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1.
冰架是南极冰盖物质损失的主要出口。南极冰架动态变化和物质平衡的研究对揭示南极地区的气候变化具有重要的参考价值。本文从表面融化、冰流速、前缘崩解、底部融化和物质平衡五个方面入手,对近些年来南极冰架变化监测的研究进展进行梳理和归纳总结,综述了它们的观测方法、观测结果、机制分析及当前面临的问题。极地观测卫星和现场观测网络的发展、冰架多维度综合分析及数值模拟研究的推进,将有助于进一步揭示冰架变化因子之间的耦合作用及其演变机制,为全球增温影响南极冰盖/冰架的物理机制研究及其变化预测提供重要依据。 相似文献
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基于19个人工气象站1961—2017年风速风向实测数据对南极冰盖近地面风速时空变化和风向进行了分析。结果表明：近50年来,南极冰盖近地面各季节平均风速和年平均风速变化的空间模式基本一致。东南极0°~120° E沿海地区风速呈显著上升趋势;南极半岛气象站风速变化趋势各异,且变化速率相差甚大,但从区域平均结果来看,南极半岛年和季节平均风速均呈上升趋势。这与近几十来局地气温、气压变化及南半球环状模趋向于正位相发展有关。东南极受下降风和绕极东风影响,大部分地区盛行偏南风或偏东风,且频率较高风向稳定;而受天气活动影响,南极半岛风向复杂,主风向频率低,风向多变。 相似文献
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格陵兰冰盖的表面融化通过物质平衡影响全球海平面上升,同时也是气候变化的灵敏指示器。本文基于增强分辨率的被动微波日亮温数据,使用自动气象站的气温记录,评估了进行冰盖表面融化探测的改进的亮温日较差(Advanced Diurnal Amplitude Variations,ADAV)方法和另外4种常用方法(M+30 K、ALA、MEMLS1和MEMLS2)的探测效果,通过总体精度和Kappa系数证实了ADAV方法探测冰盖表面融化的可行性与可靠性。在此基础上,基于ADAV方法进一步分析格陵兰冰盖表面融化的时空变化特征,发现1996—2021年格陵兰冰盖所有区域都发生过表面融化,融化最剧烈的区域分布于冰盖边缘,南部较北部融化范围更大、融化天数更多。极端融化事件导致冰盖融化范围波动较大,而融化指数呈现增长趋势,增长速率为5.24×105 d·km2·a-1。且表面融化具有向内陆高海拔地区扩张的趋势,融化天数为11～30 d、31～50 d、51～70 d的区域,26年间的平均高程都发生了显著的增长,增长速率分别为13.06 m·a... 相似文献
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《矿物学报》2016,(2)
月球微波亮温数据是研究月球表面物理性质的重要数据源。本文基于嫦娥二号微波辐射计37 GHz通道微波亮温数据,计算了亮温数据月球地方时,获取了月球一天中不同时间段的12幅月表微波亮温分布图。其中,月球白天亮温正异常区("热区")和月球夜晚点状亮温负异常区("冷点")是最为显著两类亮温单元。"热区"和"冷点"具有独特的亮温特征和昼夜变化规律:相对周围环境,"热区"在月球白天亮温明显偏高,夜晚亮温较低,"冷点"在月球夜晚亮温明显偏低,白天亮温略高;与同纬度地区相比,"热区"和"冷点"的升温和降温速率都较大。对比分析月表影像图、Ti O2含量、物理温度和石块含量数据,我们发现:"热区"对应月海区Ti O2含量较高,同纬度地区的亮温和Ti O2含量呈明显正相关,较高Ti O2含量是"热区"形成的主要因素;大部分"冷点"中心都对应着年轻辐射纹撞击坑,"冷点"中心夜晚物理温度和岩石含量较高,"冷点"地区亮温与其夜晚温度和石块含量呈负相关分布,较高的石块含量是"冷点"形成的主要因素。 相似文献
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中国南极气象考察与全球变化研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
利用中国南极长城气象站和中山气象台常规气象观测及与气象有关的科学考察资料 ,对中国南极气象台站的气候和大气环境特征及其对全球变化的响应进行了研究。研究结果表明 ,南极和邻近地区气候变化存在着时间、空间上的多样性。中国南极长城站和中山站正好处于南极半岛和东南极两个不同的气候区。近 10余年来 ,当位于南极半岛地区的长城站显著增温时 ,位于东南极的中山站恰有较明显的降温趋势。南极地区的温度变化趋势与全球平均变化有较大差异。这种变化和差异很难简单地用全球温室效应来解释。近 7年来 ,中山站地区的大气臭氧总量有减少趋势 ,与全球大气臭氧总量变化趋势相同。在南极地区 ,进一步加强国际合作 ,继续监测包括近地面温度在内的大气要素的变化 ,积极获取代用资料 ,仍是全球变化研究的重要内容之一。 相似文献
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在微波散射计的简单冰盖融化物理模型的基础上, 提出了不依赖于实地观测数据的自动阈值分割的南极冰盖冻融探测的新算法, 即利用广义高斯模型对通过微波散射计简单冰盖融化物理模型变换得到的数据做直方图统计, 得到干湿雪划分的最优阈值, 从而得到干湿雪的冻融分布图. 这种算法不但解决了物理模型算法需依赖实测冰盖融化信息才能进行冰盖冻融探测的问题, 而且能自动选择较多的样本, 提高了冰盖冻融探测的计算效率、 实用性和可操作性. 算法也能被应用到其他地区, 为全球的冰盖冻融探测提供了方法学的支持和补充. 相似文献
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南北极是研究全球变化的关键区域。＂十一五＂期间我国在南极地区系统开展了东南极冰盖/冰架变化监测与预测技术研究,对认识全球气候变化具有重要作用。通过项目实施,建立和发展了一批现场观测体系,发展了冰盖观测新技术并集成应用于东南极冰盖的综合观测,拓展了对冰穹A地区的新认识和新发现;在冰穹A边缘地区钻取的一支浅冰芯恢复了过去约780年的气候记录,记录了东南极地区存在小冰期的明显证据;发展了东南极冰盖积累和等时年层流动模型,研究在冰盖浅层、中层和深部的变化特征,反演了冰穹A地区的古积累率分布。本文概要介绍该项目基本情况。 相似文献
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南极海冰和陆架冰的时空变化动态 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用美国冰中心和雪冰中心提供的海冰资料和我国南极考察现场的海冰观测资料, 对南极海冰的长期变化进行了研究.结果表明: 20世纪70年代后期是多冰期; 80年代是少冰期; 90年代南极海冰属于上升趋势, 后期偏多; 区域性变化差别大, 东南极海冰偏多, 西南极海冰即南极半岛两侧特别是威德尔海(Weddell Sea)区和别林斯高晋海(Bellingshausen Sea)的冰明显偏少.东南极和西南极海冰的变化趋势总是反相的.90年代后期普里兹湾的海冰明显偏多, 南极大陆陆架冰外缘线总体没有明显的收缩, 有崩解也有再生的自然变化现象.西南极威德尔海的龙尼冰架(Ronne Ice Shelf)和罗斯海冰架(Ross Ice Shelf)东部崩解和收缩趋势明显, 东南极的冰架也有崩解和收缩, 但没有西南极明显.陆架冰崩解向海洋输送的冰山对全球海平面升高有一定的影响.目前, 南极冰盖断裂崩解形成的冰山, 向海洋输入的水量可使全球海平面上升约14 mm.南极海冰没有随着全球气候温暖化而明显减少, 而是按照东南极和西南极反相的变化规律进行周期性的变化、调整和制约. 相似文献
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《地球科学进展》2016,(2)
近年来,南极冰架发生较多消融、崩解等现象。利用已有的1997年和2000年的Radarsat全南极海岸线产品、2003/2004年和2008/2009年的MODIS全南极海岸线产品,以及基于2006年、2012年和2015年MODIS影像提取的海岸线,共7期数据,对南极Ross,Filchner-Ronne和Amery三大冰架前端的变化进行了分析,以变化面积、累积变化量(Shoreline Change Envelope,SCE)和净变化量(Net Shoreline Movement,NSM)3个指标来评估冰架前端的变化。结果表明,1997—2015年,Amery冰架一直呈现增长趋势,前端大部分区域往外延伸20~25 km,增长面积达3.03×103km2;Ross冰架和Filchner-Ronne冰架在发生崩解后受上游冰川推进作用仍不断向外增长,但增长面积小于崩解退缩面积,冰架面积分别减少9.39×103km2和5.86×103km2,冰架崩解区域前端退缩最大达到53 km和39 km。 相似文献
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国际南极冰盖与海平面变化研究述评 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
海平面上升是全球变暖的主要后果之一。尽管有少数冰川学家认为,气候变暖并不能确保雪积累量的显著增加,同时可能出现冰流的突然变化,因此南极冰盖在未来海平面变化中的作用存在很大的不确定性。但近几十年来南极半岛气温的急剧上升,已使大量的冰架崩解。冰架崩解并不对海平面产生真正的影响,但反映出南极洲气候与冰川存在急剧变化的可能。 相似文献
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Pravin K. Rana Mihir K. Dash A. Routray P. C. Pandey 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2011,78(2):99-108
Antarctic sea ice cover plays an important role in shaping the earth’s climate, primarily by insulating the ocean from the
atmosphere and increasing the surface albedo. The convective processes accompanied with the sea ice formation result bottom
water formation. The cold and dense bottom water moves towards the equator along the ocean basins and takes part in the global
thermohaline circulation. Sea ice edge is a potential indicator of climate change. Additionally, fishing and commercial shipping
activities as well as military submarine operations in the polar seas need reliable ice edge information. However, as the
sea ice edge is unstable in time, the temporal validity of the estimated ice edge is often shorter than the time required
to transfer the information to the operational user. Hence, an accurate sea ice edge prediction as well as determination is
crucial for fine-scale geophysical modeling and for near-real-time operations. In this study, active contour modelling (known
as Snake model) and non-rigid motion estimation techniques have been used for predicting the sea ice edge (SIE) in the Antarctic.
For this purpose the SIE has been detected from sea ice concentration derived using special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I)
observations. The 15% sea ice concentration pixels are being taken as the edge pixel between ice and water. The external force,
gradient vector flow (GVF), of SIE for total the Antarctic region is parameterised for daily as well as weekly data set. The
SIE is predicted at certain points using a statistical technique. These predicted points have been used to constitute a SIE
using artificial intelligence technique, the gradient vector flow (GVF). The predicted edge has been validated with that of
SSM/I. It is found that all the major curvatures have been captured by the predicated edge and it is in good agreement with
that of the SSM/I observation. 相似文献
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《Earth》2009,95(1-4):79-94
In this paper, we examine the nature of the Pliocene Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet by comparing the terrestrial and marine geological records of the Antarctic Peninsula and surrounding sea floor with estimated net snow accumulation in the region derived from numerical palaeoclimate model experiments. Pliocene geological data and our new modelling results are consistent and mutually supportive in suggesting that an ice sheet was present even during the warmest episodes of the Pliocene. The combined results suggest that the ice sheet in the Antarctic Peninsula is more robust to globally warmer conditions than is generally assumed, at least up to the climatic limits examined in our study. 相似文献
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以1996年7月我国南方暴雨水灾为例,研究了暴雨水灾时星载微波SSM/I的遥感数据,分析了SSM/I7个通道辐射亮度温度的极化散射和辐射特征,定义了识别降雨的散射指数SI,水灾警戒指数FI,和辐射极化指数PI.用SSM/I的观察数据,讨论了暴雨水灾时这些指数的时间和空间的特征性变化,给出了SSM/I数据对于1996年7月暴雨和水灾的识别,以及全月降雨异常值的空间分布。 相似文献
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Marine ice sheets are grounded on land which was below sea level before it became depressed under the ice-sheet load. They are inherently unstable and, because of bedrock topography after depression, the collapse of a marine ice sheet may be very rapid. In this paper equations are derived that can be used to make a quantitative estimate of the maximum size of a marine ice sheet and of when and how rapidly retreat would take place under prescribed conditions. Ice-sheet growth is favored by falling sea level and uplift of the seabed. In most cases the buttressing effect of a partially grounded ice shelf is a prerequisite for maximum growth out to the edge of the continental shelf. Collapse is triggered most easily by eustatic rise in sea level, but it is possible that the ice sheet may self-destruct by depressing the edge of the continental shelf so that sea depth is increased at the equilibrium grounding line.Application of the equations to a hypothetical “Ross Ice Sheet” that 18,000 yr ago may have covered the present-day Ross Ice Shelf indicates that, if the ice sheet existed, it probably extended to a line of sills parallel to the edge of the Ross Sea continental shelf. By allowing world sea level to rise from its late-Wisconsin minimum it was possible to calculate retreat rates for individual ice streams that drained the “Ross Ice Sheet.” For all the models tested, retreat began soon after sea level began to rise (～15,000 yr B.P.). The first 100 km of retreat took between 1500 and 2500 yr but then retreat rates rapidly accelerated to between 0.5 and 25 km yr?1, depending on whether an ice shelf was present or not, with corresponding ice velocities across the grounding line of 4 to 70 km yr?1. All models indicate that most of the present-day Ross Ice Shelf was free of grounded ice by about 7000 yr B.P. As the ice streams retreated floating ice shelves may have formed between promontories of slowly collapsing stagnant ice left behind by the rapidly retreating ice streams. If ice shelves did not form during retreat then the analysis indicates that most of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet would have collapsed by 9000 yr B.P. Thus, the present-day Ross Ice Shelf (and probably the Ronne Ice Shelf) serves to stabilize the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which would collapse very rapidly if the ice shelves were removed. This provides support for the suggestion that the 6-m sea-level high during the Sangamon Interglacial was caused by collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet after climatic warming had sufficiently weakened the ice shelves. Since the West Antarctic Ice Sheet still exists it seems likely that ice shelves did form during Holocene retreat. Their effect was to slow and, finally, to halt retreat. The models that best fit available data require a rather low shear stress between the ice shelf and its sides, and this implies that rapid shear in this region encouraged the formation of a band of ice with a preferred crystal fabric, as appears to be happening today in the floating portions of fast bounded glaciers.Rebound of the seabed after the ice sheet had retreated to an equilibrium position would allow the ice sheet to advance once more. This may be taking place today since analysis of data from the Ross Ice Shelf indicates that the southeast corner is probably growing thicker with time, and if this persists then large areas of ice shelf must become grounded. This would restrict drainage from West Antarctic ice streams which would tend to thicken and advance their grounding lines into the ice shelf. 相似文献
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《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(17-18):2113-2127
We compare numerical predictions of glaciation-induced sea-level change to data from 8 locations around the Antarctic coast in order to test if the available data preclude the possibility of a dominant Antarctic contribution to meltwater pulse IA (mwp-IA). Results based on a subset of 7 spherically symmetric earth viscosity models and 6 different Antarctic deglaciation histories indicate that the sea-level data do not rule out a large Antarctic source for this event. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the Weddell Sea is the most likely source region for a large (∼9 m) Antarctic contribution to mwp-IA. The Ross Sea is also plausible as a significant contributor (∼5 m) from a sea-level perspective, but glacio-geological field observations are not compatible with such a large and rapid melt from this region. Our results suggest that the Lambert Glacier component of the East Antarctic ice sheet experienced significant retreat at the time of mwp-IA, but only contributed ∼0.15 m (eustatic sea-level change). All of the ice models considered under-predicted the isostatic component of the sea-level response in the Antarctic Peninsula and the Sôya Coast region of the East Antarctic ice sheet, indicating that the maximum ice thickness in these regions is underestimated. It is therefore plausible that ice melt from these areas, the Antarctic Peninsula in particular, could have made a significant contribution to mwp-IA. 相似文献
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Evidence is presented for a more extensive ice cover over South Georgia, the South Orkney Islands, the South Shetland Islands, and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Ice extended across the adjacent submarine shelves to a depth of 200 m below present sea level. Troughs cut into the submarine shelves by ice streams or outlet glaciers and ice-scoured features on the shelf areas suggest that the ice caps were warm-based. The South Shetland Islands appear not to have been overrun by continental ice. Geomorphological evidence in two island groups suggests that the maximum ice cover, which was responsible for the bulk of glacial erosion, predates at least one full glaciation. Subsequently there was a marine interval and then a glaciation which overran all of the lowlying peninsulas. The Falkland Islands, only 2° of latitude north of South Georgia, were never covered by an ice cap and supported only a few slightly enlarged cirque glaciers. This suggests that the major oceanographic and atmospheric boundary represented by the Antarctic Convergence, which is presently situated between the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, has remained in a similar position throughout the glacial age. Its position is probably bathymetrically controlled. 相似文献
19.
Oleg Rybak Evgeny Volodin Polina Morozova Artiom Nevecherja 《Journal of Earth System Science》2018,127(2):28
Elaboration of a modern Earth system model (ESM) requires incorporation of ice sheet dynamics. Coupling of an ice sheet model (ICM) to an AOGCM is complicated by essential differences in spatial and temporal scales of cryospheric, atmospheric and oceanic components. To overcome this difficulty, we apply two different approaches for the incorporation of ice sheets into an ESM. Coupling of the Antarctic ice sheet model (AISM) to the AOGCM is accomplished via using procedures of resampling, interpolation and assigning to the AISM grid points annually averaged meanings of air surface temperature and precipitation fields generated by the AOGCM. Surface melting, which takes place mainly on the margins of the Antarctic peninsula and on ice shelves fringing the continent, is currently ignored. AISM returns anomalies of surface topography back to the AOGCM. To couple the Greenland ice sheet model (GrISM) to the AOGCM, we use a simple buffer energy- and water-balance model (EWBM-G) to account for orographically-driven precipitation and other sub-grid AOGCM-generated quantities. The output of the EWBM-G consists of surface mass balance and air surface temperature to force the GrISM, and freshwater run-off to force thermohaline circulation in the oceanic block of the AOGCM. Because of a rather complex coupling procedure of GrIS compared to AIS, the paper mostly focuses on Greenland. 相似文献