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1.
南极罗斯海特拉诺瓦湾(Terra Nova Bay)是强下降风汇集区之一。采用高分辨率南极中尺度预报系统(Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System,AMPS)资料和特拉诺瓦湾难言岛Manuela自动气象站实测数据,分析了特拉诺瓦湾及其附近地区的下降风特征。AMPS对难言岛地区风速和气温有较好的模拟能力,但风向比实测值偏西约30°。难言岛地区风速从1月开始迅速增大,4—9月风力平均为8级以上。难言岛夏季1月份的风速变化滞后气温变化约3 h;冬季7月份风向稳定为西至西南。特拉诺瓦湾及其附近地区下降风来自西岸海拔较高的冰盖,其风向的空间分布特征基本几乎不随季节而变化。下降风风速有显著的季节演变特征,11月至次年1月较小,3—9月风速较大。特拉诺瓦湾西岸等几处冰川地带在冬季是强风汇集区,难言岛处于Reeves冰川下降风汇集区中。该汇集区上边界和南北两侧均有清晰的分界线,风速较强区从地面延伸至650—800 m高处,风速最大值距离地面高度约为50—200 m。强下降风气流受难言岛地形阻挡,风速有所减弱,气流越过难言岛之后,风速再次加强。特拉诺瓦湾地区下降风流动过程中近地面气团位势温度变化幅度很小,表明下降风在从内陆高原到沿岸地区的流动是干绝热过程。 相似文献
2.
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠22个气象站（周边21个站和沙漠腹地1个塔中站）2005—2007年的逐时风记录数据,首先基于输沙势定义计算了2007年各测站的16个方位的输沙势;其次以内积相似度指数聚类分析为基础,再结合其空间分布特点,把该沙漠的动力输沙环境划分为5种类型：沙漠东部库尔勒型（西西南型）、北部新和型（偏南型）、西部策勒型（偏东型）、南部民丰型（东东北型）和一种特殊类型;其中策勒型输沙势最大、新和型最小;民丰型输沙势方向稳定性最好、库尔勒型最差;此外,输沙势的季节差异上（2007年为例）,各测站春夏季（3~8月）的输沙势都很强,占年均输沙势的81.29%~98.79%,尤其是5月份占年输沙势的22.7%~56.8%,冬季（11月~次年2月）几乎无起沙风;沙漠合成输沙势年际变化表现为：输沙势变幅为±33%,输沙方向变幅为±9.6°,其中输沙势值变幅最大是阿拉尔站（±80%）,方向变幅最大的是库车站（±24.4°）。 相似文献
3.
新疆淖毛湖气象站位于东天山与阿尔泰山之间的峡谷盆地中,多大风和沙尘天气。淖毛湖站与周边邻近站相比,对下游沙尘暴天气监测预警有明显的指示意义。作者在分析了2000年春季淖毛湖地区与我国北方地区沙尘暴天气的关系后认为:处于西北冷空气路径咽喉要道的淖毛湖地区与我国西北中部及内蒙古中西部地区的沙尘暴天气不但有极高的相关关系,而且有明显的先兆反映。其中,淖毛湖地区大风、沙尘暴等天气现象,淖毛湖气象站日最大风速、风速风向的时间变化是预报西北中部、内蒙古中西部等地区沙尘暴天气的重要参考指标。淖毛湖气象站的大风、沙尘等天气与下游地区的沙尘暴天气有较好的对应关系。西北路径冷空气必经之地的淖毛湖,其日最大风速和风向的时间变化,可作为预测我国西北中部、东部和内蒙古中西部等地区沙尘暴天气的指标。事实说明,淖毛湖气象站是监测和预测我国下游地区沙尘暴天气较为理想的上游指标站。 相似文献
4.
本文介绍了中国第3座南极常年考察站新站址候选地——罗斯海难言岛的基本信息。通过对设在其上的自动气象站的观测数据分析表明,近地面风场主要由下降风控制,西-西北风是6级以上大风的主要风向,最大风力可达12级以上,1月、11月、12月是平均风力较小的三个月份。通过分析基于CFSR海冰资料的Polar-WRF模式模拟结果发现:Polar-WRF模式能模拟出和实测资料十分一致的下降风风场,分辨率越高越能更好的模拟出下降风的特点。难言岛附近强劲的西-西北向下降风是地形强迫的结果;来自Reeves冰川的气流是下降风的主要来源。大风的水平分布范围约为50 km。海拔1 400—300 m为下降风的加速关键区,风速最大的地方在海拔300 m高度的陡坡附近,下降风在抵达难言岛时,由于地面摩擦作用,风力已经有一定的衰减。模拟风场可以对观测资料做出有益的补充。 相似文献
5.
Analysis of sensible heat flux(Qh),latent heat flux(Qe),Richardson number(Ri),bulk transport coefficient(Cd) and katabatic winds are presented by using the meteorological data in the near surface layer from an automatic weather station(AWS) in Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica ice sheet and the data of corresponding period at Zhongshan station in 2002.It shows that annual mean air temperature at LGB69 is-25.6°C,which is 16.4°C lower than that at Zhongshan,where the elevation is lower and located on the coast.The temperature lapse rate is about 1.0°C/110 m for the initial from coast to inland.The turbulence heat flux at LGB69 displays obvious seasonal variations with the average sensible heat flux-17.9 W/m2 and latent heat flux-0.9 W/m2.The intensity(Qh+Qe) of coolling source is-18.8 W/m2 meaning the snow surface layer obtains heat from atmosphere.The near surface atmosphere is near-neutral stratified with bulk transport coefficients(Cd) around 2.8×10-3,and it is near constant when the wind speed higher than 8 m/s.The speed and the frequency of easterly Katabatic winds at LGB69 were higher than that at Zhongshan Station. 相似文献
6.
利用1973-2010年12个站点的年平均气温、降水量、风向、风速数据,对38 a来毛里塔尼亚气候变化和风况特征作了初步分析。结果表明:毛里塔尼亚沿海区域38 a来呈变暖趋势,北部荒漠区域和南部热带草原区域则呈现冷暖交替变化的趋势。20世纪60年代降雨量最多,70年代和80年代降雨量偏少,总体上降雨量略有减少。除沿海区域外,南部热带草原区域和北部荒漠区域少雨期和降温期相对应,多雨期与升温期相对应,降雨滞后于温度。1973-2010年月平均风速均呈现下降趋势,南部热带草原区域下降趋势较为明显,北部荒漠区域下降趋势不明显。月平均风速为春季、夏季较大,冬季次之,秋季最小。季节风热条件存在明显差异,北部风热同步,南部先同步后异步,沿海则完全不同步。各站点的年风向频率,沿海区域以北风为主,而北部荒漠区域及南部热带草原区域风向则介于东、北向之间。 相似文献
7.
太湖风生流三维数值模拟试验 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
本文建立了一个适合太湖的三维水动力学模式，考虑太湖局地风场的影响，模拟了太湖的风生流，模拟结果和二维模式的计算结果相比，流速值较符合实际。另外，研究了太湖地形因子对太湖环流的影响，指出洞庭西山和洞庭东山间狭长的过道区是产生太湖大范围环流的重要原因。为了研究太湖中藻类的治理和富集问题，对不同风向作用下太湖的散度场进行了分析计算，对太湖的梅梁湾和贡湖地区进行分析，结果可归纳为三类：（１）辐合型（对应Ｓ、ＳＷ风）；（２）辐散型（对应Ｎ、ＮＥ风）；（３）并存型（对应Ｗ、ＮＷ、Ｅ、ＳＥ风）。 相似文献
8.
The summer weather characteristics of the Grove Mountain, East Antarctica, are presented based on the data obtained by Chinese National Antarctic Expedition (CHINARE) in January 1999. The result shows that the pattern of daily variation of temperature and the prevailing wind direction in Grove is similar to that of Zhongshan Station. However, the daily range of temperature and strong wind frequency are much higher than those of Zhongshan Station.The change of wind direction is close to the weather system that impacted the Grove Mountain. The warm and wet air from northern parts often causes the precipitation. The clear weather appears when controlled by eastern winds in January. 相似文献
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10.
通过黄土高原两个不同地区(浑源、洛川)沙尘与非沙尘天气花粉组合的对比来探讨主要花粉类型最大传播距离。结果表明：沙尘天气花粉汇集量明显高于非沙尘天气,特别是蒿属和藜科花粉,沙尘天气平均是非沙尘天气的3倍以上。随风速增大,花粉可能的最大源区范围明显增大。风速低于3.3 m/s时,蒿属和藜科花粉多来自100 km范围内,其他类型花粉来源范围不超过20 km;风速大于5.9 m/s时,蒿属和藜科花粉源区范围增至300 km以上;其他类型花粉不超过100 km。风速达到12.5 m/s时,蒿属及藜科最大花粉源区范围可达1000 km,其他类型花粉不超过300 km。浑源地区不论平均风速还是最大风速均明显高于洛川地区,因此,主要花粉类型可能的最大源区范围达200 km,大于洛川地区(低于100 km)。 相似文献
11.
浑善达克沙地风蚀坑形态特征及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
风蚀坑是沙质草原固定沙地活化的主要表现形式,其持续活化的结果将导致沙漠化扩展和生态环境恶化。采用实地测量方法,测定了129个风蚀坑走向、长度、宽度等形态指标。研究表明：① 研究区风蚀坑形态特征受NW、SW和W 3个风向的综合影响;② 风蚀坑走向呈WNW-ESE（112.5°）走向,有74.5%的风蚀坑走向（100°~120°）与SW风垂直,和W风呈20°左右的夹角,并影响风蚀坑的几何形状特征;③ 按风蚀坑长宽比值所反映的几何形状,可划分为卵圆形、长条形、狭长形和带形风蚀坑;依风蚀坑的地表形态特征,可划分为碟形、梯形、沟谷形、杯形和坡形5种风蚀坑。 相似文献
12.
Limited change in dune mobility in response to a large decrease in wind power in semi-arid northern China since the 1970s 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Joseph A. Mason James B. Swinehart Huayu Lu Xiaodong Miao Phueng Cha Yali Zhou 《Geomorphology》2008,102(3-4):351-363
The climatic controls on dune mobility, especially the relative importance of wind strength, remain incompletely understood. This is a key research problem in semi-arid northern China, both for interpreting past dune activity as evidence of paleoclimate and for predicting future environmental change. Potential eolian sand transport, which is approximately proportional to wind power above the threshold for sand entrainment, has decreased across much of northern China since the 1970s. Over the same period, effective moisture (ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration) has not changed significantly. This “natural experiment” provides insight on the relative importance of wind power as a control on dune mobility in three dunefields of northern China (Mu Us, Otindag, and Horqin), although poorly understood and potentially large effects of human land use complicate interpretation. Dune forms in these three regions are consistent with sand transport vectors inferred from weather station data, suggesting that wind directions have remained stable and the stations adequately represent winds that shaped the dunes. The predicted effect of weaker winds since the 1970s would be dune stabilization, with lower sand transport rates allowing vegetation cover to expand. Large portions of all three dunefields remained stabilized by vegetation in the 1970s despite high wind power. Since the 1970s, trends in remotely sensed vegetation greenness and change in mobile dune area inferred from sequential Landsat images do indicate widespread dune stabilization in the eastern Mu Us region. On the other hand, expansion of active dunes took place farther west in the Mu Us dunefield and especially in the central Otindag dunefield, with little overall change in two parts of the Horqin dunes. Better ground truth is needed to validate the remote sensing analyses, but results presented here place limits on the relative importance of wind strength as a control on dune mobility in the study areas. High wind power alone does not completely destabilize these dunes. A large decrease in wind power either has little short-term effect on the dunes, or more likely its effect is sufficiently small that it is obscured by human impacts on dune stability in many parts of the study areas. 相似文献
13.
GIS analysis at 30-m resolution reveals that effectiveness of slope-destabilizing processes in the San Francisco Bay area varies with compass direction. Nearly half the soil slip/debris flows mapped after the catastrophic rainstorm of 3–5 January 1982 occurred on slopes that face S to WSW, whereas fewer than one-quarter have a northerly aspect. Azimuthal analysis of hillside properties for susceptible terrain near the city of Oakland suggests that the skewed aspect of these landslides primarily reflects vegetation type, ridge and valley alignment, and storm–wind direction. Bedrock geology, soil expansivity, and terrain height and gradient also were influential but less so; the role of surface curvature is not wholly resolved. Normalising soil-slip aspect by that of the region's NNW-striking topography shifts the modal azimuth of soil-slip aspect from SW to SE, the direction of origin of winds during the 1982 storm—but opposite that of the prevailing WNW winds. Wind from a constant direction increases rainfall on windward slopes while diminishing it on leeward slopes, generating a modelled difference in hydrologically effective rainfall of up to 2:1 on steep hillsides in the Oakland area. This contrast is consistent with numerical simulations of wind-driven rain and with rainfall thresholds for debris-flow activity. We conclude that storm winds from the SE in January 1982 raised the vulnerability of the Bay region's many S-facing hillsides, most of which are covered in shallow-rooted shrub and grass that offer minimal resistance to soil slip. Wind-driven rainfall also appears to have controlled debris-flow location in a major 1998 storm and probably others. Incorporating this overlooked influence into GIS models of debris-flow likelihood would improve predictions of the hazard in central California and elsewhere. 相似文献
14.
中国南极新站选择在维多利亚地特拉诺瓦湾难言岛上进行建设,其气象环境状况是开展科学研究的基础工作,也是考察队员生命安全保障的基础资料。因此,通过2013年度难言岛气象站的观测资料,结合附近地区历史气象资料,对该区域气象要素特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)由于地处罗斯海与东南极冰盖交界处,难言岛年均气压为987.8 h Pa,与中山站非常接近;(2)年均温为-16.1℃,最低气温为-39.3℃,且冬季气温波动较大,标准差可达±6.0℃;(3)年均相对湿度为42.1%,年均比湿为0.6 g·kg-1且冬季比湿极低,空气非常干燥,降水量非常低;(4)盛行风向为WNW,5—7级风出现频率超过50%,但夏季风速明显低于冬季风速,一般不超过8.0 m·s~(-1),有利于中国在夏季开展工程建设和补给;(5)难言岛年总辐射量为3 342.8 MJ·m~(-2),明显低于中山站,但两站反照率非常接近。 相似文献
15.
按照经典风沙物理学理论,横向沙丘下风侧由于气流分离会产生横轴涡旋,然而我们多年来在科尔沁沙地多处开展的沙丘群考察和观测中,经常观察到西北风天气条件下丘间走廊里发育着稳定的南向和西南向气流。为了解这种次生气流的基本特征,我们选择科尔沁沙地西部一片典型横向沙丘群,利用自动气象站进行了风季强风天气的风力观测。结果表明：（1）这种次生气流比较稳定,冬季基本以南风为主,春季以西南风为主;（2）风速会大幅度降低,幅度30%~50%;（3）冬季湍流强度明显小于春季,表明不同季节的局地大气层结状况影响丘间走廊的次生气流;（4）冬季的次生气流主要加深走廊底部,协助沙丘前移,而在春季除了加深走廊外,还促进了走廊的拓宽。 相似文献
16.
《自然地理学》2013,34(5):366-380
The local topography of a landscape can have a profound influence on airflow characteristics and cause modifications to broader synoptic scale winds. This paper reports the results of a preliminary field study examining the effects of a valley on wind velocity and direction. Anemometers and wind vanes were used to measure airflow characteristics upwind, within and downwind of a 20 m deep and 175 m wide dry valley in the central Namib desert. The field data indicate an upwind region of flow acceleration, a minimum in flow velocity in the center of the valley, flow acceleration toward a maximum at the downwind valley edge and subsequent deceleration toward starting velocities downwind of this edge. The development of a flow separation region at the leading edge of the valley and the range of flow distortion are affected by the incident angle of the approaching wind to the axis of the valley. A conceptual model indicating the potential implications of these findings for aeolian sediment transport processes in the vicinity of dryland valleys is presented. 相似文献
17.
1960-2017年阿拉善高原风蚀气候侵蚀力时空演变 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据阿拉善高原8个气象站观测资料,利用联合国粮农组织公式计算风蚀气候因子指数值（C值）,分析气候侵蚀力时空演变特征。结果表明：① 阿拉善高原C值为15.0~160.0,平均为67.7。② 从空间分布来看,C值由拐子湖分别向东南、西南减小;拐子湖站高达156.1,而阿拉善高原东南部的腾格里沙漠南缘C值为20~30;西南部合黎山一带C值下降至30~35。③ 季节变化明显,春季最大,夏季次之,秋季最小;春季和夏季的C值之和约占全年的62.6%。Mann-Kendall（M-K）检验分析表明,风蚀气候侵蚀力在1990年发生突变。拐子湖站年C值增加趋势显著,其余各站年C值均显著下降。风速是阿拉善高原风蚀气候侵蚀力的决定性气象因子。 相似文献
18.
本文根据1978—1981年4年的流场,相当位温和湿度场资料讨论了夏季风年际变异与旱涝的关系,着重分析了1978—1980年3年南北半球低纬度700毫巴等压面流场来了解夏季风几支气流与旱涝的关系。 相似文献
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风成黄土对东亚冬夏季风优势期转换及起迄时间起到良好指示作用,探究风尘黄土堆积、发育特征与东亚季风演变的耦合关系十分必要。本文通过研究汉江一级阶地上覆黄土-古土壤序列的构型、磁化率、烧失量、粒度、元素组成特征,分析汉江一级阶地抬升以来黄土-古土壤序列的成因及成壤特征,探究东亚冬夏季风的演化序列。结果表明：（1）汉江上游地区黄土-古土壤序列的地层构型为表层土（MS）-近代黄土（L0）-古土壤（S0）-过渡层（Lt）-马兰黄土（L1）,磁化率、粒度、烧失量、元素组成等特征指示各地层成壤强度特征为S0>L0/Lt>L1。（2） 成壤强度指示18000 a BP以来,东亚冬夏季风演替特征为末次盛冰期冬季风强烈→全新世早期冬季风减弱→全新世中期夏季风主导→全新世晚期夏季风减弱~,冬季风强盛,其演变滞后于低纬太阳辐射变化2000~3000 a。（3）该风尘堆积物理化性质对6000~5000a BP的气候恶化期有所响应。总而言之,汉江上游一级阶地上覆黄土为风尘堆积物,指示18000a BP以来东亚季风的变迁规律及季风异常事件,能够体现北亚热带对全球气候变化及极端事件的响应。 相似文献
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