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1.
余斌  朱云波  刘秧 《水科学进展》2017,28(6):839-848
中国东部地区的地质灾害多以坡面泥石流的形式发生,预测预报坡面泥石流的发生对于开展防灾减灾具有重要意义。地形、地质和降雨三大条件是影响坡面泥石流发生的主要条件。通过选择同样地质条件和基本相同降雨条件的区域,研究影响坡面泥石流发生的地形条件,并得出可以用于坡面泥石流预报的坡面泥石流地形条件。结果表明:地形条件由坡面坡度因子、泥石流上部因子、泥石流侧面因子和临空面因子组成;较大的地形条件T对应较大的泥石流发生可能性;降雨条件由泥石流发生前的降雨量与1 h降雨量组成;得出了由地形条件T和降雨条件R组成的坡面泥石流预报条件P,P值越大,坡面泥石流发生的可能性越大。预报条件P可以预报坡面泥石流的发生。  相似文献   

2.
为了预警泥石流的发生,需要判断泥石流的易发程度。在地质和降雨条件都大致相同的条件下,因地形条件的不同,导致一个区域的沟谷暴发泥石流的频率有着明显不同,显然地形条件是控制泥石流发育的关键因素之一。以研究岷江流域上游典型沟谷为例,通过分析地形条件对泥石流发育的影响,选用岷江流域上游典型沟谷的形成区流域面积A0、形状系数F0以及沟床纵比降J03个重要参数进行研究,比较三者相互之间的关系特征而得到一个综合的地形因子G。对比研究岷江流域典型区域以及甘肃舟曲、台湾陈有兰溪地区沟谷泥石流的暴发频率和G值,比较验证后得出:在地质和降雨条件都相近的情况下,沟谷G值越大,则越利于暴发泥石流。因此,可运用地形因子G划分某区域内沟谷泥石流的易发等级。对于岷江流域典型区域的沟谷:G≥0.21极容易暴发泥石流;0.14G0.21较容易暴发泥石流;G≤0.14不容易暴发泥石流。由于地质条件和降雨情况的差异,不同地区泥石流易发等级所对应的G值也将不同。  相似文献   

3.
2016年9月15日8时至17日8时,连续强降雨导致元谋全县境内多处发生泥石流灾害,特别是2016年9月17日9时黄瓜园镇海洛村及朱布村发生特大泥石流灾害(简称"9·17"泥石流),造成严重损失。本文通过对雷弄大箐泥石流特征及形成机理分析,对预测未来泥石流的发生起很好的参考作用,为泥石流治理和防治提供依据。分析总结"9·17"泥石流灾害形成条件和特征,从降雨、地形和物源条件等方面对泥石流成因进行了研究。结果表明:丰富的前期降雨量,极高的日降雨量和短历时高雨强是泥石流的激发因素,充足的前期降雨量可以极大削弱物源地岩土体的强度;东山地区大部分泥石流沟的山坡坡度和沟床比降属于泥石流易发范围,地形条件有利于泥石流的形成;区内泥石流物质来源丰富,物源主要集中在区域性断裂和人类活动区附近,为箐沟暴发泥石流提供了必要条件。"9·17"泥石流是有利的地形、充足的物源和高强度的降雨共同作用的结果。  相似文献   

4.
矿山泥石流形成的理论动态分析--以神府东胜矿区为例   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在神府东胜矿区矿山泥石流沟道调查的基础上,系统分析了矿山泥石流形成的3个基本条件,得出结论如下:①固体物质来源充足。主要来源有:矿区建设中排放的大量弃土石渣,陡坡、临空面的崩塌堆积物,风化剥蚀形成的泻溜、坡积裙;②降雨和径流是泥石流暴发的主要外动力。经GM(1,1)包络线法预测,未来几年降雨量稳中有增;③地形比降是泥石流暴发的不可逆的趋动力。由于工程建设,沟道地形畸变,比降加大,暴发泥石流的沟道地形条件潜势很大。在泥石流形成的3要素基本满足的前提下,其暴发的关键还在于3要素的有机结合。根据泥石流固体物质含量指标,应用系统原理,讨论了潜在矿山泥石流形成3要素有机结合的随机动态过程。  相似文献   

5.
研究目的】泥石流灾害是白龙江流域分布广泛并常引起群死群伤的重大地质灾害,准确评价泥石流活动规模及其危险度,是泥石流危险性预警预报的前提,合理构建危险性预报模型是泥石流防灾减灾的关键。【研究方法】本文以研究区历史泥石流案例和对应降雨资料为基础数据,采用统计分析方法,通过分析形成泥石流关键地质环境条件及其相互关系,构建了白龙江流域潜在泥石流危险度定量评价模型,提出了两类泥石流危险级别临界判别模式。【研究结果】结果表明:(1)以泥石流活动规模、沟床平均比降、流域切割密度、不稳定沟床比例为判断因子的泥石流危险度动态定量计算模型,能快速准确预测未来不同工程情景和降雨频率工况下泥石流危险度;(2)影响降雨型泥石流发生的地形条件由流域面积、10°~40°斜坡坡度面积比、沟床平均纵比降等组成,降雨条件主要由泥石流爆发前的24 h累积降雨量、触发泥石流1 h降雨量或10 min降雨量等组成;(3)依据30条典型泥石流沟危险度计算结果,获得泥石流危险性临界判别值,提出了降雨型潜在泥石流危险性1 h预报模型(Ⅰ类)和10 min预报模型(Ⅱ类),其中Ⅰ类模型高危险度以上泥石流预测精度大于87.5%,Ⅱ类模型中等危险度以上泥石流预测精度大于80%,而两类预报模型验证准确率为83.3%。【结论】研究成果为泥石流精准预警预报提供了技术支撑,对建立中小尺度泥石流实时化预警系统具有一定参考意义。创新点:通过确定与泥石流相对应关键地质环境因子,构建了泥石流危险度动态定量评价模型,依据泥石流危险性1 h和10 min临界判别模式可准确实现潜在泥石流预警预报。  相似文献   

6.
泥石流是一种多发的地质灾害,常对人民生命财产安全带来极大的威胁,其暴发不仅与降雨有关,还与众多地质环境因子相关。本文以流域面积、松散物质比率、沟床平均坡度为地质因子,以最大小时雨强(T)和总降雨量(R)的乘积作为降雨指数,在获取的泥石流地质因子和降雨指数因子综合样本库的基础上,采用遗传规划法建立了泥石流临界降雨指数智能预测模型,克服了以往以雨量为单一指标的预警模型的弊端,模型验证结果显示,泥石流预测精度高、适应性强。  相似文献   

7.
2010年8月13日四川都江堰市龙池地区暴发了特大规模的群发性暴雨型泥石流过程,给龙池地区的震后恢复重建带来了巨大的灾难,因此,研究该区泥石流发生机理和预警十分必要。本文在总结前人关于泥石流暴发与降雨条件研究成果基础上,发现泥石流物源含水量及地表径流流深等是导致流域内松散物源启动的主要原因。根据其前期降雨量和有效降雨强度等特征,建立了泥石流流域物源土体颗粒个别启动、局部启动和大量启动的判别式,建立了适合该区域暴雨泥石流预警模型,将可能诱发泥石流暴发的不同降雨条件划分为蓝、黄和红色3个危险等级,为该区泥石流监测预警提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

8.
2010年8月13日四川都江堰市龙池地区暴发了特大规模的群发性暴雨型泥石流过程,给龙池地区的震后恢复重建带来了巨大的灾难,因此,研究该区泥石流发生机理和预警十分必要。本文在总结前人关于泥石流暴发与降雨条件研究成果基础上,发现泥石流物源含水量及地表径流流深等是导致流域内松散物源启动的主要原因。根据其前期降雨量和有效降雨强度等特征,建立了泥石流流域物源土体颗粒个别启动、局部启动和大量启动的判别式,建立了适合该区域暴雨泥石流预警模型,将可能诱发泥石流暴发的不同降雨条件划分为蓝、黄和红色3个危险等级,为该区泥石流监测预警提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

9.
贵州省望谟县2011年6月6日暴发了特大山洪泥石流,其中暴雨中心所在的打易镇多处暴发泥石流。短历时强降雨激发了沟床起动类型的泥石流。本文通过对贵州望谟河流域群发泥石流的调查,得出该流域的66条沟中,22条沟无沟床起动类型泥石流暴发,25条沟暴发沟床起动类型泥石流,还有19条沟无法确定是否有沟床起动类型泥石流暴发。在前期工作基础上,提出了地质条件和降水条件因子的改进方法;并在前期工作的3大条件(地形条件、地质条件和降水条件)之间的关系基础上,由贵州望谟群发泥石流数据得出改进沟床起动类型泥石流的临界值,提出了泥石流的预报模型。本文模型在我国西南地区的泥石流验证中非常成功,为泥石流的预报提供了一个新方法。预报模型中的地形因子和地质因子还可以判断泥石流流域的暴发频率,为正确地判断泥石流流域的特征打下了基础。预报模型也可以估算泥石流的暴发规模,为定量地预测泥石流危害范围提供了依据。  相似文献   

10.
贵州望谟“20110606”泥石流灾害成因及启动类型   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
马煜  余斌  亓星  王涛 《现代地质》2012,26(4):817-822
2011年6月5-6日在最大降雨量105.9 mm/h的暴雨激发下,贵州望谟县内多个乡镇暴发泥石流灾害,造成37人死亡、15人失踪,灾害极其严重。为了解本次泥石流灾害的成因和启动类型,更好地提高泥石流预报和预警水平,在实地调查的基础上,分析了此次泥石流灾害的成因和启动类型。调查结果显示:(1)本次泥石流的集中暴发是地形地貌、物源和降雨等多因子耦合的必然结果,打破50年记录的降雨是本次泥石流暴发的主导因素,但陡峻的地形、砂岩等软岩强风化层也是引发泥石流灾害的重要原因;(2)沟床启动型、滑坡型、溃决性3种典型泥石流启动类型是调查区内主要启动类型,汇流作用下沟道侵蚀是沟床启动型泥石流的主要特征,前期降雨条件下坡体滑动提供物源是滑坡型泥石流的主要特征,堵塞沟道、在雨水作用下漫坝或溃坝最终增大泥石流流量是溃决型泥石流的主要特征。  相似文献   

11.
Many debris flows were triggered within and also outside the Dayi area of the Guizhou Province, China, during a rainstorm in 2011. High-intensity short-duration rainfall was the main triggering factor for these gully-type debris flows which are probably triggered by a runoff-induced mechanism. A revised prediction model was introduced for this kind of gully-type debris flows with factors related to topography, geology, and hydrology (rainfall) and applied to the Wangmo River catchment. Regarding the geological factor, the “soft lithology” and “loose sediments” in the channel were added to the list of the average firmness coefficient for the lithology. Also, the chemical weathering was taken into account for the revised geological factor. Concerning the hydrological factor, a coefficient of variation of rainfall was introduced for the normalization of the rainfall factor. The prediction model for debris flows proposed in this paper delivered three classes of the probability of debris flow occurrence. The model was successfully validated in debris flow gullies with the same initiation mechanism in other areas of southwest China. The generic character of the model is explained by the fact that its factors are partly based on the initiation mechanisms and not only on the statistical analyses of a unique variety of local factors. The research provides a new way to predict the occurrence of debris flows initiated by a runoff-induced mechanism.  相似文献   

12.
Debris flows are more frequent in central Taiwan, because of its mountainous geography. For example, many debris flows were induced by Typhoon Herb in 1996. The Chi-Chi earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3, which took place in 1999 in central Taiwan, induced many landslides in this region. Some landslides turned into debris flows when Typhoon Toraji struck Taiwan in 2001. This study investigates the characteristics of the gullies where debris flows have occurred for a comparison. Aerial photos of these regions dated in 1997 (before the earthquake) and 2001 (after the earthquake) are used to identify the occurrence of gully-type debris flows. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is applied to acquire hydrological and geomorphic characteristics: stream gradient, stream length, catchment gradient, catchment area, form factor, and geology unit of these gullies. These characteristics in different study regions are presented in a statistical approach. The study of how strong ground motion affects the debris flows occurrence is conducted. The characteristics of the debris flow gullies triggered by typhoons before and after the Chi-Chi earthquake are quantitatively compared. The analysis results show that a significant transformation in the characteristics was induced by the Chi-Chi earthquake. In general, the transformation points out a lower hydrological and geomorphic threshold to trigger debris flows after the Chi-Chi earthquake. The susceptibility of rock units to strong ground motion is also examined. The analysis of debris flow density and accumulated rainfall in regions of different ground motion also reveal that the rainfall threshold decreases after the Chi-Chi earthquake.  相似文献   

13.
甘肃省舟曲8.7特大泥石流调查研究   总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21  
本文通过对甘肃省舟曲县城后山三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟特大泥石流灾害的现场调查,从泥石流形成的地形、地质和降雨条件入手,分析了特大泥石流灾害的特征与成因:三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流形成区在2010年8月7日23~24时的1h降雨量达77.3mm,暴雨形成强大洪水依次冲毁两条沟内的天然堆石坝和人工拦挡坝,形成规模巨大的高容重黏性泥石流,泥石流冲出总量和泥沙总量分别为 144.2104m3和97.7104m3; 泥石流携带具有强大冲击力的巨石冲毁房屋5500余间; 在白龙江内形成长约550m,宽约70m,高约10m的堰塞坝并形成堰塞湖,堰塞湖回水长3km,使县城一半被淹; 泥石流造成1744人死亡和失踪。分析研究表明,三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流如果在近期遭遇强降雨还会暴发泥石流,但规模比87特大泥石流小;如果强降雨发生在数年后,暴发的泥石流规模比87特大泥石流略小;在20a或更长的时期内,没有发生新的地震影响下,在三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟经历一次大规模泥石流暴发后,泥石流的规模将回到汶川地震前的水平。  相似文献   

14.
A formation model for debris flows in the Chenyulan River Watershed, Taiwan   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Many debris flows were triggered in the Chenyulan River Watershed in Taiwan in a rainstorm caused by the Typhoon Toraji. There are 117 gullies with a significant steep topography in the catchment. During this Typhoon, debris flows were initiated in 43 of these gullies, while in 34 gullies, it was not certain whether they have occurred. High-intensity short-duration rainfall was the main triggering factor for these gully type debris flows which are probably entrained by a “fire hose” mechanism. Previous research identified 47 factors related to topography, geology, and hydrology, which may play a role in the formation of gully type debris flows. For a better understanding of the probability of the formation of debris flows, it is proposed to represent the factors related to topography, geology, and hydrology by one single factor. In addition to the existing topographic and geological factor, a normalized critical rainfall factor is suggested with an effective cumulative precipitation and a maximum hourly rainfall intensity. In this paper, a formation model for debris flows is proposed, which combines these topographic, geological, and hydraulic factors. A relationship of these factors with a triggering threshold is proposed. The model produces a good assessment of the probability of occurrence of debris flows in the study area. The model may be used for the prediction of debris flows in other areas because it is mostly based on the initiation mechanisms and not only on the statistical analyses of a unique variety of local factors. The research provides a new and exciting way to study the occurrence of debris flows initiated by a “fire hose” mechanism.  相似文献   

15.
The Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 produced large amounts of loose material (landslide debris) that are still present on the steep slopes and in the gullies. This loose material creates an important hazard as strong rainfall can cause the development of devastating debris flows that will endanger the resettled population and destroy the result of reconstruction efforts. On 14 August 2010, a total of 21 debris flows were triggered by heavy rainfall around the town of Yingxue, located near the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake. One of these debris flows produced a debris dam, which then changed the course of the river and resulted in the flooding of the newly reconstructed Yinxue town. Prior to this catastrophic event, debris flow hazard had been recognized in the region, but its potential for such widespread and devastating impacts was not fully appreciated. Our primary objective for this study was to analyze the characteristics of the triggering rainfall and the sediment supply conditions leading to this event. Our field observations show that even small debris flow catchment areas have caused widespread sediment deposition on the existing fans. It is concluded that the whole of the area shaken by the Wenchuan earthquake is more susceptible to debris flows, initiated by localized heavy rainfall, than had been assumed earlier. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the conditions leading to catastrophic debris flow events in the earthquake-hit area. This is essential for the implementation of proper early warning, prevention, and mitigation measures as well as a better land use planning in this area.  相似文献   

16.
2022年9月5日四川泸定县发生MS 6.8级地震, 地震诱发大量同震崩滑体, 并导致湾东河断流。基于现场调查、影像解译和区域地质资料分析, 采用空间统计和水文计算的方法, 对湾东河流域同震崩滑体分布特征和潜在泥石流危险性进行了研究。结果表明: 湾东河流域内同震崩滑体主要分布在地震烈度Ⅸ度区, 规模以中小型为主, 主要沿沟道两侧展布, 尤其是单薄山脊两侧临空面发育密度较大, 距断层距离和坡度对其分布具有明显的控灾效应; 未来湾东河流域暴发溃决型泥石流的冲出量可能为同等触发条件下震前泥石流的约两倍。依此提出了加强流域内溃决型泥石流风险防范, 尽快通过综合监测预警获取泥石流发生的临界雨量值, 在泥石流防治工程设计中应充分考虑泥石流规模放大系数等防灾减灾建议, 为泸定地震后泥石流灾害防灾减灾提供科学参考。   相似文献   

17.
汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究   总被引:32,自引:1,他引:31  
2008年9月24日汶川震区的北川县暴雨导致区域性泥石流发生,这次9.24暴雨泥石流灾害导致了42人死亡,对公路和其他基础设施造成严重损毁。本研究采用地面调查和遥感解译方法分析地震与暴雨共同作用下的泥石流特征,获取的气象数据用于分析泥石流起动的临界雨量条件。本文探讨了研究区泥石流起动和输移过程,并根据野外调查,分析了泥石流形成的降雨、岩石和断层作用,特别是强降雨过程与物源区对泥石流发生的作用。根据应急调查发现北川县境内暴雨诱发的泥石流72处,其分布受岩石类型、发震断层和河流等因素控制。根据对研究区震前和震后泥石流发生的临界雨量和雨强的初步分析,汶川地震后,该区域泥石流起动的前期累积雨量降低了14.8%~22.1%,小时雨强降低25.4 %~31.6%。震区泥石流起动方式主要有二种,一是由于暴雨过程形成的斜坡表层径流导致悬挂于斜坡上的滑坡体表面和前缘松散物质向下输移,进入沟道后转为泥石流过程;二是消防水管效应使沟道水流快速集中,并强烈冲刷沟床中松散固体物质,导致沟床物质起动并形成泥石流过程。调查和分析发现沟内堆积的滑坡坝对泥石流的阻塞明显,溃决后可导致瞬时洪峰流量特别大。研究结果表明了汶川震区已进入一个新的活跃期。因此,应该开展对汶川地震区的泥石流风险评估和监测、早期预警,采取有效的工程措施控制泥石流的发生和危害。  相似文献   

18.
汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨量特征   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
周伟  唐川  周春花 《水科学进展》2012,23(5):650-655
利用搜集的汶川震区典型泥石流暴发前后的降雨过程资料,分析了泥石流的激发雨量过程,获得了汶川震区的泥石流激发雨量特征,以期为泥石流的预测预报提供依据。结果表明,汶川地震区的泥石流激发雨型可分为快速激发型、中速激发型和慢速激发型3类,其差异主要体现在降雨的持续时间和强度方面。不同激发雨型下的泥石流形成过程的差别主要体现在松散土体饱和过程。雨型的差异(降雨的持续时间和强度)使得土体饱和产生超渗产流的时间出现差异,进而使得泥石流暴发的时间存在差异。激发雨强跟激发雨型存在一定的关系,激发雨强最大者为中速激发雨型,其次是慢速激发雨型,最小者为快速激发雨型。与地震之前相比,地震后的泥石流暴发时的累积雨量和临界雨量都有所降低。  相似文献   

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