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1.
This paper deals with the hydrogeological relationship between base levels of saline lakes and the formation of sub-horizontal caves. The mechanism presented here suggests that many horizontal cave levels in carbonate sequences are created adjacent to the saline lakes shorelines because of the converging of the groundwater flow above the fresh–saline water interface. The main factors that control enhanced carbonate dissolution and cave formation are high groundwater flow velocities in the shallow phreatic zone during a relative long steady state of the water table. High groundwater flow velocities are evident close to the Dead Sea due to the convergent fast flows above the shallow interface adjacent to the shoreline. The same could prevail in the case of previous paleo-lakes that existed in the basin. The synergetic combination of the above preconditions for enhanced cave formation seems to be responsible for the formation of elevation-controlled alignment of paleo-near shore cave levels in the central and southern (Dead Sea) portion of the study area. These are found on the western fault escarpment and basin margin in different stratigraphic horizons of carbonate lithology. Many of the cave levels can be linked to late Quaternary–Holocene lake levels obtained from dated lake sediments within the basin. The most common cave’s elevation was found to be around 200 m below sea level which was the elevation of the Lisan Lake during part of its history. On the other hand, the Hula Basin in the northern part of the Dead Sea Basin was not occupied by saline water bodies since its formation as a base level, and thus the above preconditions for enhanced cave formation did not prevail. Indeed, this is evident by the lack of horizontal cave levels on its western carbonate margins unlike the situation in the south. 相似文献
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3.
塔里木盆地早海西期多期次风化壳岩溶洞穴层 总被引：25，自引：5，他引：20
洞穴层是识别多期次岩溶旋回的标志,是岩溶旋回连接沉积旋回及周期性海平面变化的纽带。本文通过古地貌恢复,将从钻井剖面中识别的洞穴层归位到早石炭世古地貌剖面中,根据洞穴层总是沿稳定古潜水面发育的特点划分对比洞穴层。通过洞穴层的形成条件、充填结构分析,推断洞穴层发育序次、洞穴层与其同时期形成的沉积地层的时空对应关系,并据此对洞穴层进行盆地范围内跨地区对比、总结斜坡及岛屿两种不同的洞穴层发育模式。研究结果表明,在早海西期,塔北、塔中、和田古隆起中、下奥陶统碳酸盐岩陆块内部发育了3个期次的风化壳岩溶洞穴层,其序次为下老上新,它们是在早石炭世间歇性海平面上升过程中形成的,其同时期形成的沉积地层分别为下石炭统东河砂岩段、生屑灰岩段、下泥岩段中上部。洞穴层内部多旋回“坍塌角砾-地下河沉积”组合是斜坡内陆区潜流面的迟后上升效应,洞穴层与洞穴等时层的时空对应关系对于大型古岩溶事件的断年及洞穴层的分布预测具有重要意义。 相似文献
4.
Radiocarbon dating of dissolved inorganic carbon in groundwater from confined parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer, Florida, USA 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
Geochemical reaction models were evaluated to improve radiocarbon dating of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater
from confined parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer in central and northeastern Florida, USA. The predominant geochemical reactions
affecting the 14C activity of DIC include (1) dissolution of dolomite and anhydrite with calcite precipitation (dedolomitization), (2) sulfate
reduction accompanying microbial degradation of organic carbon, (3) recrystallization of calcite (isotopic exchange), and
(4) mixing of fresh water with as much as 7% saline water in some coastal areas. The calculated cumulative net mineral transfers
are negligibly small in upgradient parts of the aquifer and increase significantly in downgradient parts of the aquifer, reflecting,
at least in part, upward leakage from the Lower Floridan aquifer and circulation that contacted middle confining units in
the Floridan aquifer system. The adjusted radiocarbon ages are independent of flow path and represent travel times of water
from the recharge area to the sample point in the aquifer. Downgradient from Polk City (adjusted age 1.7 ka) and Keystone
Heights (adjusted age 0.4 ka), 14 of the 22 waters have adjusted 14C ages of 20–30 ka, indicating that most of the fresh-water resource in the Upper Floridan aquifer today was recharged during
the last glacial period. All of the paleowaters are enriched in 18O and 2H relative to modern infiltration, with maximum enrichment in δ18O of approximately 2.0‰.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
5.
Abigail L. Langston Elizabeth J. Screaton Jonathan B. Martin Vincent Bailly-Comte 《Hydrogeology Journal》2012,20(4):767-781
The karstic upper Floridan aquifer in north-central Florida (USA) is recharged by both diffuse and allogenic recharge. To understand how recharged water moves within the aquifer, water levels and specific conductivities were monitored and slug tests were conducted in wells installed in the aquifer surrounding the Santa Fe River Sink and Rise. Results indicate that diffuse recharge does not mix rapidly within the aquifer but instead flows horizontally. Stratification may be aided by the high matrix porosity of the eogenetic karst aquifer. Purging wells for sample collection perturbed conductivity for several days, reflecting mixing of the stratified water and rendering collection of representative samples difficult. Interpretive numerical simulations suggest that diffuse recharge impacts the intrusion of allogenic water from the conduit by increasing hydraulic head in the surrounding aquifer and thereby reducing influx to the aquifer from the conduit. In turn, the increase of head within the conduits affects flow paths of diffuse recharge by moving newly recharged water vertically as the water table rises and falls. This movement may result in a broad vertical zone of dissolution at the water table above the conduit system, with thinner and more focused water-table dissolution at greater distance from the conduit. 相似文献
6.
L. E. Zuffianò M. Polemio R. Laviano G. De Giorgio M. Pallara P. P. Limoni F. Santaloia 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(13):517
Hypogenic caves, developed by sulphuric acid speleogenesis, are known all over the world among which the Santa Cesarea Terme caves have been included. They are four submerged caves, located along a coastal carbonate sector in Southern Italy and hosting the outflow of coastal springs of thermal mixed waters (from 21 to 33 °C). These waters derive from the mixing of three water end members: the fresh pure groundwater of a wide karstic aquifer, the deep sulphur thermal water and the seawater. This cave system represents an almost unique case of hypogenic sea caves in carbonate environment. The thermal mixed waters have a different effect on the surrounding rocks of the caves, influencing the sulphuric acid speleogenetic process within the whole cave system. To understand the complex and overlapping natural processes acting on the development of these coastal caves, a multidisciplinary study has been carried out. This study has integrated all the data resulting from different methods and technologies, merging morphology, structural geology, hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry and mineralogy. This multidisciplinary study has allowed to define the main geochemical processes acting within these caves, including the cave development and the formation of the mineral concretions. After the introduction of H2S in the thermal waters, formed by the reduction of sulphates in the sedimentary deposits crossed at depth in the offshore, the oxidation occurs within the caves, producing sulphuric acid. Favoured by upwelling deep-seated thermal flows, this acid dissolves the limestone, with condensation corrosion process that involve replacement of limestone rock with gypsum. This process has resulted to be more active and remarkable within the Gattulla Cave, one of the Santa Cesarea Terme sea caves. 相似文献
7.
Zechun Liu 《Geoarchaeology》1988,3(2):103-115
This paper describes the paleoclimatic changes reflected by karstic cave deposits during the Quaternary Period in China. the study was based on comprehensive analyses of the spore and pollen, paleontological, and paleoanthropological fossils as well as various kinds of sedimentological features preserved in those cave deposits. the caves studied include those containing fossils of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens in the Zhoukoudian area some 50 km southwest of Beijing and Shenxiandong (the Immortal Cave) in Leishui County, Jiangsu Province, about 120 km southeast of Nanjing. These deposits, which range in thickness from two to 40 meters, have been carefully investigated and have been shown to be representative of portions of the Quaternary. the paleoclimatic fluctuations as recorded in these cave deposits have been well correlated with glacial cycles within the Brunhes Normal Epoch based on the oxygen isotope scale determined from deep ocean cores. 相似文献
8.
Thermokarst features occur widely in the younger ice-cored moraines and kame terraces in the Dry Valleys region of Victoria Land, Antarctica Common forms are melt dolines, caves, natural bridges, and subsurface. flow. Such features typically develop in stagnant glacial ice with a low material exchange.
The development of a thermokarst cave system near the Taylor Glacier during the southern summer of 1973–74 is described, and the role of the thermokarst process in land-form development in the Dry Valleys area is discussed. 相似文献
The development of a thermokarst cave system near the Taylor Glacier during the southern summer of 1973–74 is described, and the role of the thermokarst process in land-form development in the Dry Valleys area is discussed. 相似文献
9.
Foraminifera in elevated Bermudian caves provide further evidence for +21 m eustatic sea level during Marine Isotope Stage 11 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Peter J. van Hengstum David B. Scott Emmanuelle J. Javaux 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(19-20):1850-1860
Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of marine isotope stage (MIS) 11 deposits in small Bermudian caves at +21 m above modern sea level: (1) a +21 m MIS 11 eustatic sea-level highstand, and (2) a MIS 11 mega-tsunami event. Importantly, the foraminifera reported in these caves have yet to be critically evaluated within a framework of coastal cave environments. After statistically comparing foraminifera in modern Bermudian littoral caves and the MIS 11 Calonectris Pocket A (+21 m cave) to the largest available database of Bermudian coastal foraminifera, the assemblages found in modern littoral caves – and Calonectris Pocket A – cannot be statistically differentiated from lagoons. This observation is expected considering littoral caves are simply sheltered extensions of a lagoon environment in the littoral zone, where typical coastal processes (waves, storms) homogenize and rework lagoonal, reefal, and occasional planktic taxa. Fossil protoconchs of the Bermudian cave stygobite Caecum caverna were also associated with the foraminifera. These results indicate that the MIS 11 Bermudian caves are fossil littoral caves (breached flank margin caves), where the total MIS 11 microfossil assemblage is preserving a signature of coeval sea level at +21 m. Brackish foraminifera (Polysaccammina, Pseudothurammina) and anchialine gastropods (95%, >300 individuals) indicate a brackish anchialine habitat developed in the elevated caves after the prolonged littoral environmental phase. The onset of sea-level regression following the +21 m highstand would first lower the ancient brackish Ghyben-Herzberg lens (<0.5 m) and flood the cave with brackish water, followed by drainage of the cave to create a permanent vadose environment. These interpretations of the MIS 11 microfossils (considering both taphonomy and paleoecology) are congruent with the micropaleontological, hydrogeological and physical mechanisms influencing modern Bermudian coastal cave environments. In conclusion, we reject the mega-tsunami hypothesis, concur with the +21 m MIS 11 eustatic sea-level hypothesis, and reiterate the need to resolve the disparity between global marine isotopic records and the physical geologic evidence for sea level during MIS 11. 相似文献
10.
A strong geochemical gradient was observed in the thick overburden aquifer of the Asa drainage basin. Different types of
groundwater occur at different (downslope) locations and groundwater table depths. The following sequence was noticed with
increasing distance downslope or with increasing groundwater table depth:
1. Ca–Mg–HCO3 water at about 390-m groundwater table elevations or upslope locations.
2. Ca–Mg–HCO3–Cl water at middle-slope locations or groundwater table elevations of about 350 m above sea level;
3. Ca–Mg–SO4–Cl water at downslope locations or groundwater table elevations of about 300 m above sea level.
In this basin, changes in the type of water are expected at about every 40–50 m depth from the surface. Statistical analysis
via the determination of the correlation coefficient (r) and regression analysis shows that about 80–99% of the variation in groundwater chemistry is accounted for by the topography,
using the model presented in this paper. The rate of change in the sequence will depend on the permeability of the aquifer,
which determines the rate of groundwater flow and the residence time, and the nature of recharge.
Received: 4 February 1997 · Accepted: 22 July 1997 相似文献
11.
在现代岩溶地质考察中,岩溶区因多期次幕式构造抬升运动而形成多级岩溶台面,每级岩溶台面的排泄基准面(潜水面)控制一期洞穴发育。塔河油田海西早期形成了复杂的碳酸盐岩岩溶洞穴系统,纵向上呈现多层性特征,是油气勘探的重点。因此,为了深入认识和阐述洞穴层发育机制,以现代岩溶理论为指导,基于三维地震资料,采用水系汇流点法、侵蚀阶地法、上超终止法并结合地貌特征,对塔河油田主体区海西早期岩溶台面进行划分,并在岩溶台面约束下进行洞穴层对比。研究结果表明:(1)塔河油田主体区发育4级岩溶台面。岩溶台面1形成时代最早,台面3面积最大。(2)主要发育3套洞穴层,具有明显的层状分布特征,台面3的洞穴层规模最大。3套洞穴层在垂向上并不构成大范围重叠,仅台面3控制的洞穴溯源侵蚀穿越台面向上游发育,说明洞穴层形成时的构造稳定期长。其他台面洞穴层并未穿跨台面发育,说明洞穴层形成时的构造稳定期短,潜水面控制下洞穴溯源侵蚀范围比较有限。 相似文献
12.
海平面周期性升降变化与岩溶洞穴层序次关系探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
层序地层学理论为全球或跨地区的等时地层对比提供了理论和技术方法,它对洞穴层的跨地区对比及序次分析同样适用。从洞穴层的发育期总是与水平面稳定期对应关系出发,通过水平面周期性升降变化与岩溶洞穴层序次关系研究,探索层序地层学与岩溶学交叉学科研究领域中的一些基本问题。认为同一个水平面稳定期发育的所有水平洞穴可形成一个跨地区对比的洞穴层,岩溶旋回应包括侵蚀基准面上升和下降两种旋回,在海平面的间歇性上升(或下降)过程中可以发育多个水平洞穴层及下老上新(或上老下新)的洞穴层序列。在总结前人研究成果及美国YATE油田、四川峨眉山剖面、塔河油田实例分析基础上,概括了3种受海平面间歇性上升(或下降)变化控制的洞穴层序次模式,包括层序地层内部同生期岩溶形成的下老上新的洞穴层序次,以及碳酸盐岩陆块近地表风华壳岩溶形成的上老下新和下老上新的洞穴层序列。利用塔河油田早海西期古岩溶地质条件、洞穴充填结构等直接和间接证据,求证该洞穴系统的洞穴层序次,指出该特大洞穴系统为晚泥盆-早石炭世海平面间歇性上升过程中形成的下老上新的洞穴层序列,并由此推测塔里木盆地早海西期大规模岩溶的时代。指出利用水平洞穴层同时期形成的沉积地层等地质体可以确定洞穴层的形成年代,预测洞穴的发育分布。 相似文献
13.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(7-8):876-893
The Quaternary sedimentary record of Sal Island includes marine and related aeolian and alluvial fan deposits. The substratum of the island is volcanic, with ages between 25 and 0.6 Ma. Quaternary marine units generally occur as raised marine terraces forming a broad staircase between elevations of 55–60 m and present sea level. Terraces include a basal conglomerate overlaid by calcarenite; both host corals, algae and molluscs.A chronostratigraphic framework for the Middle Pleistocene to Holocene units has been generated based on a geomorphologic map of the Quaternary landforms and associated deposits and morphosedimentary analysis, with support of laboratory dating: U-series by TIMS in corals, 14C analyses, palaeomagnetic measurements, and K/Ar ages from other literature. U-series dating of corals from marine terraces provides benchmarks for the Last Interglacial (Oxygen Isotope Substage 5e) and Holocene deposits. The present elevation of the marine terraces and their staircase arrangement suggest a change in vertical movement trend around 330 ka from an uplift to either subsidence or stabilization. 相似文献
14.
15.
洞穴分布特征及地貌演化研究是洞穴科普活动及洞穴旅游开发与管理的重要支撑。为进一步了解九洞天景区洞穴系统大型串珠式天窗群的分布特征及规律,对溶洞的规模、形态、发育方向及分布高程进行实地考察。将地理学“将今论古”的思想与地理信息系统工具相结合,探讨九洞天洞穴系统的空间展布特征及其地貌演化过程。结果表明:九洞天洞穴系统发育地层以二叠系茅口组地层为主,发育受断层节理和水文条件控制,溶洞发育方向多为北北东、北西和东南方向,与区域构造线基本一致;受第四纪间歇性抬升运动和侵蚀基准面控制的影响,洞穴系统垂向分布大致集中在1 150~1 220 m、 1 220~1 270 m、1 270~1 340 m三个海拔范围内,与区内古河道垂向分布具有相似性;九洞天洞穴系统和地貌演化经历油菜河伏流及底纳寨干谷形成期、梯子崖伏流及张家寨干谷形成期、九洞天伏流和大天桥干谷形成期三次大的发育阶段,形成九洞天景区天窗溶洞、明暗流和古河道并存的典型喀斯特格局。 相似文献
16.
Presently, 235 submerged caves and pits have been recorded along the Croatian coast and islands, partly or completely submerged
by sea water. Contrary to the inland situation, recorded submerged features are predominantly horizontal (60%), though there
are indications that the real situation is similar to that of the continental part where 69% are vertical pits. Completely
marine conditions are established in 126 caves and the rest are anchihaline caves and submarine springs. Speleothems are found
in more than 140 caves. By their origin, the investigated caves are all continental features formed in Mesozoic and Palaeogene
carbonates, subsequently submerged owing to sea transgression. Due to the relatively low wave energy, rapid sea level rise
and maturity of the host rock, they do not fit into concepts of a sea cave or a flank margin cave development, but they fulfil
several conditions for being the blue holes. Since the term ‘blue hole’ is mainly associated with the Bahamian karst, our
attempt is only to show the possible similarities with no intention of ascribing that term to the Croatian caves. Beside karstological
issues, Croatian submerged caves are unique environmental, archaeological and tourism assets. 相似文献
17.
Pleistocene speleothems of Mallorca: implications for palaeoclimate and carbonate diagenesis in mixing zones 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Pleistocene speleothems of Sa Bassa Blanca cave, Mallorca, are excellent indicators of palaeoclimate variations, and are samples that allow evaluation of the products and processes of mixing‐zone diagenesis in an open‐water cave system. Integrated stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical data from a horizontal core of speleothem identified two main origins for speleothem precipitates: meteoric‐marine mixing zone and meteoric‐vadose zone. Mixing‐zone precipitates formed at and just below the water–air interface of cave pools during interglacial times, when the cave was flooded as a result of highstand sea‐level. Mixing‐zone precipitates include bladed and dendritic high‐Mg calcite, microporous‐bladed calcite with variable Mg content, and acicular aragonite; their presence suggests that calcium‐carbonate cementation is significant in the studied mixing‐zone system. Fluid inclusion salinities, δ13C and δ18O compositions of the mixing‐zone precipitates suggest that mixing ratio was not the primary control on whether precipitation or dissolution occurred, rather, the proximity to the water table and degassing of CO2 at the interface, were the major controls on precipitation. Thus, simple two‐end‐member mixing models may apply only in mixing zones well below the water table. Meteoric‐vadose speleothems include calcite and high‐Mg calcite with columnar and bladed morphologies. Vadose speleothems precipitated during glacial stages when sea level was lower than present. Progressive increase in δ13C and δ18O of the vadose speleothems resulted from cooling temperatures and more positive seawater δ18O associated with glacial buildup. Such covariation could be considered as a valid alternative to models predicting invariant δ18O and highly variable δ13C in meteoric calcite. Glacio‐eustatic oscillations of sea‐level are recorded as alternating vadose and mixing‐zone speleothems. Short‐term climatic variations are recorded as alternating aragonite and calcite speleothems precipitated in the mixing zone. Fluid‐inclusion and stable‐isotope data suggest that aragonite, as opposed to calcite, precipitated during times of reduced meteoric recharge. 相似文献
18.
开放洞穴环境变化特征及其影响因素:以桂林凉风洞为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过对桂林凉风洞洞穴内、外温湿度、pCO2进行连续高频监测,发现洞穴温度受大气度温影响呈现出季节性变化规律。由于受到洞穴结构的阻隔作用影响,洞穴由外向里的温度变化幅度逐渐变小,并且响应的时间存在季节性差异。监测数据表明:洞穴内部温度的季节性变化幅度明显低于洞外气温变化幅度。比较洞内、外温度的时间序列发现,在季节尺度上洞穴温度升温阶段滞后时间长（与外部通风的气温流动交换慢）,降温阶段滞后时间短（与外部通风的气温流动交换快,呈现突变特征）,这可能与不同季节洞穴内部结构的“缓冲作用”的强弱变化有关。该洞穴空气中pCO2存在明显的夏季高、冬季低的季节性变化特征。并且外界大气环境季节性变化和洞穴上覆动植物的季节性活动,使得洞穴pCO2主控因素也存在季节性差异。 相似文献
19.
K. G. Grimes 《Environmental Geology》1994,23(2):134-148
The South-East Karst Province of South Australia is an extensive area of low relief with dolines, cenotes, uvalas, and a variety of cave types developed in the soft, porous, flat-lying Tertiary Gambier Limestone and also as syngenetic karst in the overlying calcarenite dunes of the Pleistocene Bridgewater Formation. The most spectacular surface karst features are the large collapse dolines, especially those that extend below the water table to form cenotes. Shallow swampy hollows occur in superficial Quaternary sediments. These are an enigmatic feature of the Bool Region, where all gradations appear to occur between definite karst dolines and nonkarstic hollows. Some depressions may be polygenetic—involving a combination of: (1) primary depositional hollows on coastal flats or in dune fields, (2) deflation, and (3) karst solution and subsidence. There are extensive underwater cave systems in the southern part of the province, and the bulk of the cave development there may well lie below the present water table, although these systems would have been at least partly drained during the lower sea levels of the last glacial period. Systematic variations within the province reflect differences in the parent rock types, the extent and nature of the cover and, most importantly, the hydrology—in particular the depth to the water table and its gradient. 相似文献
20.
北京石花洞是中国北方已探明洞穴中次生碳酸盐沉积规模最大、种类最丰富的洞穴;石花洞的景观美学价值和科学价值,在我国北方岩溶洞穴中占有重要地位。2013年7月,为了获取石花洞发育规模、空间结构等基本数据,采用国际通用洞穴测量方法,运用激光测距仪、罗盘和倾角仪,辅以Onstation洞穴绘图软件和ArcMap10软件对石花洞洞穴开展了全面的调查和测绘。结果显示:(1) 石花洞洞穴系统整体呈北西西-南东东向展布,长度为5 639 m,洞底投影面积为37 096 m2,洞底高差为172 m,洞内最高点海拔约为265 m,最低点海拔约为93 m。洞穴系统的发育演化主要受地层产状与北东向和北西向两组断层控制;(2) 石花洞洞穴系统分为五层,自上而下,各层洞道平均海拔依次为249 m, 211 m, 154 m, 111 m和95 m;(3) 最底第五层季节性地下河洞道长1 638 m,自西北向东南方向贯穿整个洞穴系统,依干湿季水文条件的差别,地下水以季节性涨落为主要特征,有多段有水通道;地下河道下游末端为叉状河道,崩塌明显,洞壁上无明显流纹发育;(4) 综合石花洞地下河走向和流向、洞穴发育控制因素和区域地层产状特征、石花洞与周边洞穴的空间位置关系,推测孔水洞是石花洞洪水期的排泄口。 相似文献