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1.
For civil engineering structures with a tightness role, structural permeability is a key issue. In this context, this paper presents a new proposition of a numerical modelling of leakage rate through a cracked concrete structure undergoing mode I cracking. The mechanical state of the material, considered in the framework of continuum mechanics based on finite element modelling, is described by means of the stress‐based nonlocal damage model which takes into account the stress state and provides realistic local mechanical fields. A semi‐discrete method based on the strong discontinuity approach to estimate crack opening is then considered in the post‐treatment phase. Using a Poiseuille's like relation, the coupling between the mechanical state of the material and its dry gas conductivity is performed. For validation purposes, an original experimental campaign is conducted on a dry concrete disc loaded in a splitting setup. During the loading, gas conductivity and digital image correlation analysis are performed. The comparison with the 3D experimental mechanical global response highlights the performance of the mechanical model. The comparison between crack openings measured by digital image correlation and estimated by the strong discontinuity method shows a good agreement. Finally, the results of the semi‐discrete approach coupled with the gas conductivity compared with experimental data show a good estimation of the structural conductivity. Consequently, if the mechanical problem is well modelled at the global scale, then the proposed approach provides good estimation of gas conductivity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Layered rock masses can be modelled either as standard, orthotropic continua if the layer bending can be neglected or as Cosserat continua if the influence of layer bending is essential. This paper presents a finite element smeared joint model based on the Cosserat theory. The layers are assumed to be elastic with equal thickness and equal mechanical properties. All the cosserat parameters are expressed through the elastic properties of layers, layer thickness and joint stiffness. Plastic-slip as well as tensile-opening of layer interface (joint) are accounted for in a manner similar to the conventional non-associative plasticity theory. As an application, the behaviour of an excavation in a layered rock mass is examined. The displacement and stress fields given by smeared joint models based on the Cosserat continuum and the conventional anisotropic continuum approaches are compared with those obtained from the discrete joint model. The conventional anisotropic continuum model is found to break-down completely when the effective shear modulus in the direction parallel to layering is low in comparison to the shear modulus of the intact layer, whereas the Cosserat model is found to be capable of accurately reproducing complex load–deflection patterns irrespective of the differences in shear moduli. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Goodarz Ahmadi 《Mathematical Geology》1981,13(1):37-52
A previously developed continuum theory of granular media is applied to the problems of densification and liquefaction of saturated sand. An expression for the free energy of saturated sand is developed. The process of densification of sand subjected to cyclic shear stress is studied and several expressions for an increase of the solid volume fraction are obtained and discussed. The problem of the initial liquefaction of saturated sand samples under cyclic shear stress is then considered and several criteria relating the shear stress amplitude, over-burden pressure, time to liquefaction, and physical properties of the sand sample are established. Some semiempirical relations for field applications are also presented. 相似文献
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The occurrence of foliated rock masses is common in mining environment. Methods employing continuum approximation in describing the deformation of such rock masses possess a clear advantage over methods where each rock layer and each inter‐layer interface (joint) is explicitly modelled. In devising such a continuum model it is imperative that moment (couple) stresses and internal rotations associated with the bending of the rock layers be properly incorporated in the model formulation. Such an approach will lead to a Cosserat‐type theory. In the present model, the behaviour of the intact rock layer is assumed to be linearly elastic and the joints are assumed to be elastic–perfectly plastic. Condition of slip at the interfaces are determined by a Mohr–Coulomb criterion with tension cut off at zero normal stress. The theory is valid for large deformations. The model is incorporated into the finite element program AFENA and validated against an analytical solution of elementary buckling problems of a layered medium under gravity loading. A design chart suitable for assessing the stability of slopes in foliated rock masses against flexural buckling failure has been developed. The design chart is easy to use and provides a quick estimate of critical loading factors for slopes in foliated rock masses. It is shown that the model based on Euler's buckling theory as proposed by Cavers (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1981; 14 :87–104) substantially overestimates the critical heights for a vertical slope and underestimates the same for sub‐vertical slopes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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G. Ranalli 《Mathematical Geology》1980,12(4):399-412
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滑坡启动机理研究是滑坡防治的前提条件。应用三维连续介质动态数值模型方法,采用摩擦模型、Voellmy模型2种流变模型,对滑坡启动过程进行分析求解,开展滑坡启动机理数值模拟研究。结果表明,不论是限制坡面(渠道型)还是无限制坡面,在2种流变模型和侵蚀率下,随着坡度逐渐增加,地形所提供给滑坡体的能量进一步增大,物质运动距离进一步增加,其相应的平均速度、最大速度(前端速度)和总动能也会进一步加大,经历了从缓慢蠕变至快速增加的过程。根据不同坡度下滑坡的启动、运动规律、堆积过程及各坡度下动力参数延程变化规律,可以将滑坡的启动坡度设定为25°~30°。该滑坡启动坡度的设定可为地质灾害防治措施和监测预警提供技术参考。 相似文献
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Rock glaciers are distinct landforms whose wide distribution, occurrence, and significance often go unrecognised. They are deposits of poorly sorted, angular, blocky to tabular debris which are held together by an ice core or a matrix of ice-cemented fine clastics. Rock glaciers have formed in glaciated and non-glaciated areas. Many researchers have suggested that the absence of an ice core or the lack of movement indicates relict or fossil status. Active and inactive states can be viewed as the end members of a movement continuum. Movement rates, derived from world-wide locations as reported in the literature, range from less than 1 cmyr?1 to greater than 130cmyr?1. Unfortunately, lack of observed movement has been equated incorrectly with an inactive status. Rock glacier movement must be considered from a rheological point of view. Movement is controlled by the transformation of potential energy to kinetic energy as the system attempts to reach thermal equilibrium or stability. Whereas a glacier can completely disappear or redevelop, reactivation of a rock glacier requires only the re-establishment of the conditions responsible for development and maintenance of interstitial ice. Although it might not be possible to re-establish an ice core, interstitial areas can definitely be recharged with ice and thus facilitate movement. The concept of active versus inactive should be abandoned in favor of the view that a spatial and temporal continuum of form and movement exists. 相似文献
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相对湿度对静电收集型连续测氡仪检定结果的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
NR－667A（Ⅲ）型快速连续测氧仪是目前环境氡测量时间响应最短的一种仪器。该仪器在核工业第六研究所标准氡室进行检定时发现，环境相对相对度对仪器检定结果有很大影响。在相对湿度为80％－99％的标准氡室内分别对仪器进行检定，结果在相对湿度为80％时仪器检定合格，而在相对湿度为99％时仪器检定不合格。本从仪器工作原理对检定结果进行。并提出有效的解决方法，当相对湿度太大时，可在仪器进气口安装干燥器对进气进行除湿。 相似文献
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基于连续介质力学模型,提出了一种简单易行的可靠性分析方法,该方法能利用现行通用的有限元程序,能得到显式的功能函数,但又不同于响应面法。以公路隧道圆形隧洞的开挖支护为例,采用此方法将围岩参数c (黏聚力)、E,? 和二次衬砌厚度D作为随机变量,采用有限元程序得到单一变量变化下的衬砌轴应力值,进而拟合出衬砌轴应力关于单一随机变量的关系式,并通过多元线性或非线性回归得到衬砌轴应力关于所有随机变量的显示表达式,再对圆形隧洞的衬砌结构进行了敏感性和可靠性分析,得到了一些有意义的结论。 相似文献
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The paper deals with numerical investigations of the behaviour of granular bodies during shearing. Shearing of a narrow layer of sand between two very rough boundaries under constant vertical pressure is numerically modelled with a finite element method using a hypoplastic constitutive relation within a polar (Cosserat) continuum. The constitutive relation was obtained through an extension of a non‐polar one by polar quantities, viz. rotations, curvatures, couple stresses using the mean grain diameter as a characteristic length. This relation can reproduce the essential features of granular bodies during shear localization. The material constants can be easily determined from element test results and can be estimated from granulometric properties. The attention is laid on the influence of the initial void ratio, pressure level, mean grain diameter and grain roughness on the thickness of shear zones. The results of shearing are also compared to solutions without the polar extensions. The FE‐calculations demonstrate that polar effects manifested by the appearance of grain rotations and couple stresses are significant in the shear zone, and its thickness is sensitive to the initial void ratio, mean grain diameter and layer height. The effect of the pressure level is rather low within the considered range. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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AbstractThe statistics and mechanical studies of the spatial variability of rainfall do not seem to be entirely satisfactory for brief events, such as the showers generating gullying. Thus, indirect indications of vegetation may be useful. Botanical continuums do reflect some climatic changes that may be linked to the distribution of these events. As an example, the analyses of some floristic transects, located at the transition of Mediterranean and oceanic, and Mediterranean and arid climates are presented. Conducted in parallel with the dynamic interpretation of climatic fields, these analyses have, for instance, allowed to state more precisely the spatial extension of several features of rains such as their cumulated values and their regime. The floristic ‘signal’ mainly concerns the climatic variations of the cumulated value of rainfall, but, in a subtler way, vegetation may signal the variations of regime. These features are linked with the strength of showers, and, as a consequence with the erosive capacity of rainfall. Dynamic phytoclimatology is then liable to give an aid to the spatialization of external geodynamic studies. © 2000 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS 相似文献
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高分辨连续光源原子吸收光谱法测定植物中的磷 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
利用连续光源原子吸收光谱法,通过测定磷元素在乙炔-空气火焰条件下形成的PO双原子分子的吸光度,从而确定植物样品中磷含量。实验研究了乙炔-空气比例和燃烧器高度对PO分子吸光度的影响及其他共存元素的光谱干扰和化学干扰。通过对植物标准物质中磷的测定比对证明:利用连续光源原子吸收光谱法,在乙炔-空气火焰条件下以PO分子测定植物样品中的磷是一种简单、快速、有效的方法。 相似文献
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岩石光谱特征是岩性识别的物理基础。选取常见的10种岩石类型15种岩石样品的光谱数据,对其进行均值、重采样、平滑、水汽吸收波段拟值等预处理,以消除岩石光谱噪声,然后通过包络线消除法,获得了岩石光谱特征参数,发现云母板岩（风化面）吸收特征最为明显;对包络线消除处理后的光谱数据进行对应分析,提取出R型主因子载荷,得到第一主因子轴代表主要的阳离子、阴离子诊断波段和水分子吸收波段,第二主因子轴代表少数阳离子的特征波段,获得与岩石相关的特征波段为385~525 nm、735~1 365 nm、1 435~1 785 nm、1 890~1 952 nm、1 995~2 310 nm,并找出了主要吸收波段的物理含义。通过对应分析二维图像,将岩石光谱分为4类,从第一类到第四类吸收深度逐渐变浅,吸收面积呈递减趋势,吸收宽度逐渐变窄,吸收峰逐渐增多,Fe2+和Fe3+吸收峰增多,铁化、泥化蚀变现象更明显。用聚类分析法对分类结果进行验证发现,分类结果有较好的对应性。从而为岩石和成像光谱图像数据精细分类提供参考依据,实现了对岩石高光谱海量数据的有效提取,进而为遥感矿产预测和找矿提供依据。 相似文献
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利用福建地壳形变GPS基准台选台过程中 ,在 4个站址上得到的 2 4h连续观测数据 ,计算并分析了各站址背景噪声信噪比 ,认为福州、南平、泉州、龙岩所选点址适宜建站 ,并提出背景噪声信噪比计算结果可用于评价仪器性能和站址安静程度 ,反映台网的监控能力 ,为观测台网的建设提供参考依据 相似文献
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模拟裂隙多孔介质中变饱和渗流的广义等效连续体方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
描述了一种计算裂隙多孔介质中变饱和渗流的广义等效连续体方法。这种方法忽略裂隙的毛细作用,设定一个与某孔隙饱和度相对应的综合饱和度极限值,并假定：（1）如果裂隙多孔介质的综合饱和度小于该极限值,水只在孔隙中存在并流动,而裂隙中则没有水的流动;（2）如果综合饱和度等于或大于该极限值,水将进入裂隙,并在裂隙内运动。分析比较了等效连续体模型的不同计算方法,并给出了一个模拟裂隙岩体中变饱和渗流与传热耦合问题的应用算例。结果表明,所述方法具有一般性,可以有效地模拟裂隙多孔介质中变饱和渗流的基本特征。 相似文献
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针对岩质高边坡的稳定性采用差分方法进行分析,通过对原始边坡和开挖后边坡的比较,岩质高边坡的破坏方式为旋转剪切滑动,滑动面为圆弧形的,应用圆弧法计算边坡稳定性。位移场分析得出,边坡的水平位移和竖直位移均比较大,位移区分层明显。应力场分析结果表明,原始边坡最大主应力和最小主应力方向主要为垂直向下,在坡角处,最大主应力和最小主应力发生了明显的偏转;开挖后,最小主应力在坡脚处出现应力集中,最大主应力不明显,坡顶和坡面一定厚度的岩体处于应力区,坡面一定厚度的岩体向着临空面滑移。 相似文献
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JI Shao-cheng 《大地构造与成矿学(英文版)》2001,25(1)
Based on continuum mechanics,we have developed a model for semi-quantitative estimating effects of phase continuity on flow strength of two-phase rocks including partially melted or crystallized rocks.Calculations of the bulk flow strength of composite rocks as functions of the volume fraction,geometrical shape and continuity of the constitutive phases involve in numerically solving two non-linear equations and thus are easy to be performed.The model has been justified by a good agreement between the predicted and measured results on diabase (64% clinopyroxene and 36% plagioclase) in the range of experimental temperatures and strain-rates.It is believed that the present model could provide an approximate estimate for the rheological evolution of magmatic rocks during their life cycle of melting-crystallization-deformation. 相似文献