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1.
盐上断层的形态和分布模式主要由其下部盐体形态和盐拱起所产生的上拱力共同控制。对盐上断层形成机制和分布模式的定量研究在盐上断层解释与预测、盐体形态描述及油气运移和成藏等方面具有重要意义。在总结上拱力与其上断层形态定量关系的基础上,针对盐构造中三种典型的盐体形态类型,分别拟合上拱力分布模式,并数值模拟其所产生的盐上断层形态和分布模式。模拟结果表明:(1)在产生恒定上拱力的盐构造中,发育两组相对称、深度分布一致的断层,每组断层相平行;(2)在产生线性变化上拱力的盐构造中,发育主次两组倾向相反的断层,主断层分布较浅,次断层分布较深,多被主断层限制,每组断层内,断层分布随上拱力变小而线性变深,而其形态不发生变化;(3)在产生抛物线形上拱力的盐构造中,两组主断层倾向相反相互对称,每组断层内,从构造中心到边部,断层倾角变缓,分布变深,构造边部出现次级小断层多被主断层限制。模拟结果与自然界盐体形态和断层分布模式吻合性较好,证实了模拟基于的上拱力与断层形态定量关系理论和模拟结果的正确性。  相似文献   

2.
本文讨论了南阳凹陷东庄地区的构造特征,探讨了东庄地区同生断裂、背斜构造和地堑式断裂的形成机制。本区同生断裂的发育,与沉积中心逐渐南迁密切相关。欠压实泥岩中的孔隙水,矿物转化过程中析出的层间水和结晶水,在泥岩颗粒相对移动时起润滑作用,从而大大增加了泥岩的可塑性。在上覆地层压力下,泥岩沿着南部断超带基底断面发生塑流上拱,导致上覆地层形成背斜构造和地堑式断裂。  相似文献   

3.
通过对准噶尔盆地车排子地区新村油田石炭系构造特征、储层、油气分布特征、主要油藏类型及其成藏条件的研究,建立了该区成藏综合模式。结果表明,研究区总体上处于构造斜坡带,具有北高南低、西高东低、南北分块的构造特征,地层产状平缓;研究区在石炭纪处于区域拉张构造应力背景,并在拉张应力作用下形成以北东—南西向展布为主的拉张型断裂组合样式;研究区大部分地区地层等高线平直,不利于形成背斜构造圈闭,但各级断裂发育,为形成断层遮挡圈闭提供了有利条件,同时也可作为油气运移的通道。依据石炭系断裂分布、断裂模式及其组合,将研究区的断裂划分为复合地垒系统、复合地堑系统和零星断裂系统。控制研究区油气运聚成藏的主要地质因素是断裂、裂缝及岩性变化或物性封堵。  相似文献   

4.
在三维地震资料详细分析解释的基础上,利用水平相干切片和不同方向地震测线对辽中南洼压扭构造带的发育特征 进行了分析,进一步结合地层发育及应力场特征对压扭构造带的成因演化进行了研究,在此基础上探讨了其对油气成藏的 控制作用。结果表明:辽中南洼压扭构造带的形成演化受控于NNE向展布的辽中1号和中央走滑断裂,两条断裂主要表现 为伸展-走滑性质,平面上表现为弯曲的“S”形,且构成左阶排列。辽中南洼的古近纪早期的伸展沉降与后期走滑断裂派 生的挤压应力是压扭构造带形成演化的主要控制因素,古近纪孔店-沙三期辽中南洼伸展沉降,沙三末期的构造变革使得 压扭构造带开始形成,古近纪晚期(Ed) 辽中1号和中央走滑断裂表现为强烈的右旋走滑,两条断裂的左阶排列以及中央 走滑断裂的“S”形弯曲在压扭构造带派生出构造挤压应力。此后,古近纪末期东营运动以及新近纪末期渤海运动的构造挤 压对其进行了改造,压扭构造带下凹上凸,古近系东营组和新近系地层弯曲上拱。压扭构造带成藏条件优越,作为主要封 堵断层的中央走滑断裂“S”形外凸增压部位断裂带紧闭、封堵能力强,有利于形成大中型油气藏。  相似文献   

5.
准噶尔盆地南缘中段异常压力分布及影响因素   总被引:17,自引:1,他引:16  
准噶尔盆地南缘地区盆地演化时间长, 近期构造活动剧烈, 构造应力场复杂, 地层异常压力高且分布极不规律, 对构造的形成演化及对油气的成藏过程影响极大.据实测资料和间接估算数据所展示的地层压力分布特征, 分析了砂砾岩地层和泥岩地层在压力成因和分布等方面的差异, 从不同渗透性地层内压力形成的机制和分布特征的角度讨论了控制和影响现今压力分布的地质因素.准噶尔盆地南缘存在的极高地层压力是在压实作用、构造挤压作用所形成的地层高压背景下, 叠加了近期因断裂活动和背斜构造快速形成所引起的他源高压而形成的.沉积相带分布、压实作用、构造应力、地层的形变和断裂的活动过程等都明显地影响了压力的演化和分布.   相似文献   

6.
以实际沉积地层中抽象出来的砂泥岩地层概念模型为研究对象, 在盆地构造力学、岩石力学性质分析的基础上, 采用应力场数值模拟法研究分析砂泥岩地层中的纵向地应力分布特征和规律。研究结果表明, 水平主应力在砂泥岩的分界面发生突变, 变化程度主要与两侧岩石的力学性质差异相关, 也与区域构造应力有一定关联; 杨氏模量对最大水平主应力影响程度大于对最小水平主应力的影响, 泊松比对地层最小水平主应力影响程度大于对最大水平主应力的影响。杨氏模量和泊松比对最大水平主应力的影响, 在伸展应力状态下前者影响相对较小, 走滑应力状态下, 影响程度基本相同, 挤压应力状态下, 前者影响程度相对较大; 而对于最小水平主应力的影响, 在三种应力状态下, 泊松比的影响均大于杨氏模量。地层的岩性变化方式(渐变或突变)对地层最小水平应力差产生显著影响, 厚度变化对地层最小水平应力差大小无影响。上述认识可以指导砂泥岩地层的压裂和储层改造, 改善压裂效果。   相似文献   

7.
断裂成因他源高压及其地质特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
罗晓容 《地质学报》2004,78(5):641-648
开启断裂的活动造成其断开的渗透性地层之间的水动力连通 ,从而可在浅部地层产生极高超压。这种超压在形成机制、分布特征和识别标志等方面均与传统认识和讨论的类型大不相同。笔者等通过实例 ,分析了断裂成因他源高压的形成、分布及其对油气成藏的影响等。断裂连通系统中各渗透性地层内过剩压力完全一致 ,地层压力以静水压力梯度随深度增加 ;由构造应力或由地层压力为主导因素的断裂的形成对应着不同的压力形成机制、压力分布特征及演化过程 ;这类超压带之上的压力过渡带一般较薄 ,但受地层性质及超压形成后沉积速率的影响。这类高压的研究对于识别断裂活动、划分油气运聚单元、确定油气藏动力学过程、压力预测等均有重要意义。  相似文献   

8.
断裂对盖层封气综合能力破坏程度的研究方法及其应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了研究断裂在油气成藏与分布中的作用,在分析盖层封气综合能力及其研究方法的基础上,利用天然气在剩余压力作用下通过盖层向外渗滤散失压力梯度的大小,表征盖层封气综合能力的好坏;依据被断裂破坏前后盖层封气综合能力差值与被断裂破坏前盖层封气综合能力的比值,建立了一套断裂对盖层封气综合能力破坏程度的定量研究方法。以渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷南堡5号构造东二段泥岩盖层为例,对NP5-2断裂对东二段泥岩盖层封气综合能力的破坏程度进行了定量研究。结果表明:南堡5号构造NP5-2断裂对东二段泥岩盖层封气综合能力的破坏程度较高,除L6测线处为弱破坏程度和L1、L5、L8测线处为中等破坏程度外,其余5条测线处均可达到较强和强破坏程度;且NP5-2断裂对东二段泥岩盖层封气综合能力的破坏程度西部强于东部,这与东二段泥岩盖层之下储气层中目前已发现的天然气主要分布在断裂东部相吻合。该方法用于定量研究断裂对盖层封气综合能力破坏程度是可行的。  相似文献   

9.
准噶尔西北缘斜向挤压构造与走滑断裂   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
杨庚  王晓波  李本亮  石昕 《地质科学》2011,46(3):696-708
古板块构造研究表明古生代以来,准噶尔地块以斜向方式拼合到阿尔泰(Altaids)造山带构造域内,导致准噶尔西北缘一直处在斜向挤压构造背景之下,并发育高角度逆冲推覆构造带以及横向走滑断裂。地面地质调查、遥感卫星影像解译、大地电磁测深剖面和地震剖面构造解释资料综合研究表明,准噶尔西北缘边界断裂为达拉布特左行走滑断裂,西北缘逆冲推覆构造带为基底卷入的高角度逆冲断裂褶皱带; 在与逆冲带走向相垂直方向,发育有北西向横向走滑断裂,这些断裂为同一斜向挤压构造背景下形成的同期构造,形成时间约在晚二叠到侏罗纪之间。大地电磁测深和地震剖面解释表明,达拉布特走滑断裂控制了西北缘高角度逆冲断裂的分布与性质。西北缘二维和三维地震剖面解释表明,横向走滑断裂样式为正花状构造或者负花状构造,同时具有向南东或北西方向逆冲和拉伸的特征。横向走滑断裂为西北缘逆冲构造南北方向分段的主要断裂,并控制了西北缘中生代地层的沉积。西北缘构造是形成于主边界断裂的斜向挤压作用,而基底卷入逆冲断裂则属非纯挤压形成的逆冲构造。  相似文献   

10.
影响断裂凹陷内的断裂系统演化的原因包含多种因素,此次研究针对先存断裂及基底性质对断陷盆地的影响,通过 物理模拟实验方法探究裂谷盆地断裂发育的构造演化过程。根据对琼东南盆地的地震剖面图的解释分析,盆地东部和西部 的凹陷显示不同的凹陷构造形态,实验结果显示,先存断裂的位置和走向影响区域凹陷的演化和平面展布,在先存断裂影 响的区域演化形成地堑构造,在无先存断裂影响的区域则演化形成地垒构造;韧性基底的上覆地层拉伸演化为复式半地堑 构造,而刚性基底的上覆地层呈铲状半地堑构造,在不同基底性质影响下的构造变形模式和琼东南盆地东西部的差异构造 样式基本相符,一定程度上说明了基底性质的差异对琼东南盆地东部和西部凹陷在断裂组合形态差异方面具有影响作用, 为研究供给油气运移聚集成藏的断裂系统演化提供了思路。  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the kinematic behaviour of normal fault systems and see what general conditions govern their geometrical evolution. We pay particular attention to seismological and surface data from regions of present day active normal faulting, as the instantaneous three-dimensional geometry at the time of fault movement is better known in active regions than in areas where the faults are now static.Most normal faults are concave upward, or listric. This shape can be produced by geometric constraints, either because the faults reactivate curved thrusts, or because they must be curved to accommodate rotations. Another effect which will produce curved faults is the variation of rheology with depth: brittle failure at shallow depths produces less fault rotation than does distributed creep in the lower part of the crust. An important geometric feature of normal faulting is the uplift of the footwall. The amount of such uplift is related not only to the elastic properties of the lithosphere, but also to the throw and dip of the fault. A striking feature of active normal faults is that they occur in groups in which all the faults dip in the same direction. This behaviour arises because the faults cannot intersect: if they do, one must cease to be active. The rotation which such fault systems produce reduces the dip of the faults until a new steeply dipping fault is formed. Once a new fault cuts pre-existing faults the earlier faults become locked, and a new set of faults must propagate rapidly across the whole region involved. Many of these geometric constraints also apply to thrust faulting.  相似文献   

12.
This study continues the work by Mikhail Gzovsky on geological (tectonophysical) criteria for seismic risk. It is suggested to perform seismic-risk zoning according to parameters of normal and shear stresses on fault planes converted from results of tectonophysical stress reconstructions. The approach requires the knowledge of both dip and strike of the respective fault segments. Slip geometry is estimated from stress tensor, assuming that it is directed along shear stress. The suggested approach is applied to faults in the northern Tien Shan, and the current stress parameters are reconstructed using source mechanisms of catalogued earthquakes recorded by the KNET seismological network of the RAS Science Station in Bishkek. Stress modeling is performed by the method of cataclastic analysis providing constraints on stress ellipsoids, as well as on relations between the spherical and deviatoric components of the stress tensor. Plotted on the Mohr diagram, the fault stress points allow estimating whether the respective fault segments are close to the critical state (brittle failure). The suggested seismic-risk zoning of faults in the northern Tien Shan reveals up to 25 km long hazardous fault segments.  相似文献   

13.
肖凡  王恺其 《地学前缘》2021,28(3):190-207
斑岩矿床的成矿机制是一种典型的力-热-流多物理场耦合的岩浆-热液过程,因而从成矿动力学数值计算模拟的角度研究斑岩矿床成矿作用过程,对揭示斑岩岩浆-热液系统动力学演化机制及其成矿响应情况具有十分重要的意义.德兴铜矿(包括朱砂红、铜厂和富家坞)作为目前中国华南已发现的最大斑岩型铜矿床,是研究(大型/超大型)斑岩矿床成矿作用...  相似文献   

14.
位于准噶尔盆地西北缘中段的克-百断裂带,晚二叠世以来发育了一系列后撤式逆冲断层。长期以来,关于克-百断裂带高角度逆冲断层的成因机制一直处于争论当中,后撤式逆冲断层的物理模拟在国内尚未见文献报道。论文通过地震解释研究了克-百断裂带的构造变形特征及其演化阶段;应用断层"活动性系数"理论,半定量地描述了挤压条件下断层"活动性系数"、摩擦系数与断层倾角之间的关系,证明了挤压条件下也能形成高角度逆断层;结合"造山楔"理论解释了后撤式逆冲断层的成因机制。研究认为,克-百断裂带后撤式逆冲断层是印支期、燕山期持续挤压和扎伊尔山隆升效应综合作用的产物:挤压过程中发生"泊松效应",随着断层倾角增大,断层面上的正压力迅速增大、"活动性系数"降低,当倾角增大到一个临界值后断层停止活动,形成高角度的逆断层;同时扎伊尔山隆升造成挤压应力上移,为断层的后撤奠定了基础。最后利用砂箱物理实验模拟了克-百断裂带后撤式逆冲断层的形成过程。  相似文献   

15.
为了确定顺煤层剪切带的煤与瓦斯突出机理,在对顺煤层剪切带的受力状态进行分析的基础上,应用Mohr-Coulomb理论研究了顺煤层剪切带的形成机制,并探讨了顺煤层剪切带内的煤层变化特征、瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力特征及地应力对煤与瓦斯突出的影响。结果表明:当煤层倾角接近剪切滑动的临界角时,易产生薄煤区,而远离临界角时,煤层厚度增加,煤层厚度剧烈变化部位为应力集中区并具有较高的应力梯度;顺煤层剪切带内的压应力、煤层的面理化结构和煤层厚度的剧烈变化使其在宏观上形成了高瓦斯含量和高瓦斯压力特征,微观上糜棱煤细颈瓶型的孔隙形态为发生煤与瓦斯突出提供了必要的介质条件;在紧闭褶皱区,煤与瓦斯突出类型以突出为主,在宽缓褶皱区和伸展型顺煤层剪切带内,煤与瓦斯突出类型以压出和倾出为主。顺煤层剪切带内的高地应力、高瓦斯压力和发育的构造煤等3个因素是煤与瓦斯突出发生的主要原因。   相似文献   

16.
Large earthquakes in strike-slip regimes commonly rupture fault segments that are oblique to each other in both strike and dip. This was the case during the 1999 Izmit earthquake, which mainly ruptured E–W-striking right-lateral faults but also ruptured the N60°E-striking Karadere fault at the eastern end of the main rupture. It will also likely be so for any future large fault rupture in the adjacent Sea of Marmara. Our aim here is to characterize the effects of regional stress direction, stress triggering due to rupture, and mechanical slip interaction on the composite rupture process. We examine the failure tendency and slip mechanism on secondary faults that are oblique in strike and dip to a vertical strike-slip fault or “master” fault. For a regional stress field well-oriented for slip on a vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault, we determine that oblique normal faulting is most favored on dipping faults with two different strikes, both of which are oriented clockwise from the strike-slip fault. The orientation closer in strike to the master fault is predicted to slip with right-lateral oblique normal slip, the other one with left-lateral oblique normal slip. The most favored secondary fault orientations depend on the effective coefficient of friction on the faults and the ratio of the vertical stress to the maximum horizontal stress. If the regional stress instead causes left-lateral slip on the vertical master fault, the most favored secondary faults would be oriented counterclockwise from the master fault. For secondary faults striking ±30° oblique to the master fault, right-lateral slip on the master fault brings both these secondary fault orientations closer to the Coulomb condition for shear failure with oblique right-lateral slip. For a secondary fault striking 30° counterclockwise, the predicted stress change and the component of reverse slip both increase for shallower-angle dips of the secondary fault. For a secondary fault striking 30° clockwise, the predicted stress change decreases but the predicted component of normal slip increases for shallower-angle dips of the secondary fault. When both the vertical master fault and the dipping secondary fault are allowed to slip, mechanical interaction produces sharp gradients or discontinuities in slip across their intersection lines. This can effectively constrain rupture to limited portions of larger faults, depending on the locations of fault intersections. Across the fault intersection line, predicted rakes can vary by >40° and the sense of lateral slip can reverse. Application of these results provides a potential explanation for why only a limited portion of the Karadere fault ruptured during the Izmit earthquake. Our results also suggest that the geometries of fault intersection within the Sea of Marmara favor composite rupture of multiple oblique fault segments.  相似文献   

17.
地应力作用下的钻孔孔壁会发生一定程度的变形,导致钻孔横截面形状会发生变化,变形后的钻孔几何形态也反映了钻孔受力状态。在经典岩石力学理论的基础上,研究钻孔在平面二维应力作用下的几何形态,建立应力与变形后圆孔几何参数的关系,实现基于钻孔椭圆参数的应力解算,并提出钻孔椭圆参数的测量方法和测量技术,形成一种新的基于钻孔形态分析的地应力测量方法。结果表明,(1)在平面二维应力作用下圆孔变形后的几何形态为椭圆,推导了椭圆参数与应力的关系表达式;(2)利用3个不同方向的孔径值可以实现椭圆参数的解算,研发触头式显微光学孔径测量技术,实现了钻孔形态的测量,从原理上分析了技术实现的可行性,并就该技术进行地应力测量过程中可能存在的问题进行了探讨;(3)通过室内模拟试验,验证了技术原理的可行性,并通过误差分析和实例计算对该方法测量结果的准确性进行了讨论。  相似文献   

18.
金湖凹陷铜城断层构造特征与油气成藏   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
铜城断层是苏北盆地金湖凹陷中一条二级断层,表现为明显的分段性,南段为逆断层,北段为正断层。关于铜城断层的性质及构造演化,长期以来存在不同的认识。基于地震剖面解释的构造分析并结合走滑断层的鉴别标志,认为铜城断层为一典型的走滑断层。走滑作用造成了断层倾向沿走向发生变化,正逆两种断层交替出现。铜城走滑断层不仅有利于形成一系列不同类型的圈闭,而且对低渗透储集层具有明显的改善作用,其伴生的构造圈闭是有利的油气聚集场所。   相似文献   

19.
It is well known that soil is inherently anisotropic and its mechanical behavior is significantly influenced by its fabric anisotropy. Hypoplasticity is increasingly being accepted in the constitutive modeling for soils, in which many salient features, such as nonlinear stress-strain relations, dilatancy, and critical state failure, can be described by a single tensorial equation. However, within the framework of hypoplasticity, modeling fabric anisotropy remains challenging, as the fabric and its evolution are often vaguely assumed without a sound basis. This paper presents a hypoplastic constitutive model for granular soils based on the newly developed anisotropic critical state theory, in which the conditions of fabric anisotropy are concurrently satisfied along with the traditional conditions at the critical state. A deviatoric fabric tensor is introduced into the Gudehus-Bauer hypoplastic model, and a scalar-valued anisotropic state variable signifying the interplay between the fabric and the stress state is used to characterize its impact on the dilatancy and strength of the soils. In addition, fabric evolution during shearing can explicitly be addressed. Modifications have also been undertaken to improve the performance of the undrained response of the model. The anisotropic hypoplastic model can simulate experimental tests for sand under various combinations of principle stress direction, intermediate principal stress (or mode of shearing), soil densities, and confining pressures, and the associated drastic effect of different principal stress orientations in reference to the material axes of anisotropy can be well captured.  相似文献   

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