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1.
无水硫酸铜催化酯化反应性能的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
丁健桦 《华东地质学院学报》2000,23(4):339-340,344
研究了无水硫酸铜为催化剂催化合成乙酸异戊酯的方法和条件,并在最佳条件下,以无水硫酸铜为催化剂催化合成了乙酸异戊酯、乙酸乙酯和乙酸丙酯等八种酯,比较了无水硫酸铜对低级脂肪酸的芳香酸酯化反应的催化效果。 相似文献
2.
对甲苯磺酸催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
研究了以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂、以无水氯化钙为吸水剂,催化合成乙酸异戊酯的新方法,探讨了酯化反应的条件。结果表明,对甲苯磺酸具有较高的催化活性,在最佳条件下,酯产率可达９４％以上,产品质量符合要求。本方法操作简便、反应时间短、反应条件易控制、无污染。 相似文献
3.
杂多酸(盐)催化合成水杨酸正丁酯的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
比较了多种杂多酸及其盐催化合成水杨酸正丁酯的反应，找到了该反应的最佳催化剂，并用正交试验法得出了反应的最优化条件，即醇酸摩尔比为2：1，催化剂用量为改质量的7％，反应时间为4h，酯产率可达87．7％。实验表明该催化剂催化活性高，选择性好，对设备无腐蚀，是一种环境友好的催化剂。 相似文献
4.
固载杂多酸催化合成富马酸二甲酯 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以富马酸与甲醇为原料，固载杂多酸PW12／C为催化剂合成了富马酸二甲酯。详细探讨了影响酯化反应的各种因素，得出了富马酸与甲醇反应的最佳条件，即m（催化剂）∶m（富马酸）8∶100，n（富马酸）∶n（甲醇）＝1∶8，回流搅拌反应3h。在该条件下，酯化产率为91.6%。结果表明，此法催化剂用量少，催化活性高，反应时间短，酯收率高，反应工艺简单。 相似文献
5.
研究了以复合型固体超强酸为催化剂率合成醋酸正丁酯,探讨了酯化反应条件和催化剂的制作工艺对酯产生率的影响,实验结果表明,复合型固体超强酸（ＳＯ＾２－４／ＺｒＯ２－Ａｌ２Ｏ３）具有较高的催化活性和选择性,在最佳工艺条件下醌产率可达９６％,产品质量符合国标要求,该工艺操作简便,条件易控制,对环境无污染。 相似文献
6.
杂多酸催化合成醋酸丁酯的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文研究了以磷钼杂多酸为催化剂，以无水氯化钙为吸水剂催化合成醋酸丁酯，并探讨了酸反应条件。结果表明，磷钼杂多酸具有较高的催化活性和选择性，在最佳条件下，酯产率可达９６％，产品质量符合国标要求，该方法操作简便，条件容易控制，无污染。 相似文献
7.
采用CO碳化SiO2和Al3O4负载的Co(NO3)2的方法制备了SiO2和Al3O4负载的Co2C催化剂,采用N2物理吸附、X射线衍射和H2-程序升温还原技术对催化剂进行了表征,并用于催化费托合成反应中.结果显示,需要较长碳化时间才可合成负载的Co2C催化剂;所制催化剂表现出CO加氢生成高碳醇的催化性能,其原因可能在于催化剂表面存在的金属Co物种使CO解离,表面Co物种有利于CO插入,从而导致醇的生成,但体相Co2C则不具有催化活性. 相似文献
8.
9.
以可控自由基聚合技术制备的磁性高分子复合微球P（GMA—MMA．AA）／Fe3O4为载体,三乙烯四胺为配体制备了一种新型的负载型钯催化剂。采用透射电镜、振动样品磁强计、x射线光电子能谱仪和x射线衍射分析仪等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并评价了催化剂对水相Suzuki反应的催化活性。结果表明,催化剂的平均粒径为800nm左右,钯在载体表面呈高度分散状态,整个催化剂呈超顺磁性。该催化剂在空气氛围中就能较好的催化水相中芳基卤代物与苯硼酸的Suzuki反应,较高产率且立体选择性地生成取代的联苯产物,反应过程中催化剂可稳定分散于反应体系中,并可在外磁场作用下快速与从体系分离。催化剂重复使用5次后,仍具有较高的活性。 相似文献
10.
阿司匹林的合成条件研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以水杨酸和醋酐为原料经O-酰化反应合成阿司匹林，比较了三氯化铝、三氯化铋和无水碳酸钠三种不同催化剂以及反应条件对合成的影响，找到了最佳催化剂和最佳反应务件，即以三氯化铝为催化剂，其用量为水杨酸的2％，水杨酸与醋酐的摩尔比为1：2，反应时间为30min，回流温度为85℃左右，阿司匹林产率可迭72．6％。实验表明该催化剂催化效果好．不污染环境，是一种环境友好的催化剂。同时，本法简单、快速、经济、无污染，产品质量好，适于工业化生产。 相似文献
11.
以黑龙江省大庆市林甸县长青林场3个不同小区为实验地,分别采用酸雨石等5种吸盐材料对不同小区盐碱土壤进行改良,根据改良后土壤pH、导电率变化,对不同材料的盐碱土壤改良效果进行比较。研究表明,短期内吸盐速率:酸雨石活性炭腐熟牛粪沸石稻壳,长期吸盐量:酸雨石活性炭沸石稻壳腐熟牛粪,效果持久性为酸雨石最强,活性炭、沸石次之,稻壳较弱,腐熟牛粪最弱。酸雨石解碱能力最强,活性炭次之,沸石、牛粪、稻壳解碱能力较弱。因此,酸雨石在5种盐碱土改良剂中具有最强吸盐解碱能力。 相似文献
12.
The carbon–alumina composite pellet was developed for the adsorption of acid fuchsin from its aqueous solution. The composite pellet was characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity of commercial alumina, commercial activated carbon and the prepared composite pellet was investigated against acid fuchsin, and the adsorption capacity was found to be increased in the order of alumina < carbon–alumina composite pellet < activated carbon. Although the adsorption capacity of carbon–alumina composite pellets was less than that of activated carbon, the use of the pelletized form of the present adsorbent was proven to be advantageous for the use in the packed-bed column. The experimental data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms, and the equilibrium behavior was well explained by Langmuir isotherm. Besides, the kinetic behavior was well predicted by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The effects of inlet dye concentration (10–20 mg/L), feed flowrate (5–15 mL/min) and bed height (2.54–7.62 cm) on the breakthrough characteristics were investigated using a fixed-bed column. The maximum removal capacity in the column study was found to be 343.87 mg/L with an initial dye concentration and flowrate of 20 and 10 mL/min according to Bohart–Adams model. The breakthrough behavior was also effectively described by the Yoon–Nelson and Clark models. 相似文献
13.
A. Mofarrah T. Husain C. Bottaro 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(1):159-168
This study investigated the potential application of heavy oil burning fly ash as a precursor to prepare activated carbon. The raw fly ash obtained from a power plant is cleaned by nitric acid/hydrochloric acid and activated at 550–800 °C with hold times of 30 and 60 min to obtain fly ash activated carbon. The phosphoric acid is used as a chemical agent to improve the surface characteristics of the cleaned fly ash. The effects of process variables such as amount of chemical reagents, activation time and temperature were investigated according to two-levels full factorial design. The resultant activated carbons were characterized in terms of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area and total and pore volume. The maximum specific surface area was found of 148.30 m2/g at 800 °C temperatures with 60 min holding time. The test showed that the surface area and pore volumes of the material are also significantly enhanced by the activation process. 相似文献
14.
D. Li J. Yan Z. Liu Z. Liu 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(7):1815-1822
Sugar beet pulp is an abundant, renewable and low-cost precursor for production of activated carbon. In the present study, sugar beet pulp based activated carbon was prepared by using phosphoric acid as activating agent for adsorption of methylene blue. The conditions of preparation process had a significant influence on the adsorption of methylene blue, and the optimal preparation conditions were obtained as follows: liquid-to-solid ratio of 5, temperature of 450 °C and phosphoric acid concentration of 3 mol/L. The properties of sugar beet pulp based activated carbon were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherm. The adsorption increases as the increase of contact time, adsorption temperature and pH, and initial concentration of methylene blue. Batch kinetic studies showed that an equilibrium time of 100 min was needed for the adsorption, and the adsorbance of methylene blue is 244.76 mg/g at equilibration. Kinetic models, Weber’s pore diffusion model and Boyd’s equation were applied to the experimental data to study the mechanism of adsorption and the controlled step. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order type kinetic model, intraparticle diffusion was not the rate-limiting mechanism and adsorption process was controlled by film diffusion. 相似文献
15.
探讨氯化锌活化黄姜皂素纤维渣的机理, 应用TG-FTIR联用技术考察了黄姜皂素纤维渣的氯化锌热解特性.不同的配比、氛围及升温速率对热解均有影响.低温氧化有利于活性炭的形成, 但高温氧气的存在对炭体烧失较大; 氯化锌与原料的配比越高, 对原料的侵蚀性越强, 采取相应的活化温度较低; 升温速率越低越有利于原料中有机质蓄积热量热解, 相应的活化温度也越低; 红外光谱图也表示挥发分产物的出现与热重分析相符, 没有时间滞后现象.因此, 确定制备活性炭的初步工艺为先在300℃左右低温炭化, 再在保护气氛中(如N2) 500℃左右活化, 升温速率10K/min左右.工业生产条件下, 活化温度最高不宜超过650℃. 相似文献
16.
酒石酸络合掩蔽锑-氢醌容量法测定锑矿石样品中的常量金 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
应用王水溶样-活性炭富集金-氢醌容量法测定高品位锑矿石的金量时,通常受到较高含量的锑硫砷汞等元素的干扰,硫砷汞碳及有机质可以通过阶梯升温焙烧去除,但是对锑则无明显去除作用。本研究在相关实验环节通过加入酒石酸使锑的干扰问题得到解决,包括:王水溶矿时加入酒石酸络合锑,防止锑的化合物在酸度或温度降低时水解,保证吸附金的活性炭灰化后的锑量小于0.3 mg;活性炭灰化除碳后,用王水溶解金时再加入酒石酸,消除了氢醌容量法滴定过程中少量锑的干扰。本方法只需在溶矿时加入一定量酒石酸,与氢溴酸除锑、盐酸等除锑方法相比具有原理简明、测试快速等特点,用于分析实际锑矿石的精密度(RSD)小于5%,加标回收率为92.0%~107.0%。 相似文献
17.
以油页岩灰渣制备的水玻璃为原料,结合传统沉淀法和热风干燥工艺成功地制备了白炭黑。实验过程中研究了各种因素对白炭黑性质的影响,并确定了白炭黑的最佳制备工艺：水玻璃中w（SiO2）为8.1%、c（H2SO4）为1.5 mol/L,陈化时间为8 h,反应温度为70～80 ℃,pH值为8.0。透射电镜分析结果表明：采用热风干燥技术制备的白炭黑平均粒径约为50 nm,而且团聚体较少,性能优于烘箱干燥制备的白炭黑。 相似文献
18.
Mark Dyer Erwin van Heiningen Jan Gerritse 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2000,18(4):313-334
Historic spillages of chlorinated hydrocarbons at a vinyl chloride plant in the Rotterdam–Botlek area in The Netherlands has lead to deep-seated pollution of the underlying aquifer. The principal pollutant is 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA). As a temporary measure, the contamination is being contained using a pump and treat system. In the long term, in-situ bioremediation has been proposed using a biologically active zone where pollutants would be dechlorinated by microorganisms that simultaneously degrade other carbon sources. In order to investigate the suitability of this new technology, a programme of laboratory tests was carried out. The laboratory programme involved a series of anaerobic soil column tests, where the selection and delivery of different carbon substrates that stimulated 1,2-DCA dechlorination were investigated. The soil columns were prepared using soil and groundwater samples from boreholes. Groundwater was flushed through the columns under anaerobic conditions. A comparison was made between the transformation of 1,2-DCA without a carbon substrate and in the presence of sugars (molasses) and alcohol (methanol) respectively. In addition, different modes of delivery were investigated. In the case of molasses, the material was injected into the column as a plug to simulate grout injection in the field, whereas methanol was delivered as a constant flow dissolved in the influent. Both carbon substrates resulted in the biotransformation of 1,2-DCA. However, fermentation of molasses produced secondary effects that led to a drop in pH and an excessive production of carbon dioxide, which temporarily blocked the flow of groundwater. 相似文献
19.
为了探究高级氧化技术对土壤中有机氯代烃的氧化降解作用,为ISCO（in situ chemical oxidation）技术体系提供重要的理论依据和数据支撑,考察了热活化过硫酸盐（persulfate,PS）氧化降解不同类型土壤（砂类土壤、黏土类土壤）中挥发性氯代烃污染物（三氯乙烯（TCE）、三氯乙烷（TCA）、顺式-1,2-二氯乙烯（cis-1,2-DCE）、1,2-二氯乙烷（1,2-DCA））的效能;同时,通过硫酸盐与土壤相互作用过程研究,探究了不同土壤介质中有机质和无机组分在过硫酸盐消耗中所占比例。结果表明：在50℃时,热活化过硫酸盐可有效降解土壤中1,2-DCA、cis-1,2-DCE、TCA和TCE,砂类土壤介质中4种氯代烃降解效果依次为25%、89%、5%和61%,黏土类土壤介质中4种氯代烃降解效果依次为35%、86%、8%和63%;4种氯代烃的降解效果从高到低顺序依次为cis-1,2-DCE、TCE、1,2-DCA、TCA,砂类土壤中的氯代烃总体降解效果优于黏土类土壤中氯代烃的降解效果。另外,土壤中过硫酸盐氧化降解氯代烃反应研究发现,砂类和黏土类土壤介质组分中有机质消耗率分别为81.3%和72.6%,铁元素消耗率分别为80.5%和38.6%,表明土壤介质组分与过硫酸盐发生了氧化还原反应,从而导致过硫酸盐自身的大量消耗。由此可知,土壤介质中的有机质、铁元素等矿物质均参与过硫酸盐的消耗过程,且土壤有机质、铁元素与氯代烃之间在消耗过硫酸盐反应上存在竞争关系,土壤组分过多地消耗了过硫酸盐,导致了氯代烃的氧化降解效率较低。因此,针对实际有机氯代烃污染场地,采用过硫酸盐氧化技术进行修复时,过硫酸盐的实际投加量要远高于化学计量值,需充分考虑到土壤组分对过硫酸盐自身的消耗作用。 相似文献
20.
A laboratory experiment with two sequenced columns was performed as a preliminary study for the installation of a permeable
reactive barrier (PRB) at a site where a mixed ground water contamination exists. The first column contained granular zero
valent iron (ZVI), the second column was filled with granular activated carbon (GAC). Trichloromethane (TCM, 930 μg/l) and
chlorobenzene (MCB, 260 μg/l) were added to the ground water from the site as the main contaminants. Smaller amounts (<60 μg/l)
of benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA), 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE), trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene
(PCE), 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), tribromomethane (TBM), vinyl
chloride and chromate were also added to the water to simulate the complex contamination pattern at the site of interest.
PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE, DBCM, BDCM, TBM, MCB and chromate were remediated in contact with ZVI, while the remaining contaminants
showed incomplete degradation. A fraction of 8–16.5% TCM was converted to dichloromethane (DCM). Remaining contaminant concentrations
were efficiently sorbed by the GAC until breakthrough of DCM was observed after 1,230 exchanged pore volumes in the GAC. The
results show that the complex mixture of contaminants can be remediated by a sequenced PRB consisting of ZVI and GAC and that
DCM sorption capacity is the critical parameter for the dimensions of the GAC reactor. 相似文献