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Despite the much-vaunted advantages of basin-wide management many transboundary water regimes do not conform in practice to the basin-wide scale. This study examines whether a spatial alternative that includes only parts of the basin is indeed viable. To this end the US–Canada case is examined. Two questions are asked: why has a non-basin scale been adopted? And whether this option is indeed viable. The review of the negotiations leading up to the US–Canada 1909 Boundary Treaty, and to the establishment of the International Joint Commission (IJC) to control the boundary water (i.e., only the water that crosses the boundary at the point of crossing), shows that the choice of this scale was an outcome of a deadlock in negotiations at the basin scale. The boundary scale was chosen as it reduced the number of players involved in the decision-making process and, consequently, the political costs of a basin-wide agreement. Inevitably, in the subsequent decades the regime faced challenges due to the discrepancy between its jurisdiction and basins. Perhaps the most severe challenge was posed by the Chicago Diversion that was excluded from the regime jurisdiction. Therefore, the paper focuses on how the boundary scale addressed the Chicago diversion externalities. The discussion of this case suggests that the combination of the flexibility of the regime and its interpretations, the nature of the resource (inter-connected lakes) and the two-way upstream–downstream relations along the borders allowed this challenge to be contained. It seems, thus, that a regime can indeed be set at a different scale than the basin-wide one and still be viable. 相似文献
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A.G Dickson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(11):2299-2308
The three approaches to defining pH scales for use in sea water: the N.B.S. scale, the pH(SWS) or ‘total’ hydrogen ion concentration scale and the ‘free’ hydrogen ion concentration scale are described, and it is shown how these arise as a direct consequence of alternative experimental procedures for determining practical acidity constants. The advantages of conceptual simplicity and of experimental precision inherent in the use of concentration products to describe proton-transfer reactions in saline media are emphasised. In addition, the problems of theoretical interpretation and of reproducibility which result from the conventional nature of the N.B.S. pH scale are described, and the effect on the corresponding ‘apparent’ constants outlined. Insofar as it is concentration products rather than ‘apparent’ constants that are amenable to prediction using models for activity coefficients, the deliberate use of a ‘free’ hydrogen ion concentration scale should be applicable to many areas of aqueous geochemistry in addition to marine chemistry. 相似文献
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联合国教科文组织主办的《国际社会科学杂志》第150期（1996年12月）、第151期（1997年3月）出了两期地理学专辑,专辑反映了地理学的最新研究动态,对地理学的各主要分支学科的特点、现状和研究热点进行了评述。全球环境变化、环境灾害、社会—自然相互作用,社会经济活动的全球化、城市化和跨国公司等新的空间组织形式和新的区位选择过程、地理信息技术,这些都是目前地理学研究的主要课题,而且地理学的各个分支之间和地理学与其它学科之间的综合趋势正日益加强。 相似文献
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Substitution and scalar politics: negotiating environmental compensation in Cardiff Bay 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Richard Cowell 《Geoforum》2003,34(3):343-358
One of the most contested dimensions of sustainable development is the issue of substitutability--the extent to which environmental qualities can be substituted, either for human-made assets, or for some equivalent environmental function. The main argument of this paper is that dominant economic discourses of sustainability neglect long-standing geographical concerns with scale, embeddedness and abstraction that are inevitably embroiled in the practical negotiation of substitutability. In particular, it seeks to demonstrate how relations of ecological and political scale frame the ‘decision space’ within which debates about substitution take place. These arguments are developed by analysing conflicts over the development of an amenity barrage across the Taff-Ely estuary in Cardiff, South Wales, and the provision of new wetlands to compensate for the resulting loss of wildlife habitat. This case shows that the scale at which environmental ‘assets’ are constructed--whether local, national or global--can reveal or obscure distributive effects incurred in maintaining environmental capital through compensatory measures. It also demonstrates how the re-scaling of governance arrangements (in this case to the European Commission) can empower the delivery of environmental management measures but simultaneously re-structures the objects of sustainability, rendering habitats and wildlife populations as disembedded symbols. 相似文献
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Outlines of New Global Geochemical Mapping Program 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
<正>Since 1988,great efforts and enthusiasm had been paid by applied geochemists in the implementation of global geochemical mapping through the International Geological Correlation Program's Projects 259 and 360,and the Task Group on‘Global Geochemical Baselines' established by the International Union of Geological Sciences(IUGS),in collaboration with the International Association of Geochemistry(IAGC).But how to use extremely low-density sampling to obtain a global picture of the distribution of most elements in the periodic table in a reasonably short time is still a great challenge faced by the applied geochemistry community.It will depend on the continuous development of new mapping concept,and the advisable and courageous innovation of methodology for searching other suitable sample media and sampling layout.Based on the encouragement results obtained from the representativeness study of delta sediments conducted at the mouth of Yangtze River,and at the mouths of its four major tributary,it is expected to broadly apply the geochemical fractal self-similarity nature to main rivers and their estuaries with catchments up to hundreds of thousands or over a million square kilometers in the world.With this new mapping concept,a new outlines of a Global Geochemical Mapping Program was advanced and the establishment of an International Research Center of Global Geochemical Mapping was also suggested to facilitate the programs implementations. 相似文献
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An Interpretation of ISO Guidelines for the Certification of Geological Reference Materials 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Recommendations for the certification of reference materials, as published by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), are reviewed and proposals made as to how they can be adapted for the certification of new geological reference materials. Whilst acknowledging the important contribution made by the large number of existing matrix-matched geological reference materials, it is recommended that future characterisation programmes should follow the ISO guidelines for certification, not the least so that laboratories can readily use the resultant samples to establish the traceability of geoanalytical results. 相似文献
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通过对福州长乐国际机场航站楼主楼基坑降水工程的实例，介绍了在滨海砂层孔隙含水层中，利用管井进行大面积基坑降水的水文地质参数选用、方案设计、施工方法，并对降水效果进行了初步分析，为今后类似管井降水工程施工提供经验和参考。 相似文献
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为了理解各式各样的具有广义自相似性特征的尺度不变性系统, 提出了1个称之为GSI (generalized scale invariance) 的理论体系.它阐述了大小尺度可以相互关联而不需要引入任何1个特有(具体) 尺度的最普通情形.在二维线性GSI理论的基础上, 形成了2个重要的各向异性尺度不变性量化模型: SIG (scale invariant generator) 模型和S-A (spectrum-area) 模型.SIG模型通过在频率域中估计GSI理论中代表旋转和层化程度的尺度不变性生成元的参数来量化各向异性尺度不变性.而S-A模型通过从二维频率域中能谱密度大于P元素集的面积与P之间关系的非参数模型对各向异性尺度不变性进行量化.如果研究的对象是1个混合模式(多个不同尺度的过程或作用叠加而形成的), S-A模型不仅可以对异性尺度不变性进行量化, 还可以对该混合模式进行分解.系统阐述了GSI理论、SIG模型和S-A模型, 并将SIG模型和S-A模型结合提出了既能对混合模式进行分解又能对分解后模式的各向异性尺度不变性进行量化的模型. 相似文献
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The International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH): reflecting on 60 years of contributions to groundwater science and water management 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The 60th anniversary of the founding of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) is an important milestone that allows pause for reflection on how the association has evolved over the years and the contributions it has made to groundwater science and water management. IAH was founded in 1956 at the 20th International Geological Congress and developed rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s in response to a growing global interest in groundwater mapping and in sound approaches to resource protection and sustainable aquifer management. Incorporated in 2000, IAH has now secured its position as the world’s leading international association specialising in groundwater with over 4,100 members in 131 countries. Much credit for this success must go to members, past and present, whose individual efforts and collaboration with sister institutions are documented here. These members have shaped the association’s goals and contributed selflessly to its scientific programmes, publications and educational and charitable activities. Looking ahead to the next 60 years, it is essential that IAH does not rest on past achievements but listens and adjusts to the needs of members while continuing to pursue its mission of furthering the understanding, wise use and protection of groundwater resources throughout the world. 相似文献
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This paper reviews the major achievements of geography in China over the past 60 years. It points out that such accomplishments are unmatched by any other countries in the world in the diversity of fields, scale, and their contributions to solve significant practical problems in the development of our country and society. The theoretical progress made in certain important fields also takes a leading position in the world in general. The 33rd International Geographical Congress which will be held in Beijing in August 2016 will be a rare opportunity for Chinese geography to display its notable achievements to the world systematically and thoroughly. We should take full advantage of this conference and make it a good opportunity for Chinese geography to comprehensively reach out to and lead the world in the new development of geography. 相似文献
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福建省境内重晶石矿产地虽少．但单个矿床规模大，开发程度高，已取得较好的社会效益与经济效益。本文将以资源为基础．对国内外开发利用现状和发展趋势进行分析、研究．从而提出合理开发利用、扩大应用领域与提高经济效益的发展对策。 相似文献
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J. Anthony Stallins 《Geoforum》2012,43(3):427-441
The fallout from environmental determinism of the early 20th century steered geography away from biological and evolutionary thought. Yet it also set in motion the diversification of how geographers conceive environment, how these environments shape and are shaped by humans, and how scaling negotiates the interpretation of this causality. I illustrate how this plurality of scalar perspectives and practices in geography is embedded in the organism–environment interaction recently articulated in the life sciences. I describe the new fields of epigenetics and niche construction to communicate how ideas about scale from human and physical geography come together in the life sciences. I argue that the two subdisciplinary modes or ‘moments’ of scalar thinking in geography are compatible, even necessary, through their embodiment in organisms. To procure predictability, organisms practice an epistemological scaling to rework the mental and material boundaries and scales in their environment. Yet organisms are also embedded in ontological flux. Boundaries and scales do not remain static because of the agency of other organisms to shape their own predictability. I formally define biological scaling as arising from the interplay of epistemological and ontological moments of scale. This third moment of scale creates local assemblages or topologies with a propensity for persistence. These ‘lumpy’ material outcomes of the new organism–environment interaction have analogues in posthuman and new materialist geographies. They also give formerly discredited Lamarckian modes of inheritance a renewed, but revised acceptance. This article argues for a biological view of scale and causality in geography. 相似文献
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陆地生态系统CO2和水热通量的长期观测研究一直是国际上关注的热点问题。截止目前,利用微气象学原理的涡度协方差技术是唯一能直接测定生物圈与大气间物质与能量通量的标准方法,成为国际通量观测网络的主要技术。但是涡度协方差技术的测定仍然是一种小尺度观测方法,其观测结果难于直接外推到更大尺度。同时,缺乏区域、跨尺度生态系统及其时空动态观测数据一直是限制碳循环研究的主要障碍,而遥感技术的发展可望在不远的将来使大尺度、高分辨生态系统变化的长期定量观测成为可能。这些问题在当今集中体现在如何建立通量—遥感的跨尺度观测体系,并有效地将有限的通量站点测量数据与大尺度遥感资料以及生态模型有机地结合。总结过去耦合涡度协方差技术与遥感技术的工作,主要在以下3个层面展开：①涡度协方差技术与遥感技术对碳通量估算的相互验证;②涡度协方差技术为遥感反演提供地面参数;③遥感观测解译辅助分析通量贡献区（footprint）。集中在这3个方面进行探讨,通过总结各方面的研究特点与进展,可望为未来在这个领域开展工作理顺思路。 相似文献
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《Geoforum》2017
This article presents the changes that are emerging in the Italian national policies mainly through the discussion of the contents both of the recent metropolitan reform initiative, and the national programming documents for metropolitan cities related to European Programming period 2014–2020. In Italy, which faced severe political difficulty and economic stagnation after 2008 global crisis, the production of the new metropolitan scale became one of the tools for the implementation of austerity measures. The paper examines whether the understanding of the new metropolitan scale in the Italian geography of austerity can be strengthened through a careful engagement with the body of literature on state rescaling and on austerity policies. The paper illustrates how that the apparently neutral emphasis on metropolitan city scale, first can be understood as a crucial tool of an austerity measures; second, it implies a rescaling of public power and, third, it neglects the multifaceted notion of the urban and the trans-scalar territorial governance relationships. 相似文献
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在大地电磁测深中由于噪声干扰常使得观测的信号发生畸变,严重地影响了信号的分析,因此如何有效地对噪声干扰进行滤波及怎样选择滤波时间尺度是当前数据处理中的难点。利用各向异性扩散(Anisotropic Diffusion,AD)及扩散平衡(Diffusion Balance,DB)方法在噪声压制与信号特征的保护及形态特征的恢复上达到了合理的平衡。模拟与实测数据显示:利用AD与DB可使平滑后的信号与原始信号达到高精度的逼近,信噪比从14.19 dB提高到69.25 dB;扩散平衡时间与噪声强度密切相关,噪声强度越高达到扩散平衡的时间越长;有效地压制了实测信号中的“飞点”干扰,恢复了信号的基本形态。 相似文献
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Rainfall-induced shallow landslides: a model for the triggering mechanism of some case studies in Northern Italy 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
The article relates the main findings of a recent investigation aimed at modeling the triggering of shallow landslides. A
simplified model for assessing the safety factor of potentially unstable slopes, directly related with rainfall trends, was
developed. Based on the geometric characteristics of the slope, the geotechnical properties, and strength parameters of the
soil, the model makes it possible to define a safety factor of a slope as a function of time. The model is based on the limit
equilibrium method and takes into account the seepage of underground water. The safety factor is, in turn, related to the
seasonal rainfall. The model was applied on a local scale to some historical cases which had occurred recently in Northern
Italy. The paper shows how the results of the application of the model on a local scale achieve a good agreement between the
instability condition and the real date of each considered event. 相似文献