共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Three biomarkers of hydrocarbon exposure, CYP1A in liver vascular endothelium, liver ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), and biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs), were examined in the nearshore fishes, masked greenling (Hexagrammos octogrammus) and crescent gunnel (Pholis laeta), collected in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 7-10 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS). All biomarkers were elevated in fish collected from sites originally oiled, in comparison to fish from unoiled sites. In 1998, endothelial CYP1A in masked greenling from sites that were heavily oiled in 1989 was significantly higher than in fish collected outside the spill trajectory. In 1999, fishes collected from sites adjacent to intertidal mussel beds containing lingering Exxon Valdez oil had elevated endothelial CYP1A and EROD, and high concentrations of biliary FACs. Fishes from sites near unoiled mussel beds, but within the original spill trajectory, also showed evidence of hydrocarbon exposure, although there were no correlations between sediment petroleum hydrocarbon and any of the biomarkers. Our data show that 10 years after the spill, nearshore fishes within the original spill zone were still exposed to residual EVOS hydrocarbons. 相似文献
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3.
Margaret M. Krahn Lewey J. Kittle Jr William D. MacLeod Jr 《Marine environmental research》1986,20(4)
On March 19, 1984, more than 170000 gallons of oil were spilled into the Columbia River. We had recently developed analytical methods for estimating the exposure of fish to aromatic compounds by measuring the concentrations of metabolites of these contaminants in fish bile. The oil spill provided an opportunity to field test our methods in assessing the exposure of fish to petroleum aromatic compounds from the spilled oil. Our findings indicated that, within 5 days after the spill, mean concentrations of metabolites of aromatic compounds in the bile of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) captured 57 miles downstream from the spill were significantly higher than those of sturgeon caught upriver. 相似文献
4.
Paul D. Boehm Judith E. Barak David L. Fiest Adria A. Elskus 《Marine environmental research》1982,6(3):157-188
The fate of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons discharged into the coastal Baltic Sea environment from the TSESIS oil spill has been studied in the acute and postacute (one year) phases of the spill. Periodic samples of Mytilus edulis (mussels) from eight littoral zone stations and Macoma balthica from nine soft bottom stations were obtained as well as sediment trap samples and surface sediment samples. Glass capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry were used as the analytical tools to determine saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon composition and concentrations in these samples.Sediment trap samples indicated that sizable quantities of chemically and microbially weathered oil were sedimented, and available for benthic uptake shortly after the spill. After initial uptake of sedimented oil (500 to 1000 μ/g dry weight), Macoma populations appear to have begun slow depuration through the first winter after the spill, but TSESIS oil was again introduced to the benthic stations studied during the following summer. Mytilus populations in the region were severely impacted by the oil. Initial depuration of spilled oil during the first month was rapid and nearly complete at all but the most heavily impacted stations one year after the spill. The post-spill depuration of assimilated hydrocarbons was characterised by a relative retention of alkylated dibenzothiophenes and alkylated phenanthrenes compared to their unsubstituted parent compounds and compared with the entire homologous naphthalene series.These data suggest that petroleum hydrocarbons from the TSESIS spill have become a chronic source of degraded saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons to the soft bottom benthic communities. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the benthic environment from this spill appear to reside in the difficulty sampled and mobile flucculent layer at the sediment/water interface and may affect epifaunal communities for an extended period of time. 相似文献
5.
This paper shows how post-oil spill management measures can affect the general pattern of fishing effort exerted on two particular species of great commercial value in northern Spanish fisheries: anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Data time series of catches and fishing efforts were analysed corresponding to the area and time period affected by the oil spill fishing restrictions (December 2002–June 2003) and similar previous and post-spill periods. This was done to detect shifts that could be due to either the oil spill per se or the management measures taken to minimise pollution effects. Then, analyses and simulations with Arcview GIS module FAST (Fishing Activity Simulation Tool v. 1.1) were carried out with the aim of studying the fishing effort spatial distribution. Changes were observed in the Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of anglerfish and mackerel by area or fishery unit. Results show a spatial displacement of fishing effort to other fishing areas in the case of anglerfish, and the transfer of fishing effort between different fishery units in the case of mackerel. Although both effects were caused primarily by the management measures in force after the oil spill, they are considered side or collateral effects. The management measures that have to be taken after any disaster should also consider these kinds of ancillary effects as well as evaluating the likely positive or negative impact of these side effects. 相似文献
6.
The SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) has the capabilities for all-weather day and night use. In the case of determining the effects of oil spill dumping, the oil spills areas are shown as dark spots in the SAR images.Therefore, using SAR data to detect oil spills is becoming progressively popular in operational monitoring, which is useful for oceanic environmental protection and hazard reduction. Research has been conducted on the polarization decomposition and scattering characteristics of oil spills from a scattering matrix using allpolarization of the SAR data, calculation of the polarization parameters, and utilization of the CPD(Co-polarized Phase Difference) of the oil and the sea, in order to extract the oil spill information. This method proves to be effective by combining polarization parameters with the characteristics of oil spill. The results show that when using Bragg, the oil spill backscattering machine with Enopy and a mean scatter α parameter. The oil spill can be successfully identified. However, the parameter mechanism of the oil spill remains unclear. The use of CPD can easily extract oil spill information from the ocean, and the polarization research provides a base for oil spill remote sensing detection. 相似文献
7.
Yun-Hwan Jung Henug-Sik Park Kon-Tak Yoon Hyung-June Kim Won-Joon Shim 《Ocean Science Journal》2017,52(1):103-112
The Hebei Spirit oil spill reached the west coast of Taean County, Korea, on December 7, 2007. At that time, this was the largest oil spill that had occurred in the country. The incident devastated local marine ecosystems. In this study, we examined changes in these ecosystems and the recovery pattern on impacted rocky shores. Macrobenthos monitoring of polluted and control sites was performed seasonally from January 2008 through October 2013. At polluted sites, ecological indices increased gradually from 2009, thereby providing evidence of recovery. However, the mean density of macrobenthos was still less than 50% of the level at the control site, indicating that the ecological status of the polluted sites has still not recovered to that which prevailed before the oil spill. Although densities of the most dominant species were higher in the control site than in polluted sites, the densities of Lottia spp. and Odostomia aomori were higher in polluted sites. These two taxa were found in lower numbers at the control site, where they were out-competed by Chthamalus challengeri. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination divided the macrobenthic community structure into three clusters according to differences in the abundance of dominant species over the 6 years after the oil spill. An ANOSIM test detected significant differences between the polluted and control sites. Consistent long-term differences indicate that complete recovery had not occurred during the duration of our study. 相似文献
8.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2007,50(1-2):57-66
In the last decades, Galician Coast has suffered the consequences of several oil spills such as Polycommander and Erkowit (1970), Urquiola (1976), Andros Patria (1978), Casón (1987) and Aegean Sea (1992). The recent Prestige Oil Spill (2002) has affected more than 1000 km of the Galician Coast, having unquestionable economical, ecological and social effects. Before providing an economical assessment of the disaster, in this paper we analyse the compensatory instruments for oil spill damages existing under the European legislation. A first evaluation of their ability to repair the real damage suffered by the Galician population after the Prestige Oil spill is also presented. 相似文献
9.
生物标志物是指能够指示或表征暴露于环境化学污染物而引起生物机体发生响应变化的标志物或指标。采用生物标志物指示海洋环境的水质变化及其生态预警作用的研究是当今海洋环境科学研究的热点和前沿,在海洋污染评价领域中应用广泛。本文介绍了生物标志物的定义及分类,综述了国内外基于不同种类的生物标志物的评价方法在海洋溢油污染监测与评价中的应用特点和研究现状,以及多种生物标志物综合应用的典型方法及重要意义,例如生物标志物响应指数(biomarker response index,BRI)和综合生物标志物响应指数法(Integrated biomarker responses index,IBR)。最后,本文总结并指出了今后开展相关溢油污染评价的研究方向,包括针对海洋溢油污染特点筛选特异性强、敏感性高的生物标志物以及建立基于生物标志物的海洋溢油污染预警系统等,从而提供更加精准有效的技术方法和科学保障。 相似文献
10.
R.F. Lee B. Dornseif F. Gonsoulin K. Tenore R. Hanson 《Marine environmental research》1981,5(2):125-143
Addition of a heavy oil to a Spartina salt marsh in the autumn resulted in high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment and benthic animals. The highest concentrations of phenanthrene, chrysene and fluoranthene in the sediment were 112, 105 and 75 ng/g sediment, respectively. These concentrations rapidly decreased during the 20 week period following the spill. The times for these hydrocarbons to decrease to 50% of their highest values, i.e. half-life, were approximately 100, 70 and 30 days in sediment, mussels and oysters, respectively. Benthic macrofauna species showed three responses to oil addition which included no change, an increase, or a decrease in the population. No changes were noted in populations of fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax), oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and mussels (Modiolus demissus). Mud snails (Nassarius obsoleta) increased in density after the spill due to immigration of adult snails from untreated areas to scavenge on animals killed by the oil. Many of the adult periwinkles (Littorina irrorata) were killed by the oil. In the spring, juvenile periwinkles recolonised to oiled areas as a result of larvae settling. 相似文献
11.
《Marine Policy》2017
The enforcement of institutional rules requires the judicial system to perform well. In the case of oil spills, courts are key actors in determining the allocation of liabilities according to international and national norms. In 2002, the Prestige oil spill led to a major environmental disaster on the coasts of Spain, France and Portugal. The limitations of liability provided by the International Regime of Civil Liability and Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage have prevented the polluters from fully compensating injured parties for the damage the spill produced. In 2013, the Spanish Provincial Court of A Coruña condemned the captain of the tanker for disobedience, but no environmental crime was found; therefore, no further civil liabilities were incurred. Nevertheless, in 2016, the Spanish Supreme Court overruled the ruling of the provincial court and proclaimed the existence of an environmental crime. This judicial rectification changed the allocation of liabilities, extended the application of the polluter-pays principle, and opened a different stage for estimating and covering the costs of the damage. This paper presents a highly relevant case study that analyses the new situation involving oil spills and the distribution of liabilities within the current international regime. 相似文献
12.
In the identifying process of an oil spill accident, manual integral and artificial visual comparison are commonly used at present to determine the oil spill sources, these methods are time-consuming and easily affected by human factors. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the purpose of rapid identification of an oil spill accident. In this paper, an intelligent method of automatic recognition, integration and calculation of diagnostic ratio of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) spectrum are established. Firstly, four hundreds of samples collected around the world were analyzed using a standard method and Retention time locking technology (RTL) was applied to reduce the change of retention time of GC/MS spectrum. Secondly, the automatic identification, integration of n-alkanes, biomarker compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and calculation of the diagnostic ratios were realized by MATLAB software. Finally, a database of oil fingerprints were established and applied successfully in a spill oil accident. Based on the new method and database, we could acquire the diagnostic ratios of an oil sample and find out the suspected oil within a few minutes. This method and database can improve the efficiency in spilled oil identification. 相似文献
13.
Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(SAR) oil spill detection parameters conformity coefficient(μ), Muller matrix parameters(|C|, B_0), the eigenvalues of simplified coherency matrix(λ_(nos)) and the influence of SAR observing parameters, ocean environment and noise level are investigated. Radarsat-2 data are used to make systematic analysis of polarimetric parameters for different incidences, wind speeds, noise levels and the ocean phenomena(oil slick and look likes). The influence of the SAR observing parameters, the ocean environment and the noise level on the typical polarimetric SAR parameter conformity coefficient has been analyzed. The results indicate that conformity coefficient cannot be simply used for oil spill detection, which represents the image signal to the noise level to some extent. When the signals are below the noise level for the oil slick and the look likes, the conformity coefficients are negative; while the signals above the noise level corresponds to positive conformity coefficients. For dark patches(low wind and biogenic slick) with the signal below the noise,polarization features such as conformity coefficient cannot separate them with oil slick. For the signal above the noise, the oil slick, the look likes(low wind and biogenic slick) and clean sea all have positive conformity coefficients, among which, the oil slick has the smallest conformity coefficient, the look likes the second, and the clean sea the largest value. For polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection, the noise plays a significant role. So the polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection should be carried out on the basis of noise consideration. 相似文献
14.
《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2003,20(6-8):563-586
With abundant well penetrations in proximal and distal settings and 3D seismic coverage, the Auger Basin is an ideal location to study the influence of basin setting and accommodation on the stratigraphic architecture of ancient turbidite systems. Pliocene-age turbidites at Macaroni Field were deposited in ponded accommodation in the distal portion of a salt-bounded intraslope basin, immediately inboard of a sediment spill point to the linked outboard basin. Deposits at Auger Field are contained within point-sourced submarine fans deposited in healed slope accommodation in the more proximal portion of the basin on the flank of a paleo-bathymetric ridge, immediately down depositional dip of a sediment spill point from an inboard basin. Both areas of the basin are distinct in terms of sediment dispersal patterns, rate of sediment fill, and preservation potential of reservoir/seal pairs, and while both fields contain sand-rich deposits and record vertical evolution from older sheet dominated- to younger channel dominated deposits over the Late Pliocene section, there are key differences in the nature in which the fill occurs. The ponded stratigraphic section at Macaroni Field records (1) an early mud-rich phase in which incoming flows are completely captured by confining topography, (2) a brief phase of diminished relief when high frequency fill/spill cycles occur, and ultimately (3) a phase of incision of the former basin sill and large-scale bypass to the outboard basin. Over the same period, the healed-slope section at Auger Field records a fill pattern consisting of alternating episodes of initial sand-rich sheet/lobe deposition followed by intervals of channelization. We acknowledge extra-basinal controls (eustacy, climate) on the timing, rate, and nature of sediment supply to the basin, but there is considerable evidence for paleo-bathymetric control on cyclical fill patterns observed at fourth and higher-order scales. 相似文献
15.
《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1987,24(2):205-223
Twelve in situ benthic chambers (2·2 m in diameter) were used to study the weathering of topped crude oil coated onto a submerged marine sediment over a period of about 440 days.The bulk (⋍80%) of the oil coated onto the sediment was lost during the first 40 days from both open and closed chambers. It is suggested that this oil was lost from the sediment partly into solution (perhaps after partial oxidation) or more likely, by droplet formation associated with the workover of particles by physical and biological processes. The weathering pattern of the oil remaining on the sediment was studied for a further 400 days and showed that the alkane fraction was biodegraded more rapidly than the naphthalenes, in agreement with the results from the Amoco Cadiz oil spill (Boehm et al., 1981) and that the alkyl substituted PAH homologues were biodegraded in preference to the unsubstituted parent compound. The hopane and sterane fingerprints did not change significantly over the 440 days of exposure, thus reinforcing their usefulness as long term markers of soil spills. In general the rates of biodegradation of the various classes of compounds were similar to those observed in other locations and suggested that the polycyclic aliphatics and the PAHs are very slow to degrade and will remain in the sediment for a considerable period of time. 相似文献
16.
近岸溢油漂移扩散预测方法研究——以胶州湾溢油事件为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近些年,由于中国经济的高速发展,原油需求逐年增长,同时海上溢油事故发生的风险也在加剧。海上溢油会严重破坏海洋环境,危害我国经济发展,加强溢油漂移扩散预报研究能够为海上溢油应急响应提供技术支撑。因此,国家海洋信息中心研发了海上突发事件应急一体化预测预警系统。该系统基于GIS平台研发,能够在二维电子海图基础上叠加相关的海洋环境动力要素信息,模拟溢油扩散和漂移态势,同时计算剩余油量,估算溢油面积以及岸线吸附程度等。2013年11月22日,山东黄岛发生输油管道爆炸事故,造成大量原油溢入胶州湾。本文利用该系统结合高分辨率大气模型WRF的三重嵌套技术和海流模型SELFE的非结构化网格加密技术,对事故溢油漂移扩散开展了预测工作。预测结果显示,油污受胶州湾内往复流的影响极大,72 h后,胶州湾内外大部分海域都将存在油污,主要集中在黄岛沿岸海域、团岛及浮山湾附近,预测扫海面积为70.32 km2。经海事部门高分辨率卫星观测结果印证,系统模拟的溢油分布较为合理。该系统的业务化应用为相关海上溢油污染应急工作提供了一定理论依据和参考。 相似文献
17.
The Prestige oil spill may be considered as one of the worst in last years, because of the amount spilled (59,000 tons at the moment) and the wide zone affected: almost all the coastline in Galicia (Spanish region with a very important coastal fishing activity) and some points in the North Spain and in the Southwest France. In this paper, we estimate the short-term economic damages from the Prestige oil spills in the Galician coastal fishing and aquaculture sectors by great areas. The zones that received more oil spills obtained the biggest economic losses. 相似文献
18.
Immediately following a spill at sea, released oil—ranging from diesel to light crude and diluted bitumen, will initially weather through evaporation, resulting in an elevated concentration of light hydrocarbons in the air. As part of oil spill response operations, first responders use hand-held devices to monitor airborne concentrations when approaching a spill. The feasibility of using numerical modelling as an additional tool to assess potential flammability and plan response operations in the spill area was explored in this study. The Lower Explosive Limit(LEL) is defined as the minimum concentration of a gas in air, in this case a mixture of evaporated hydrocarbons, which can produce a flash fire in the presence of an ignition source. This ignition source could be triggered by the vessel itself or by spill response operations. A framework was put into place, utilizing a threedimensional hydrodynamic model(H3D), an oil spill model(SPILLCALC), and an air dispersion model(CALPUFF) to assess the risk of possible ignition of the hydrocarbon vapour in the event of a spill. The study looked at a hypothetical credible worst case tanker spill(16 500 m~3) of diluted bitumen(cold lake winter blend)occurring at Arachne Reef in Haro Strait, British Columbia, Canada. SPILLCALC provided one-minute averaged vapour fluxes from the water surface for each of 17 modelled pseudo-components which were used as inputs to CALPUFF. Using the predicted airborne concentrations of each pseudo-component, time-scaled to one-second averages, the flammability potential in the immediate spill area was determined at each grid point using Le Chatelier's mixing equation. The approach describe here was developed as a proof of concept, and could be established as a real-time system, bringing valuable information in addition to hand-held devices during a spill response, or during a response exercise. This modelling study was conducted as part of Kinder Morgan's Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project. There are a number of commercially available oil spill models but few if any are equipped with the ability to model air dispersion and forecast hazardous conditions as discussed in this paper. 相似文献
19.
《Marine environmental research》1987,22(2):123-149
- 1.1. The accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) kv English sole (Parophrys vetulus) exposed for up to 108 days to an urban (test) sediment was compared to that for English sole exposed to sediment from a reference area. The concentrations of identified AHs and PCBs in the test sediment were 32 μg/g dry weight and 2·2 μg/g dry weight, respectively. English sole exposed to test and reference sediments for 108 days had biliary concentrations of aromatic compounds fluorescing at BaP wavelengths of 0·6 μg/g, wet weight and hepatic concentrations of PCBs of 1·4 ± 0·6 μg/g wet weight which were ten and eight times, respectively, as great as those in reference sole. These results show that accumulation of AHs and PCBs from sediment by English sole is a significant route of uptake in contaminated environments.
- 2.2. 3H-benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and 14C-PCBs were added to the test sediment to compare the uptake and metabolism of BaP to that of PCBs by sole. Steady-state concentrations of 3H-BaP and 14C-PCBs in tissues and fluids were reached by 4 days and 14 days, respectively. At steady state, the level of covalent binding of 3H-BaP to hepatic proteins in test sole was six times greater than that of 14C-PCBs, and there was significantly greater relative formation of BaP-glutathione (GSH) conjugates than PCB-GSH conjugates. Thus, the amount of BaP metabolized to reactive metabolites was greater than that for PCBs, even though the concentration of 14C-PCBs in liver of test sole was five times as great as that of 3H-BaP.
- 3.3. Trace amounts of 3H-BaP were also added to the reference sediment to determine how simultaneous exposure of English sole to those contaminants already present in the test sediment affected the metabolism and disposition of BaP. The 3H-BaP concentration ratios for liver to sediment and bile to sediment, as well as proportions of biliary BaP-GSH conjugates in test sole, were significantly greater than in reference sole. Thus, the formation and accumulation of potentially toxic metabolites of a carcinogenic AH (BaP) in sole liver were increased by simultaneous exposure to contaminants present in an urban sediment.
20.
《Marine environmental research》1987,23(2):103-133
A study of the main oyster areas polluted by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill (Abers, Baie de Morlaix) was carried out between 1978 and 1985 by chemical analyses (mainly aromatic hydrocarbon determinations) and histopathological observations of lesions in the digestive tracts and gonads of oysters. The hydrocarbon content in oyster tissues was monitored and analyzed by UV spectrofluorimetry, and gas and liquid chromatographic techniques.Seven years after the Amoco Cadiz wreck, the oysters sampled in the AberBenoit and in the Baie de Morlaix (Carantec) are still polluted with residual aromatic hydrocarbons, corresponding, respectively, to about five and two times the values from an unpolluted site (Baie de Saint-Brieuc). Since petroleum residues are buried in anaerobic sediments, especially in the Abers areas, they are expected to persist and accordingly may still contaminate oysters for several more years.Depuration kinetics of contaminated flat and Pacific oysters from the heavily polluted zones (Abers, Carantec) were studied and compared with that of healthy oysters transplanted in the same areas. The decontamination rates of oysters after transfer to a clean environment were heavily dependent on the duration of oil exposure.Necrosis and inflammation were the most significant and noticeable changes occurring during the first months after the pollution. Atrophy of the gonadal cells was detected in the oysters from the Abers only during the first six months of the study. No neoplastic and parasitic diseases have been related to this oil spill. 相似文献