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1.
凝结水作为干旱半干旱地区重要的组分,对生物土壤结皮具有重要的生态学作用。为阐明高寒沙区青海共和盆地生物土壤结皮表层5 cm凝结水水汽来源,利用2017年5—9月自制微渗仪对土壤表层5 cm不同类型生物土壤结皮(苔藓结皮、藻类结皮、物理结皮)和流沙凝结水进行了观测。结果表明:高寒沙区凝结水量随结皮发育程度变化呈增加趋势,表现为:苔藓结皮>藻类结皮>物理结皮>流沙;生物土壤结皮覆盖区凝结水量显著大于流沙凝结水量,即生物土壤结皮有利于凝结水的产生;凝结水主要由吸湿水和大气水汽凝结水与土壤凝结水两部分组成;观测期间,不同类型结皮日土壤凝结水量无显著性差异;吸湿水量和大气水汽凝结水总量显著高于土壤凝结水量(P<0. 05);随时间的变化,吸湿水和大气水汽凝结水与土壤凝结水对凝结水的贡献率呈波动性变化;吸湿水和大气水汽凝结水贡献率主要集中在65%～80%,土壤凝结水贡献率主要集中在20%～35%。 相似文献
2.
沙漠中水分条件是决定生态分异的关键因素,地表凝结水的产生对沙漠植物与结皮生物的水分补充有重要的作用。利用微渗计对古尔班通古特沙漠土壤表层凝结水形成特征及影响因素进行分析。研究表明沙漠土壤凝结水形成总量随着表层土壤生物演替从流沙、藻类、地衣和苔藓依次增加。分析影响凝结水形成的因素表明土壤中细粒物质以及地衣和苔藓生物相对土壤粗粒物质更有利于凝结水形成。在土壤结皮演替过程中土壤中的细粒颗粒含量增加的同时生物有机体含量也在增加,因而随着表层土壤生物演替凝结水形成量呈增加趋势。凝结水形成量与日均相对湿度、土壤湿度呈显著正相关,而与日均风速、日均温度、土壤温度呈负相关。研究说明在干旱的沙漠地带土壤凝结水是除降水以外补充表层土壤水分重要的水分来源。 相似文献
3.
利用2013年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地自然沙地与人工绿地的地表太阳辐射和能量通量观测数据，分析不同下垫面太阳辐射分量和能量收支参数间的差异。结果表明：1）沙地与绿地，辐射各分量日变化特征显着，DR、UR夏季为峰值，冬季-春季-夏季为上升趋势，夏季-秋季-冬季为下降趋势。沙地与绿地ULR的差值为-30-20W?m-2。土壤湿度变化是导致人工绿地与自然沙地地表反照率差异的主要原因之一，在塔克拉玛干沙漠的人工绿地滴灌，增加了土壤含水率，传递到表层具有滞后效应，影响了地表反照率的月变化。2）净辐射，在夜间以G0耗能形式为主，而白天以H耗能形式为主。在塔克拉沙漠大环境影响下，人工绿地的能量分配格局与自然沙地基本相同，但是在植被的生长季与茂盛季节，LE的通量的耗能份额会有所递增，耗能比增加了1.5%。3）人工绿地EBR夜间的波动幅度大于自然沙地，白天自然沙地EBR上升速率要大于人工绿地冬季，自然沙地和人工绿地不闭合率都超过50%，其他季节，人工绿地的不闭合率优于自然沙地。 相似文献
4.
贺兰山地区沙尘暴沙尘起动和垂直输送物理因子的综合研究 总被引：37，自引：2，他引：37
根据 4a来在贺兰山两侧沙漠和沙地测站积累的微气象和沙尘谱观测资料 ,结合有关文献 ,综合分析了沙尘起动和垂直输送的物理机制 ;讨论了强风的动力作用、近地面不稳定层结的热力作用和沙尘物质源特征 ;概述了不同尺度天气系统中上升运动特征 ,沙尘的沉降末速计算、沙漠地表的湍流输送特征和垂直速度资料、沙漠地表的超绝热梯度出现的频率和强度及逆湿现象 ,沙漠和沙地的沙尘粒度、地表性质和沙土含水率对起动风速的影响。 相似文献
5.
轮台县1961-2008年降水变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用轮台县气象局1961-2008年的年、季降水资料,采用气候倾向率和降水相对变率统计方法,研究了近48a轮台县年、季降水量、降水相对变率及降水日数的年际、年代际变化趋势特征。结果表明：年降水量平均以10．7mm／10a的速率增加;各季降水量平均以0．6-6．5mm／10a的速率增加;年降水相对变率以-6％／10a的速率减小;年降水日数以2．6d／10a的速率增加,各季降水日数以（0．1～1．2）d／10a的速率增加。 相似文献
6.
深圳大雾的气候统计及特征分析 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
在分析深圳大雾气候统计特征的基础上,利用NCEP再分析资料和深圳市常规观测资料,分析了深圳大雾发生的环流特征,得出深圳大雾出现时地面天气形势特征主要有3种：均压场型、冷高压底部型、冷高压后部型。大雾发生时大气层结是稳定的。并讨论了不同天气背景下大雾的水汽条件和水汽输送路径,指出大雾发生时深圳并不位于水汽幅合中心;当天或前一天出现0～0．5mm的降水时最有利于大雾的发生。通过对0cm地表温度分析,发现深圳大雾发生时最有利的地表温度为16．0—22．9℃。 相似文献
7.
基于广州市1999—2012年雷电监测资料,分析了雷电参数的差异对广州市3个区域雷击风险评估的影响。结果表明,花都区、天河区、番禺区的地闪密度分别为29．16、35．44和26．13次／（km^2·年）,从而导致建筑物危险事件次数的不同,其中雷击电力线路次数相差1个数量级;3个区域的雷电流幅值分别为141．5、104．4、138．7kA,导致花都和番禺2个区域的第1级、第2级SPD通流量分别比天河区的高5kA;高发时段分别为5至8月的14：00一20：00、13：00—20：00、12：00一19：00．导致易闪段和雷电预警方案的不同。 相似文献
8.
分析贵定县1957-2009年出现的134次暴雨日样本。结果表明：贵定县暴雨日数总体呈上升趋势,其线性增长率为0．2d／10年,年暴雨日数在0～7d次之间,暴雨日平均每年出现2．53次,最大降水量为234．9mm,1h最大降水量为63．5mm;2—10月均有暴雨日出现,暴雨日发生的季节性明显,夏季暴雨日占全年的54．3％,暴雨日频发于6—7月,且6月下旬为暴雨的高峰期;暴雨日降水对月、年降水量的贡献显著,5-9月的暴雨日雨量对月降水量的贡献较大,6月为最大。年降水量最少的年份,无暴雨日出现。 相似文献
9.
新疆博州地区降水量、降水日的时空变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
根据1961--2005年新疆博州4站逐日降水资料,用气候趋势系数及Monte Carlo检验、t检验研究了降水量与降水日的长期变化趋势与突变时间。结果表明：（1）博州地区年与冬季降水量均在1977年前后突变增加,夏季降水量均在1998年前后增加,大部分地区年与冬夏降水量的长期增加趋势达到0．05以上的显著性水平。（2）年降水量的增加主要是由日降水量≥0．1mm的降水日数增加造成的,其次是不同区域不同季节日降水量≥0．1mm的日平均降水量强度的增加。（3）年与冬季日降水量≥0．1mm的降水日数约在1975年前后突变增加,45a里增加了7～8d。（4）0．0mm的降水日除精河外,其余地区均在1975年前后突变减少,阿拉山口减少最多,约10．5d,其余减少3～5d。其中,秋、冬季大范围在1975年前后突变减少。（5）博河上游地区年与冬夏日平均降水强度均出现了显著的突增现象。（6）夏季日平均降水强度除精河外,其余也均在1998年前后有一次显著的突增。 相似文献
10.
粤西沿海海雾天气气候特征及微物理结构研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用粤西12个测站2000-2010年常规气象资料及2010年3月湛江东海岛一次海雾过程观测数据,分析了粤西沿海海雾发生的天气气候特征以及湛江东海岛海雾的微物理特征。结果表明：粤西沿海年均雾日数呈西部（17．8d·a^-1）〉东部（7．7d·a^-2）〉中部（3．5d·a^-1）的特点;年际变化差异明显,除2008年外呈逐步升高趋势;年雾日数冬、春季多,夏、秋季少;一天中海雾大部分出现在02：00—08：00,这一时段雾生成的平均概率为50．8％;最多持续时间在1-3d内。海雾生成的综合气象条件主要为：气温15．025．0℃、3小时变压-3．5-2．5hPa、温度露点差0．0-2．0℃、多发风向为NNE-ESE或静风,风速≤7m·s^-1。成雾的天气形势可以分为高压型、低槽型、冷锋型、静止锋型和鞍型或均压场型5类。雾过程中各阶段能见度变化及雾滴谱分布差异较大,平均雾滴谱分布符合指数递减规律,谱型大体上呈“单峰”结构,整个滴谱明显偏向小滴一端,雾滴谱径主要出现在2～10μm。 相似文献
11.
The role of dew in the water and heat balance of bare loess soil in the Negev Desert: quantifying the actual dew deposition on the soil surface 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
During nighttime, latent heat fluxes to or from the soil surface are usually very small and the absolute amounts of dew deposition are accordingly very small. The detection of such small fluxes poses serious measurement difficulties. Various methods for measuring dew have been described in the literature and most of them rely on the use of artificial condensing plates with physical properties that are very different from those of soil surfaces. A system that detects the actual dew deposition on the soil surface under natural conditions would be advantageous and microlysimeters (MLs) appear to be the obvious answer. The objectives of this work were to test the adequacy of microlysimeters to estimate condensation amounts, and to compare these amounts with those measured by a Hiltner dew balance in order to validate the long term data collected using the latter. The research was carried out at the Wadi Mashash Experimental Farm in the Northern Negev, Israel, during two measurement periods. A micro-meteorological station was installed in the field next to a modified Hiltner balance. A microlysimeter with an undisturbed soil sample was placed nearby. During the first period, the depth of the microlysimeter was 15 cm while at the second period it was 55 cm. The results show that for measuring dew, the minimum depth of a microlysimeter should exceed the depth at which the diurnal temperature is constant, which for a dry loess soil in the Negev Desert is 50 cm. 相似文献
12.
通过LI-COR8100A土壤碳通量观测系统分别于2013年1月、5月、10月和11月进行了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中流沙下垫面土壤呼吸速率测定试验,并分析了相应的土壤水热因子对呼吸速率的影响。结果表明:塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地土壤呼吸速率整体偏低,但具有明显的昼夜波动性和季节变化特征。研究区流沙土壤中可能存在的无机碳过程是导致夜间及凌晨的土壤呼吸速率为负值,白天为正值的主要原因。不同时段的土壤呼吸速率(Rs)分别与土壤表层0~5 cm平均土壤温度(T)和湿度(W)间存在较为同步的昼夜变化趋势且具有良好的回归关系。相对于单因素影响的回归分析,土壤温、湿度的协同作用能够从整体角度更好地解释土壤呼吸速率的变化情况。回归方程Rs=a+bT+cW和Rs=a+bT+cW+dTW可解释不同时段土壤呼吸速率76.0%以上的变化情况。这说明土壤温、湿度是控制土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子。沙漠腹地土壤极低的水分条件成为土壤呼吸的限制性因子,呼吸速率对于作为限制性因子的土壤湿度的变化响应则更加直接,而对于土壤温度变化的敏感性就有所下降,导致土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度回归关系出现明显的时滞环现象。 相似文献
13.
On the contribution of atmospheric moisture to dew formation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The relative contributions of dewfall (a flux of water vapour from air to surface) and distillation (a flux of water vapour from soil to canopy) to dew formation on closed canopy and bare soil surfaces are assessed, and the dependence of dew amount upon wind speed, absolute temperature, atmospheric stability, relative humidity, soil characteristics and cloudiness, all of which are significant factors, is evaluated. Some of these evaluations provide refinements to similar ones given in Monteith (1961). High dewfall rates are usually 0.06 mm hr–1 over canopy or bare soil, though upon a canopy under soil-saturated and air-saturated conditions, rates of dew formation may reach 0.07–0.09 mm hr–1 with contributions from distillation. Various sets of observations are reanalyzed to illustrate the importance of the horizontal advection of moisture in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) to observed high rates of dew formation arising from the atmospheric contribution of water vapour (dewfall). These locally observed high dewfall rates must be the result of small-scale or mesoscale horizontal advection of moisture in the NBL, since the humidity changes within the typically shallow NBL required to balance the loss of water at the surface are not observed. Over extensive areas of uniform surface (horizontal scales 10 km), such continuously high dewfall rates could only be balanced by a local supply of atmospheric moisture since advection of moisture would necessarily be small. 相似文献
14.
Passive dew collection in a grassland area, The Netherlands 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Passive dew collection experiments were initiated in late 2003 in the centre of The Netherlands within a grassland area. A specially designed 1 m2 insulated planar dew collector, set at a 30° angle from horizontal, was covered with a thin (0.39 mm) polyethylene foil and subsequently replaced with 4 mm polyvinyl chloride. A second dew collector, in the shape of an inverted pyramid, was constructed to reduce the view angle to only the nighttime sky. A simple surface energy-budget model and an aerodynamic model were used to simulate the dew collected by both collectors. The planar collector collected about 90% of the dew at the grass cover while the pyramid collector collected about 1.20% of the grass cover. The aerodynamic model was able to predict the amount of collector data to within 50% for the planar collector and 60% for the inverted pyramid collector. The pyramid collector design was able to collect about 20% more dew than the inclined planar collector. 相似文献
15.
土质对FDR水分传感器拟合参数影响的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过制作人工土柱的方法,对壤土、黏土、砂土等土质进行FDR(Frequency Domain Reflectometry)水分传感器拟合标定试验,分析了传感器频率与土壤水分之间的关系,以及不同质地土壤对传感器标定参数的影响。数据分析结果表明:FDR土壤水分传感器感应频率随土壤体积含水量的增加而单调减小,具有很好的相关性,不同的土质对土壤水分传感器标定参数影响较大,黏土测试的传感器归一化频率范围在0.64~0.94之间,壤土测试的传感器归一化频率范围在0.4~0.86之间,砂土测试的传感器归一化频率范围在0.3~0.94之间,土壤按类别进行标定比集中标定的效果更好。分析结果对土壤种类复杂地区的自动土壤水分观测仪精细化标定具有一定指导意义。 相似文献
16.
河南省不同土壤类型墒情变化规律 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
分析河南省台站土壤墒情数据库1997年10月至2003年6月资料,找出不同土壤类型的墒情变化规律。土壤有效水分含量分析表明：壤土最大,粘土次之,沙土最小;土壤墒情受地下水影响较大,地下水位较浅的地区不容易出现干旱。根据土壤墒情资料确定了土壤墒情订正系数和不同土壤类型田间持水量在全省的分布,并将其应用到墒情预报模型中。 相似文献
17.
Dew formation and the drying process within a maize canopy 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Adrie F. G. Jacobs Addo van Pul Rushdi M. M. El-Kilani 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,69(4):367-378
The amount of dew-fall and dew-rise to a maize canopy during one night, and the drying time during the early morning, were estimated by using the Bowen ratio energy budget technique (BREB) and the soil diffusivity technique (SD).In addition, the distribution of the free liquid water within the plant community was measured at sunrise by using Leick plates and blotting papers. The course of the drying process within the plant canopy was also monitored by the blotting paper technique until the received night-time free liquid water within the canopy was evaporated. The calculated total amount of dew, estimated with the BREB and SD techniques, agreed with the measured amount to within 6%, though the measured drying process lagged about 1 hour behind the calculated one. Possible causes of this difference are the dripping effect and drainage down the stems, which were not included in the calculations. Initially, the drying process was faster in the upper layers of the canopy. Later, when the moisture distribution had become more or less even through the whole canopy, the drying rate became approximately uniform. 相似文献
18.
《Atmospheric Research》2005,73(1-2):1-22
We compare the characteristics of dew at nearly the same latitude (42–45°N) for the Mediterranean island of Corsica (Ajaccio, France) and two continental locations (Bordeaux, France, Atlantic coastal area; Grenoble, France, alpine valley). Dew amount was measured on a horizontal reference plate made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and placed at 1 m above the ground. Data are correlated with plate and air temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed and cloud cover during the period from 14-08-1999 to 15-01-2003.General features as well as particularities of the sampling sites are discussed. The average daily dew yield is higher for the island station at Ajaccio (0.070 mm) than the Bordeaux coastal area (0.046 mm) or the Grenoble valley (0.036 mm). However, the accumulated dew yield was highest for the coastal station (9.8 mm/year) as compared to the island (8.4 mm/year), and much larger than in the alpine valley (4 mm/year). The difference between cumulated and average dew yield stems from the greater number of dew days in the coastal area (58%) versus 33% for the island and 30% in the valley. The higher wind speeds at the island station (average wind during dew is 2 m/s) and lower relative humidity explain the smaller number of dew days. The dew rate seasonal variation is negligible in Bordeaux and exhibits during summer a maximum in Ajaccio and a minimum in Grenoble.A computer model that includes simple meteorological data (air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed, cloud cover) is used to determine the thermal balance and fit to dew mass evolution. Two parameters that account for heat and mass exchange can be adjusted. It was found that, within the uncertainties, these two numbers are the same for the two continental sites, thus allowing dew formation on plates to be evaluated from only simple meteorological measurements. Somewhat larger values are found for the island, due to limitations in the model, which are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Quantitative Evaluation of Water Deposited By Dew on Monuments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Samples of White and Green Carrara marble, and three types oflimestone and brick exposed in the field vertically and horizontally were used to evaluate condensationon monuments during clear sky nights. Experiments in a simulation chamber under controlledconditions led to a general equation for the actual amount of water deposited on a surface by dew.This is determined by: How much and for how long the surface temperature falls below the dew point,the moisture content in the air and the ventilation. On clear nights, the condensation on buildingstructures facing the sky may reach some 0.2 kg m-2 (or 0.2 mm), whereas condensation on verticalsurfaces is very small. Computation of the seasonal trend of night-time condensationshowed that the maximum amount of water condensed per night occurs in the autumn, with the moreabundant concentration of moisture in the air. The total amount of water condensed per month isfound to be a maximum in the summer-autumn period. Morning condensationfor the thermal inertia of monuments is also relevant, and has been calculated to reach the same order of magnitude as thenocturnal dew. A detailed analysis of the temperature and mixing ratio profiles near a condensingsurface has shown two different situations. In still air, the two profiles follow an exponentiallaw and the thermal and the concentration layers lie within a few tens of millimetres. Inthe presence of turbulence, the thickness of these two layers is dramatically reduced. In still air, infront of a vertical, chilly surface, the deposition rate of air pollutants by thermophoresis and/orStefan flow is increased by 3 or 4 times in comparison with a horizontal surface. In the presence ofturbulence, the thickness of the thermal and concentration layers was dramatically reduced, makingthese two kinds of deposition much faster. 相似文献