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1.
本文利用2016年12月至2017年11月期间晴朗少云天气下的成都微脉冲激光雷达观测数据反演的混合层高度,与温江探空资料确定的混合层高度进行了对比和误差分析,结果表明:基于探空资料和激光雷达数据反演的混合层高度具有较好的一致性,两者相关系数达0.75,激光雷达反演的混合层高度略低于基于探空资料确定的值,在混合层高度为1000～2000m时,两种方法计算所得的值偏差幅度最小,约为20%;在1000m以内和2000m以上,偏差幅度略有增大,为26%;两种方法反演的混合层高度变化趋势较为一致,均呈现出12月、1月较低,4月、5月较高的特点;混合层高度具有明显的日变化特征:上午混合层高度迅速增高,午后增长速度减慢并发展到最大高度,日落后迅速降低;混合层内相对湿度的增加、残留层的存在是导致激光雷达反演混合层高度时产生较大误差的原因之一。 相似文献
2.
利用那曲地区的微脉冲激光雷达探测资料,采用梯度法获取了那曲地区白天混合层高度随时间的演变信息及混合层特征参数,结果表明混合层在上午发展缓慢,中午以后发展迅速,14:00（北京时）前后达到稳定;强烈的对流热泡活动导致混合层高度起伏较大,参数化反演得到的卷夹层厚度达到0.4~0.5 km,卷夹比在0.2左右。利用探空资料结合日最大位温资料,采用气块法得到了高原地区7个站点的每日最大混合层高度数据集。通过对由激光雷达和探空资料得到的最大混合层高度结果进行对比,发现二者有很好的一致性（相关系数0.85,均值偏差0.11 km,均方根误差0.30 km,并通过0.05显著性水平的t检验）。最大混合层高度在7个站点均有明显的逐日变化特征。从年均值看,最大混合层高度与海拔高度之间没有明显相关关系。从季节均值看,格尔木与都兰站表现出明显的春高冬低的分布特征,而其它五个站点则表现为春高夏低,表明高原地区的盆地地形和山地地形对混合层高度有显著而不同的影响。通过定义热力稳定度和确定特征气压层高度,利用热力稳定度与最大混合层高度之间良好的线性关系,获取了一种简便地获取最大混合层高度的统计方法。 相似文献
3.
北京城市大气混合层与气溶胶垂直分布观测研究 总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26
2002年3～10月在北京大学利用微脉冲激光雷达(MPL)观测了气溶胶时空变化。提出一种反演混合层高度的方法,这种方法减小了仪器订正的误差,反演的混合层高度与探空测量结果有很好的一致性。利用该方法计算了观测期间晴天无云天气条件下的混合层高度,分析了混合层高度及其增长率的日变化、季节变化,初步研究了混合层高度和近地面气溶胶分布的相互关系,分析了表征大气扩散能力的通风系数的日变化。结果表明,利用MPL监测城市混合层是可行的和优越的。 相似文献
4.
基于激光雷达和微波辐射计观测确定混合层高度方法的比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用苏州地区2010年1月4,7,16日和2月4日4天的激光雷达及微波辐射计观测资料,比较了不同遥感手段探测晴天大气混合层高度的差异,发现试验期间该地区的混合层高度在300~1500 m之间。利用梯度法、标准偏差法、小波法从激光雷达数据中提取混合层高度并进行了对比,结果表明三种方法都能较好地反演混合层高度并且一致性较好,三者差异主要存在于大气边界层的发展和消亡阶段;梯度法和小波法结果无明显差异,而标准偏差法结果稍高于其他方法。在此基础上,利用微波辐射计探测的大气温度,使用温度梯度法估算大气混合层高度,并与激光雷达探测结果进行了比较,结果表明,大多数情况下激光雷达探测结果高于微波辐射计观测结果;两种遥感手段有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.76。激光雷达同微波辐射计结果存在差异,尤其是在边界层的发展和消散阶段,这是由两种遥感手段探测原理不同造成的。 相似文献
5.
大气边界层具备一个重要特性,即在边界层顶部,气溶胶浓度在垂直分布上存在显著突变。利用该特性,采用主动遥感装置经过窗口平滑去除噪点后数据,提出基于梯度法改进的大气边界层高度反演方法——窗口标准偏差法。基于激光云高仪后向散射廓线数据,利用该方法反演边界层高度,在边界层高度下大气气溶胶混合均匀时,反演结果较为理想。在此基础上,将窗口标准偏差法反演结果与逐步曲线拟合法反演结果进行比较。结果表明：两种方法具有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.94。两种方法产生差异的原因在于窗口标准偏差法不考虑夹卷层厚度而逐步曲线拟合法考虑夹卷层厚度。窗口标准偏差法可以降低高空背景光噪音对反演结果的影响。通过该方法反演出的边界层高度,在时间序列上具有连续性强的特点,反演结果更有利于研究大气边界层高度的时间变化趋势。 相似文献
6.
采用2008年5月14日—12月28日安徽寿县地区(116°46’55.02″E,32°33’30.18″N)MPL(micro pulse lidar,微脉冲激光雷达)资料,分析了当地混合层高度(mixed layer height,MLH)的日变化特征。利用梯度法、拐点法及归一化梯度法反演了当地混合层高度,并将3种方法的反演结果与SONDE探空确定的MLH做相关性分析,结果表明:由梯度法反演得到的MLH与探空资料确定的MLH高度相关(相关系数为0.976),是3种方法中最适合确定寿县地区MLH的反演算法。利用梯度法反演了晴天无云天气条件下MLH的日变化,研究了当地气象条件对MLH的影响,结果发现:MLH增长率与前1 h地表温度增长率有很好的相关性;地表风速的变化也会导致MLH的急剧变化;MLH的发展滞后于气溶胶光学厚度0.5~3 h。 相似文献
7.
黑河绿洲区不均匀下垫面大气边界层结构的大涡模拟研究 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
采用RAMS模式中大涡模拟的方法,加入高分辨率的植被和土壤资料,模拟了黑河（张掖地区）不均匀下垫面条件下大气边界层演变过程。分析了模拟的地表通量、边界层的平均结构和湍流二阶量,并用黑河试验的观测资料检验了模式的模拟性能。结果表明,模拟的平均结构较好地展现了不均匀下垫面条件下边界层内从稳定层结到混合层发展,夹卷层形成,底层逆温层出现,混合层过渡到残留层等的演变过程,呈现出了从初始的稳定边界层发展到对流边界层,最后又形成夜问稳定边界层的日变化规律。湍流二阶量的分析显示,在非均匀下垫面条件下边界层内湍流二阶量的垂直分布与边界层的发展相对应,白天湍流二阶量出现两个峰值,分别位于近地层和混合层顶。与观测资料和现有研究的对比表明,RAMS中陆面模块（LEAF）地表参数不能较好地反映黑河地区的植被特征,模拟的白天地表感热和潜热通量偏小,气温白天偏低、夜间偏高,相对湿度也有偏差。 相似文献
8.
利用微脉冲激光雷达观测数据、PM_(2.5)浓度数据、地面气象观测资料和探空数据对成都2017年1月1—6日连续出现的重污染过程进行分析研究。结果表明:激光雷达反演的消光系数演变与PM_(2.5)浓度值变化对应一致,PM_(2.5)浓度升高,近地面消光系数增大;反之,则近地面消光系数减小。对于此次过程,在无冷空气影响时,混合层高度和相对湿度的日变化对消光系数廓线有明显影响,混合层高度降低,大气环境容量减小,相对湿度增加,气溶胶吸湿增长,消光系数增大,地面污染加重。天空状况对气溶胶垂直分布影响显著,晴天或多云天气,早晨强逆温使得水汽和大量气溶胶集中在逆温层顶以下区域,地面污染严重;中午混合层发展,使得混合层内的气溶胶均匀混合,气溶胶层变厚,近地面消光系数显著减小,地面污染减轻。在前一日为晴天或多云天气,当天为阴天时,早上气溶胶明显分为两层,一层在近地面,另一层在残留层顶附近;中午由于垂直湍流增强,一部分残留层气溶胶向下混合至混合层内,使得混合层内的气溶胶粒子增多,地面污染加重,消光系数明显增加。近地面强逆温层、混合层高度降低、残留层气溶胶向下混合、相对湿度增加均是导致地面污染加重的原因。 相似文献
9.
2017年12月22日至2018年1月18日利用无人机携带温、湿和颗粒物浓度探测仪对南京地区灰霾污染条件下大气边界层垂直结构开展加密观测。通过比较不同灰霾污染条件下温度、湿度和PM2.5（直径小于2.5微米的颗粒物）浓度的垂直结构差异,结合地面热通量、2米空气温度、相对湿度、风速、风向及主要大气污染物（如臭氧和PM2.5）浓度,定量评估了气溶胶辐射效应对边界层和夹卷过程的影响。分析表明,灰霾或气溶胶削弱到达地表太阳辐射,减小地表感热通量,延迟边界层发展,增加近地层大气稳定度,降低边界层高度,并加重灰霾污染。灰霾污染物在混合层顶处累积,导致PM2.5浓度最大变化出现在边界层顶部而不是近地层。气溶胶辐射效应对夹卷特征及其特征参数有重要影响。灰霾浓度升高时,夹卷区厚度增加;无量纲化夹卷速度随对流理查逊数的变化不再符合负1次方幂函数关系,与大涡模拟结果一致。本研究进一步指出,为提高重霾污染条件下天气和空气质量数值预报水平,必须考虑气溶胶辐射效应对边界层和夹卷参数化的影响。 相似文献
10.
用FY-2C/D卫星等综合观测资料反演云物理特性产品及检验 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
云的宏微观物理特性参数无论对天气、气候还是人工影响天气的研究和业务都有十分重要的应用价值.基于FY-2C/D静止卫星遥感观测,融合高空和地面等其它观测资料,研发了近10种云宏微观物理特性参数的反演技术方法,并实现业务化运行.简单介绍反演得到的云顶高度、云顶温度、云过冷层厚度、云暖层厚度、云底高度、云体厚度、云光学厚度、云粒子有效半径和云液水路径等近10种云宏微观物理参数产品的物理意义、反演技术方法和业务流程等;对主要云参数产品,利用最新获得的Cioudsat云卫星实测结果进行了对比检验和可用性分析;将反演产品同MODIS反演的同类产品进行对比分析,发现两者具有较好的一致性. 相似文献
11.
A new method for deduction of the sensible heat flux is validated with three sets of published SODAR （sound detection and ranging） data. Although the related expressions have previously been confirmed by the author with surface layer data, they have not yet been validated with observations from the boundary layer before this work. In the study, selected SODAR data are used to test the method for the convective boundary layer. The sensible heat flux （SHF） retrieved from SODAR data is found to decrease linearly with height in the mixed layer. The surface sensible heat fluxes derived from the deduced sensible heat flux profiles under convective conditions agree well with those measured by the eddy correlation method. The characteristics of SHF profiles deduced from SODAR data in different places reflect the background meteorology and terrain. The upper part of the SHF profile （SHFP） for a complicated terrain is found to have a different slope from the lower part. It is suggested that the former reflects the advective characteristic of turbulence in upwind topography. A similarity relationship for the estimation of SHFP in a well mixed layer with surface SHF and zero-heat-flux layer height is presented. 相似文献
12.
1991年江淮暴雨期地气通量与混合层结构的研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
本文用１９９１年５—７月江淮及其北部地区的地面与高空资料根据３种不同的整体公式对地表通量（动量、感热和潜热通量）进行了估算，并对混合层结构进行了研究，揭示出这次持续性特大暴雨中陆面过程的一些特征，主要结果如下：１．地表通量依赖于大气稳定度，稳定度越强，地表通量越小。不稳定状况下平均地表动量通量为０．０１５４Ｎ／ｍ２，向上的感热和潜热平均值分别为２５．７Ｗ／ｍ２和１３２．３Ｗ／ｍ２；稳定状况下，地表动量通量为０．００６Ｎ／ｍ２，感热和潜热通量平均是向下输送的，分别为－１．５Ｗ／ｍ２和２．５Ｗ／ｍ２。２．地表通量与降水过程密切有关。雨期的动量通量略小于非雨期，而雨期的感热与潜热通量明显小于非雨期，雨量越大，这两种通量愈小。３．地表通量具有明显日变化。动量、感热和潜热通量的最大值出现在下午２时左右，最小值出现在凌晨２时左右。４．混合层与雨期关系密切，雨期的混合层高度较非雨期低，这时地表感热和潜热通量小；而非雨期情况相反 相似文献
13.
Regional-Scale Heat and Water Vapour Fluxes in an Agricultural Landscape: An Evaluation of CBL Budget Methods at OASIS 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Helen A. Cleugh Michael R. Raupach Peter R. Briggs Peter A. Coppin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,110(1):99-137
This paper evaluates convective boundary layer (CBL) budget methods as a tool for estimating regionally averaged sensible and latent heat fluxes for the study region used in OASIS (Observations at Several Interacting Scales). This is an agricultural region of mixed cropping and grazing extending about 100 km west of the town of Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.The analysis proceeds in three stages: first, a simpleone-dimensional model of the well-mixed layer (the CBL slab model), forced with measurements of the surface heat and evaporation fluxes, is evaluated by comparing measured and modelled CBL temperature, humidity and depths. A comparison of several entrainment schemes shows that a simple model, where the entrainment kinetic energy is parameterised as a fraction (3) of the surface sensible heat flux, works well if is set to 0.5. Second, the slab model is coupled to a Penman–Monteith model of surface evaporation to predict regional scale evaporation and thence heat fluxes. Finally, the integral CBL budget approach, which is an inverse method using theone-dimensional slab model, is used to infer regional heat and evaporation fluxes from measured time series of CBL temperature and humidity.We find that the simple CBL slab model works reasonably well for predicting CBL depth and very well for CBL temperature, especially if approximate estimates of subsidence velocity and warming due to advection are included. Regional sensible heat fluxes estimated from the integral CBL method match those measured, although the method is very sensitive to measurement errors. Measurement-model differences were larger for short integration times, because the well-mixed assumptions are violated at particular times of the day. The corollary is that `whole-day' (0530–1530 h) estimates are in reasonable agreement with measured values. Integral methods could not be used to infer the regional evaporation flux directly because CBL humidity profiles were complex and often not well mixed until mid-afternoon. We recommend that regional evaporation fluxes be predicted either from a coupled Penman–Monteith – CBL slab model, or inferred as a residual term from estimates of the regionally averaged available energy and sensible heat flux. Furthermore, we show that inferring fluxes via integral methods will always be difficult when the scalar concentrations have either a large surface source and free atmosphere sink (in the case of water vapour and methane), or a large surface sink and upper level source (in the case of CO2). 相似文献
14.
利用苏州地区2011年12月20日—2012年8月13日的湍流观测资料对不同季节、高温、台风强天气过程下的湍流特征进行分析。结果表明:城市地区不同季节动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量日变化明显,各通量的夏季平均值、最大值均高于冬春季,夏季感热通量日最大值为160.2 W·m-2,感热在城市地表能量平衡中的作用大于潜热,各季节潜热通量平均值仅为感热通量的40%~45%。降水量和植被覆盖度影响地表能量平衡,尤其影响地表热量在感热和潜热之间的分配。在高温天气过程中,感热通量增加明显,其峰值约是夏季平均的1.93倍。由于水汽较少,潜热通量明显减少,约为夏季日平均值的60%。速度三分量谱中u谱与w谱在低频区存在两个峰值,说明在城市复杂下垫面里,湍流激发机制中存在低频过程的影响。在台风天气过程中,动量通量大且变化快,感热输送弱,潜热输送波动大。速度谱w基本不符合"-5/3"次律,惯性子区最小且向高频移动,这和台风内部的复杂上升下沉气流有关。 相似文献
15.
Turbulence and heat fluxes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) for the roll vortex regime, observed during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) over the western Gulf Stream, have been studied. The spectral analysis suggests that cloud streets (roll vortices) are vertically organized convection in the MABL having the same roll scale for both the cloud layer and subcloud layer, and that the roll spacing is about three times the MABL depth. The roll circulations contribute significantly to the sensible (temperature) and latent heat (moisture) fluxes with importance increasing upward. Near the MABL top, these fluxes are primarily due to roll vortices which transfer both sensible heat and moisture upward in the lower half of the convective MABL. Near the MABL top, the roll circulations transfer sensible heat downward and moisture upward in the clear thermal-street region, but roll vortices influenced by evaporative cooling can transfer sensible heat upward and moisture downward in the cloud-street region. Near the cloud-top, the upward buoyancy flux due to evaporative cooling is highly related to the roll circulations near the inversion.For the lower half of the MABL, the normalized temperature flux decreases upward more rapidly than the humidity flux, which is mainly because potential temperature () increases slightly upward while humidity (q) decreases slightly upward above the unstable surface layer. The gradient production (associated with the gradient) is a source for the temperature flux in the unstable surface layer but changes to a sink in the mixed layer, while the gradient production (associated with the q gradient) acts as a source for the humidity flux in both the unstable surface and mixed layers. The results suggest that the entrainment at the MABL top might affect the budgets of temperature and humidity fluxes in the lower MABL, but not in the unstable surface layer.Caelum Research Corporation, Silver Spring, MD, 20901, U.S.A. 相似文献
16.
Wilfried Brutsaert 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1987,39(3):283-300
The budgets of water vapor and sensible heat in the convective atmospheric boundary (mixed) layer are analyzed by means of a simple slab approach adapted to steady large-scale advective conditions with radiation and cloud activity. The entrainment flux for sensible heat is assumed to be a linear function of the surface flux. The flux of water vapor at the top of the mixed layer is parameterized by extending the first-order Betts-Deardorff approach, i.e., by adopting linear changes for both the specific humidity and the flux across the mixed layer and across the inversion layer of finite thickness. In this way the dissimilarity of sensible heat and water vapor transport in the mixed layer can be taken into account. The experimental data were obtained from the Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). The entrainment constant for sensible heat at the top of the mixed layer was found to have values similar to those observed in other weakly convective situations, i.e., around 0.4 to 0.6. This appears to indicate that the effect of mechanical turbulence was not negligible; however, the inclusion of this effect in the formulation did not improve the correlation. In contrast to the first-order approach, the zero-order approach, i. e., the jump equation commonly used for the flux of a scalar at the inversion, (ovwc )
h = we c (where w
e is the entrainment velocity and c the concentration jump across the inversion), was found to be invalid and incapable of describing the data. 相似文献
17.
Mean Profiles of Moisture Fluxes in Snow-Filled Boundary Layers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Profiles of moisture fluxes have been examined for convective boundary layers containing clouds and snow, using data derived from aircraft measurements taken on four dates during the 1983/1984 University of Chicago lake-effect snow project. Flux profiles were derived from vertical stacks of aircraft cross-wind flight legs taken at various heights over Lake Michigan near the downwind shore. It was found that, if ice processes are taken into account, profiles of potential temperature and water content were very similar to those presented in past studies of convective boundary layers strongly heated from below. Profiles of total water content and equivalent potential temperature adjusted for ice were nearly invariant with height, except very near the top of the boundary layer, suggesting that internal boundary-layer mixing processes were rapid relative to the rates at which heat and vapour were transported into the boundary layer through entrainment and surface fluxes. Ice was found to play a significant, measurable role in boundary-layer moisture fluxes. It was estimated that 40 to 57% of the upward vapour flux was returned to the surface in the form of snow, converting about 45 to 64% of the surface latent heat flux into sensible heat in the snow-producing process. Assuming advective fluxes are relatively small (thought to be appropriate after the first few tens of km over the lake as suggested by past studies), the boundary layer was found to warm at a rate faster than could be explained by surface heat fluxes and latent heat releases alone, the remainder of the heating presumably coming from radiational processes and entrainment. Discussions of moisture phase change processes throughout the boundary layer and estimates of errors of these flux measurements are presented. 相似文献
18.
A single-column model (SCM) is developed in the regional climate model RegCM4. The evolution of a dry convection boundary layer (DCBL) is used to evaluate this SCM. Moreover, four planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, namely the Holtslag-Boville scheme (HB), Yonsei University scheme (YSU), and two University of Washington schemes (UW01, Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa scheme and UW09, Bretherton-Park scheme), are compared by using the SCM approach. A large-eddy simulation (LES) of the DCBL is performed as a benchmark to examine how well a PBL parameterization scheme reproduces the LES results, and several diagnostic outputs are compared to evaluate the schemes. The results show that the SCM is proper constructed. In general, with the DCBL case, the YSU scheme performs best for reproducing the LES results, which include well-mixed features and vertical sensible heat fluxes; the simulated wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, entrainment flux, and height of the entrainment zone are all underestimated in the UW09; the UW01 has all those biases of the UW09 but larger, and the simulated potential temperature is not well mixed; the HB is the least skillful scheme, by which the PBL height, entrainment flux, height of the entrainment zone, and the vertical gradients within the mixed layer are all overestimated, and a inversion layer near the top of the surface layer is wrongly simulated.Although more cases and further testing are required, these simulations show encouraging results towards the use of this SCM framework for evaluating the simulated physical processes by the RegCM4. 相似文献
19.
该文在大气边界层多尺度湍流理论和湍流穿越理论的基础上，建立了大气边界层感热通量的非局地多尺度湍流计算方法，并选用1998年5～8月份第二次青藏高原大气科学试验（TIPEX）的大气边界层综合观测基地昌都站观测资料，分别用感热通量的非局地多尺度湍流计算方法和经典相似理论计算感热通量。对计算结果的对比分析表明，用感热通量的非局地多尺度湍流计算方法能计算出感热通量的逆梯度输送，也能计算出青藏高原近中性层结条件下明显的感热通量。此外，多尺度湍流理论还有待进一步发展完善，提高感热通量的计算精度。 相似文献
20.
Large-Eddy Simulations of Surface Heterogeneity Effects on the Convective Boundary Layer During the LITFASS-2003 Experiment 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
We investigate the impact of observed surface heterogeneities during the LITFASS-2003 experiment on the convective boundary layer (CBL). Large-eddy simulations (LES), driven by observed near-surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, were performed for the diurnal cycle and compare well with observations. As in former studies of idealized one- and two-dimensional heterogeneities, secondary circulations developed that are superimposed on the turbulent field and that partly take over the vertical transport of heat and moisture. The secondary circulation patterns vary between local and roll-like structures, depending on the background wind conditions. For higher background wind speeds, the flow feels an effective surface heat-flux pattern that derives from the original pattern by streamwise averaging. This effective pattern generates a roll-like secondary circulation with roll axes along the mean boundary-layer wind direction. Mainly the upstream surface conditions control the secondary circulation pattern, where the fetch increases with increasing background wind speed. Unlike the entrainment flux that appears to be slightly decreased compared to the homogeneously-heated CBL, the vertical flux of sensible heat appears not to be modified in the mixed layer, while the vertical flux of latent heat shows different responses to secondary circulations. The study illustrates that sufficient time averaging and ensemble averaging is required to separate the heterogeneity-induced signals from the raw LES turbulence data. This might be an important reason why experiments over heterogeneous terrain in the past did not give any clear evidence of heterogeneity-induced effects. 相似文献