure, and remained high and significantly different from control values until the end of the exposure. In the ovaries of the scallops exposed to 10 μg L?1 BaP for ten days, histological analysis showed that the cytoplasts of the oocytes in the outer layer of the ovaries became sparse, and the nuclear membranes were obscure. Damaging effects on ovaries and oocytes were more severe after 15 days exposure. Degenerating oocytes increased and the connective tissue of the ovary envelops became loose. Electron microscopic examination revealed ultrastructural aspects of degenerating oocyte and degenerated oocyte after 15 days exposure. 相似文献
15.
The metabolism at specific sites on carcinogenic hydrocarbons such as benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is responsible for activation to the ultimate mutagens and carcinogens, and patterns of metabolism can thus influence the biological effect of such compounds. Marine fish are known to efficiently metabolize BP at the benzo-ring, forming high percentages of the 9,10-dihydrodiol (DHD) and 7,8-DHD, the latter including the penultimate carcinogen.1,2 Hydrocarbon-induced cytochrome P-450 in fish is responsible for initiating metabolism on the benzo-ring, but epoxide hydrolase (EH) activity is required for DHD formation.3,4 Both factors could influence formation of the DHD leading to the ultimate carcinogenic diol-epoxide. In the present study, patterns of BP metabolism were evaluated in a number of individual scup Stenotomus chrysops sampled from local Woods Hole waters, and a correlation is described between variation in the DHD formation and EH activity in these feral fish. 相似文献
16.
Ana P. Mucha C. Marisa R. Almeida Adriano A. Bordalo M. Teresa S.D. Vasconcelos 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008
This work aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the capability of roots of salt marsh plants to release strong Cu-complexing ligands and to ascertain whether Cu contamination would stimulate ligands' exudation or not. The sea rush Juncus maritimus and the sea-club rush Scirpus maritimus, both from the lower Douro river estuary (NW Portugal), were used. Plants were collected seasonally, four times a year in 2004, during low tide. After sampling, plant roots were washed for removal of adherent particles and immersed for 2 h in a solution that matched salinity (3) and pH (7.5) of the pore water from the same location and spiked with Cu2+ in the range 0–1600 nM to obtain plant exudates. In the final solutions as well as in sediment pore water total dissolved Zn and Cu, Cu-complexing ligand concentrations and the respective conditional stability constants (KCuL′) values were determined by voltammetry. This study demonstrated that plants are able to release, in a short period of time, relatively high amounts of strong Cu-complexing ligands (56–265 nmol groot−1), which differed among plants and sampling site but were independent of the season. Cu contamination did not stimulate exudation of Cu-complexing ligands. On the other hand, in media contaminated with Cu both plants accumulated relatively high amounts (29–83%) of the initially dissolved Cu, indicating that they have alternative internal mechanisms for Cu detoxification. Cu exchange between roots and medium (either accumulation in contaminated medium or release in the absence of Cu) was more intense for S. maritimus than for J. maritimus. It was observed that exudate solutions obtained in the absence of added Cu and sediment pore water (the densities of roots observed inside the salt marsh where comparable to those used in the in vitro experiments), displayed similarities in terms of total dissolved metals, Cu-complexing ligands concentrations, values of KCuL′ (12 < log KCuL′ < 14), as well as patterns of variation among seasons (only observed for Zn). These results are novel and point out that salt marsh plants may be the source at least partially of the strong organic ligands found in the sediment pore water in shallow marginal areas. The capability of salt marsh plants to release strong organic ligands into the environment, conjugated with their known capacity to oxidize anaerobic sediment around roots, indicate that these plants can play a role in controlling metal speciation in the water/sediment interface. 相似文献
17.
A study on the bulk distributions and molecular structures of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in organic matter of the sediments from the Bay of Bengal and the Eastern and Central Indian Basins was undertaken. The former two regions represent areas characterised by “normal” sedimentation while the third one mainly represents a region of “active tectonism”. Content of the hydrocarbons in the sediments of “normal” sedimentation ranges between 4.6 and 10.5 μg/g and aromatic hydrocarbons ranges between 0 and 0.38 μg/g. n-Alkanes in the sediments of the northern deep part of the Bay of Bengal consist mostly of long-chain structures (total C25–C33 up to 70%) with a high carbon preference index (CPI=3.01–3.43), indicating a large contribution of organic matter from terrigenous sources. The sediments from the Eastern Indian Basin have n-alkane distributions in which the long-chain components did not exceed 52.5% and the CPI was 1.7–1.90, indicating that the hydrocarbons are mostly derived from marine sources. Sharp increases of hydrocarbons are found in the vicinity of the tectonically active region of the Central Indian Basin, particularly in the sediments collected from the fracture zone. The total concentration of hydrocarbons increase to 170 μg/g and the aromatic hydrocarbons fraction to 156.3 μg/g. The proportion of short-chain n-alkanes increases up to 70%, CPI decreases to 0.76–1.12, and high concentrations of n-C16 (16–40%) occur, all of which are absent in the other samples. The molecular content of PAH includes the unsubstituted individual structures: biphenyl, fluorene, pyrene, perylene, benzo(ghi)perylene, and the groups of homologues of naphthalene, benzofluorene, phenanthrene and chrysene. The association of the PAH and composition of paraffin hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of deformation zone indicate that these are the resultant products of hydrothermal processes. It is, therefore, suggested that the association and composition of the hydrocarbons in sediments can be utilised as a paleoceanographic parameter to decipher the history of tectonism of an area. 相似文献
18.
The chronic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on ovary development, total hepatic lipids and plasma sex- and corticosteroid levels in female flounder (Platichthys flesus) were examined. Sexually mature feral female flounder were exposed via the diet to phenanthrene (0.5, 2.5 or 12.5 nmol/g food) or chrysene (0.4 nmol/g food) for 12 weeks, during the previtellogenic phase of the annual reproductive cycle. PAH exposure did not directly affect germ cell development since no structural and/or developmental differences were observed between control and exposed fish. On the contrary, all treatments resulted in altered plasma steroid levels. The most pronounced effect was the significant decrease in plasma 17β-estradiol to 19±11%, 27±7%, 63±20% and 61±12% in relation to control fish, respectively, in flounders exposed to 12.5, 2.5 or 0.5 nmol phenanthrene/g food and 0.4 nmol chrysene/g food. Impaired ovarian growth was not observed, most likely because experiments were ended before the period of vitellogenesis, even though a non-significant general decline in total hepatic lipids could be observed. Moreover, all exposed flounders, except fish fed with the highest amount of phenanthrene, showed a negative correlation between plasma 17β-estradiol and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels (r=−0.46). One possible explanation is that PAH action may be mediated by a specific inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes. These findings provide evidence that selected PAHs are antiestrogenic xenobiotics with the capability to impair female teleost reproductive function. 相似文献
19.
The effect of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) presence in eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds was studied from June 2004 to July 2005 in Flensborg fjord, Denmark. The field experiments were conducted at two stations, one with only Z. marina (Eelgrass station) present and one where M. edulis were present in the Z. marina beds (Mixed station). Zostera marina parameters were measured (growth of leaves, shoot density, leaf length, and nutrient content) in combination with epiphyte cover and sediment parameters (sulphate reduction rates, sediment nutrient fluxes, organic content, C, N and P content) to examine possible positive and negative effects of the mussels on eelgrass performance. The fluxes of ammonium from the sediments were stimulated at all sampling dates at the Mixed station, and possibly stimulated epiphyte growth at this station. Further 15N signals in epiphytes from the Mixed station suggested that excretion products from the mussels were important nitrogen sources at this station. Sulphate reduction rates were enhanced at the Mixed station and also sediment sulphide concentrations increased under mussel influence, which may have resulted in sulphide toxicity and decreased growth of Z. marina at this station. The study indicates that for Z. marina beds in Flensborg Fjord the effects of M. edulis in seagrass beds are primarily negative, and raises the question whether this leads to negative effects on the stability and expansion of Z. marina beds. 相似文献
20.
English sole (Parophrys vetulus) were exposed to environmentally realistic levels of sediment-associated 3H-benzo[a]pyrene (3 μg BaP/g sediment, dry weight) and 14C-Aroclor 1254 (1 μg PCBs/g), separately and together, for up to 10 days. BaP and its metabolites in tissues reached steady-state concentrations by the first day of the exposure, whereas PCBs did not approach steady-state concentrations until the tenth day of exposure. Simultaneous exposure of sole to BaP and PCBs, relative to separate exposure to the xenobiotics, significantly increased the concentrations of BaP-derived radioactivity and decreased the concentrations of PCB-derived radioactivity in some tissues and bile. Accumulation of PCB-derived radioactivity, estimated as the burden in tissues, was significantly greater (4- to 13-fold) than that of BaP-derived radioactivity throughout the experiments and regardless of the type of exposure. The rank of the concentrations of PCB-derived radioactivity in tissues and bile was: bile ～ liver > brain > kidney ～ gill > skin ～ blood ～ muscle and for BaP-derived radioactivity the order was: bile > liver > gill > kidney > skin ～ blood > muscle > brain. BaP-derived radioactivity in liver and bile was present primary (85–99%) as metabolites, whereas PCB-derived radioactivity was present equally as parent compounds and metabolites in bile and primarily (98 %) as parent compounds in liver. Hydrolysis of bile from PCB/BaP-exposed sole with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase released 35 % of the BaP-derived radioactivity and 32 % of the PCB-derived radioactivity as primary metabolites. A much higher proportion of the BaP-derived radioactivity (64 %) than the PCB-derived radioactivity (13 %) in bile was unaffected by the enzyme treatment, indicating differences in the conjugation of the primary metabolites of PCBs and BaP. The results suggest that in contaminated environments the tissue to sediment concentration ratios for PCBs would exceed that for BaP and its metabolites; however, BaP would be continually absorbed and metabolized by sole to potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds. In addition, the tissue levels of these toxic compounds may be increased by simultaneous exposure to PCBs. 相似文献