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1.
V. A. Pavlenko 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(1):19-37
Flash floods are the most common type of natural hazards that cause loss of life and massive damage to economic activities. During the last few decades, their impact increased due to rapid urbanization and settlement in downstream areas, which are desirable place for development. Wadi Asyuti, much like other wadis in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, is prone to flash flood problems. Analysis and interpretation of microwave remotely sensed data obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data using GIS techniques provided information on physical characteristics of catchments and rainfall zones. These data play a crucial role in mapping flash flood potentials and predicting hydrologic conditions in space and time. In order to delineate flash flood potentials in Wadi Asyuti basin, several morphometric parameters that tend to promote higher flood peak and runoff, including drainage characteristics, basin relief, texture, and geometry were computed, ranked, and combined using several approaches. The resulting flash flood potential maps, categorized the sub-basins into five classes, ranging from very low to very high flood potentials. In addition, integrating the spatially distributed drainage density, rainfall intensity, and slope gradient further highlighted areas of potential flooding within the Wadi Asyuti basin. Processing of recent Landsat-8 imagery acquired on March 15, 2014, validated the flood potential maps and offered an opportunity to measure the extent (200–900 m in width) of the flooding zone within the flash flood event on March 9, 2014, as well as revealed vulnerable areas of social and economic activities. These results demonstrated that excessive rainfall intensity in areas of higher topographic relief, steep slope, and drainage density are the major causes of flash floods. Furthermore, integration of remote sensing data and GIS techniques allowed mapping flood-prone areas in a fast and cost-effective to help decision makers in preventing flood hazards in the future. 相似文献
2.
地面沉降地质灾害在鲁北平原发展日益严重,制约着重大工程建设和社会经济发展。本文通过分析区内第四纪沉积展布特征,结合二等水准测量数据和分层沉降标数据与地面沉降规律,揭示鲁北平原区地面沉降机理和沉降模式,为同类型地区进行参考借鉴。①鲁北平原地面沉降主要贡献层为中更新统地层,滨州140～320m地层沉降量约占总沉降量的62%。②依据沉积相、沉积成因、地层结构、地面沉降驱动机制等因素,鲁北平原地面沉降可分为山前冲积、洪积平原模式、黄河泛滥冲积平原模式、三角洲冲积、海积平原模式三种模式。 相似文献
3.
Ruisong Quan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(11):4627-4638
As one of the top 20 cities exposed to flood disasters, Shanghai is particularly vulnerable because it is exposed to powerful floods and poorly prepared. However, it is unclear to understand the evolution process of floods and the variation of flood risk in Shanghai during the past 1,000 years. This paper analyzed the spatial–temporal characteristics of flood disaster and evaluated the integrated risk of flood disaster in Shanghai based on the historical flood data from 251 to 2000. The results show that flood disaster in Shanghai was divided into storm surge-induced flood, rainstorm-induced flood and overbank flood. Flood disaster in Shanghai presents rising trend with time and mainly occurs in summer and autumn. Moreover, the flood disaster is dominated by rainstorm-induced flood, especially after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Additionally, flood risk in different areas of Shanghai between the years 251–1949 and 1950–2000 changed significantly. Shanghai urban area, Jinshan District and Chongming County belong to increased flood risk area; Baoshan, Jiading, Qingpu, Songjiang, Fengxian, Pudong and Minhang District belong to decreased flood risk area. The integrated risk of flood disaster in Shanghai has presented spatial disparities evidently at present. Shanghai urban area is most likely to suffer flood disaster; Baoshan, Jiading and Minhang District have medium flood risk rank; and Jinshan, Songjiang, Fengxian, Pudong, Qingpu and Chongming County show low flood risk at present. The combined effect of urbanization, sea-level rise, land subsidence and the poor capacity of flood prevention facilities will give rise to the risk of flood in the next several decades. These results provide very important information for the local government to improve flood risk management. 相似文献
4.
Floods are a major natural hazard, with vast implications over a wide range of socio-economic activities. A harmonized post-flood classification is critical for a better understanding of this hazard, by providing homogeneous flood catalogues for future research on triggering mechanisms. We apply a flood severity index (FSI) to damaging floods in Northern Portugal over a 152-year period (1865–2016) and identify the most critical areas to flood occurrences. The index is a damage-based post-event assessment tool, which includes five categories ranging from minor flooding (1) to catastrophic flooding (5). FSI is applied to a historical damaging flood database with 2318 occurrences. In Northern Portugal, serious floods (3) are the most frequent typology, while catastrophic floods are typically river floods occurring in the Douro basin. Overall, damaging flood occurrences are favoured by the positive phase of the East Atlantic pattern and by the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Furthermore, the north-western areas reveal higher concentrations of damaging flood occurrences, mainly due to higher population density, higher precipitation values and more flood plain areas. In particular, 48% of all occurrences are concentrated in the Porto Metropolitan Area, mainly the Porto city centre and nearby riverside areas of the Douro River. High-population density and heavily urbanized areas lead to greater exposure to flood risk, whereas the most peripheral municipalities, with large agricultural/forested areas, show much lower numbers of damaging floods. FSI is tool to communicate the magnitude of the flood risk and is, therefore, of foremost relevance to civil protection and risk management. 相似文献
5.
Many regions of the world are experiencing an increase in frequency and intensity of floods. There has been increasing understanding among emergency preparedness and natural disaster planners that rapid urbanization is enhancing the risk from river flooding in urban areas. Many regions of Canada have been exposed to particularly severe floods over the course of the last few years, much of this due to land-use change. This study aims at understanding the risk of flooding for the City of Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which is located in the Fraser River Delta. The paper presents a fast, efficient and reliable method that can be used to produce vegetation maps from advanced very high resolution radiometer images and SPOT vegetation maps. A 10-day maximum normalized difference vegetation index maps were produced to assess the dynamics of the urbanization process in Vancouver. Remotely sensed data show a significant decrease in vegetation cover in the Metro Vancouver City between 1984 and 2012. The proposed method can be used as an effective tool for raising early land-use change awareness and assist with flood risk management. Flood risk management has a substantial impact on human health and well-being in urban areas, and this flood risk information will be used to assess the impact of flooding and explore the complex relationship between land-use change, urbanization, flooding and impact on urban dwellers. 相似文献
6.
柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系构造发育历史及其勘探意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地层厚度能够反映构造沉降及隆升。通过对柴达木盆地东部三湖地区探井统一分层后,计算现今地层厚度,然后分
期平面成图。这些图件揭示出三湖地区北斜坡背斜构造形成历史并不统一,具有由北东向南西依次发育的特征：伊克雅乌
汝、南陵丘、驼峰山背斜最早成型,是第四纪以来的同沉积背斜。k11沉积后,台吉乃尔和涩北二号才开始形成,接着涩北
一号形成,而台南背斜形成最晚。涩东鼻状构造是在k1以后才抬升的,而南斜坡至今未形成背斜构造;而且隆升速度也是
不均衡的,具有逐渐加强的趋势,尤其是更新统末期（k5以后）背斜构造快速抬升。该地区构造演化历史的确定,对于寻
找背斜构造形成的有利区带具有指导意义。 相似文献
7.
Flood, drought and typhoon disasters during the last half-century in the Guangdong province, China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
In this paper, we present the changing properties of losses due to occurrences of droughts, floods and typhoon disasters in the Guangdong province, a comparatively economically prosperous province in the south China. Influences of typhoon activities on droughts and floods are also analysed. Results based on extensive and thorough investigations indicate that (1) generally, Guangdong province is both humid and warm; however, in recent decades, the negative impacts of droughts seem to be enhancing, which is proved by increasing drought-induced economic loss. In this sense, considerable importance should be attached to droughts, but not solely to floods, in the Guangdong province; (2) low-lying terrain of the Guangdong province makes this region easy to be influenced by flood inundation. Moreover, highly urbanized areas are mostly located in the low-lying areas. Flood-induced loss was increasing before 1990s and is decreasing after 1990s, and this should be attributed mainly to seasonal shifts of precipitation changes and enhancing human mitigation to flood disasters; (3) typhoon activities often inflict considerable loss on the economy of the Guangdong province. Moreover, flood events in the study region are mostly the results of typhoon activities. Flash floods, strong wind and storm surge accompanying typhoon activities are the major factors intensifying the negative impacts of the typhoon disasters. 相似文献
8.
华北平原年地面沉降量大于50 mm的严重区面积超过全国总量的80%,防治形势严峻,需要开展有针对性的研究,为有效防控地面沉降提供科学依据。华北平原建立了较完善的地面沉降监测网络,基本掌握了地面沉降现状及演化规律,但受华北平原含水层系统影响因素复杂与时空变化大等因素制约,对地下水位变化驱动下的土层变形特征及其机制研究迄今仍比较薄弱,限制了对地面沉降发展趋势的科学研判和预测预警。在总结国内外地面沉降研究进展、基于高时空分辨率监测数据分析华北平原地面沉降现状和发展趋势的基础上,提出了地下水位变化影响下的地面沉降研究方向。目前,华北平原地面沉降出现减缓态势,天津、沧州、衡水等重点城市主城区地面沉降得到有效控制,但华北平原尤其是河北平原地面沉降总体上仍然处于较快发展阶段,主要原因是农业灌区地下水开采得不到有效控制。未来华北平原地面沉降研究应聚焦地面沉降机理和预测预警、地下水位回升驱动下的土层变形规律及其对环境的影响、地面沉降区地下水资源属性及地热开发与地面沉降关系等方面。 相似文献
9.
Mario Boccaletti Giacomo Corti Luca Martelli 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(6):1331-1348
We present a comprehensive study of the recent and active tectonics of the external part of the Northern Apennines (Italy)
by using morphotectonic, geological–structural, and stratigraphic analysis, compared with the current seismicity of the region.
This analysis suggests that the external part of the Northern Apennines is characterised by presence of three major systems
of Quaternary compressive structures corresponding to (1) the Apenninic watershed, (2) the Apennines–Po Plain margin (pede-Apenninic
thrust front), and (3) the Emilia, Ferrara, and Adriatic Fold systems buried below the Po Plain. Geological data and interpreted
seismic sections indicate a roughly N–S Quaternary deformation direction, with rates <2.5 mm/year. The shortening decreased
since the Pliocene, when our data indicate compression in a NNW–SSE direction and rates up to 7 mm/year. The trend and kinematics
of the structures affecting the Apennines–Po Plain margin and the Po Plain subsoil fit well the pattern of the current seismicity
of the area, as well as recent GPS and geodetic levelling data, pointing to a current activity of these thrust systems controlled
by an overall compressive stress field. Close to the Apenninic watershed, earthquake focal mechanisms indicate that shallow
extension is associated to deep compression. The extensional events may be related to a secondary extensional stress field
developing on the hangingwall of the thrust system affecting the Apenninic watershed; alternatively, this thrust system may
have been recently deactivated and overprinted by active normal faulting. Deeper compressive events are related to the activity
of both a major basement thrust that connects at surface with the pede-Apenninic thrust front and a major Moho structure. 相似文献
10.
Flood and sediment disasters caused by glacial lake outbursts have occurred frequently in recent years in the Himalayas of Nepal. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) can cause catastrophic flooding in downstream areas with serious damage to lives and property. It is thus important to investigate outburst floods from potentially dangerous glacial lakes. In this study, the characteristics of potential outburst floods from the Tsho Rolpa glacial lake due to two types of moraine dam failure caused by seepage flow or water overtopping were analyzed with various scenarios by using integrated modeling system of three numerical models: (1) the flow and bed-surface erosion model, (2) the seepage model and (3) the slope stability model. Flood inundation areas were also identified by using the numerical model of the flow and moraine dam failure and geographical information system tools. Possible threats and damages due to the potential GLOF events from the lake were also analyzed based on numerical results, flood inundation maps and field investigations. 相似文献
11.
A peat core from a cutoff paleochannel of Little River on the upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina provides a continuous pollen record of environmental change for the past 10,500 years and includes a sedimentary record of overbank floods. Palynological and sedimentary data indicate that the early to middle Holocene was wetter than previously suggested from lake sites in the southeastern United States. The period from 9000 to 6100 cal yr B.P. is characterized by high pollen percentages of Nyssa and Quercus, but low percentages of Pinus. Fifteen large overbank flood events are present within this period (5 floods/1000 yr). In contrast, only 6 large overbank flood events occurred since 6100 cal yr B.P. (1 flood/1000 yr). The increases in moisture and flood events probably were controlled by changes in atmospheric circulation related to shifts in the position of the Bermuda High, sea surface temperatures, and El Niño activity that together may have affected the frequency of large floods generated from tropical storms in the region. 相似文献
12.
Frolova N. L. Kireeva M. B. Magrickiy D. V. Bologov M. B. Kopylov V. N. Hall J. Semenov V. A. Kosolapov A. E. Dorozhkin E. V. Korobkina E. A. Rets E. P. Akutina Y. Djamalov R. G. Efremova N. A. Sazonov A. A. Agafonova S. A. Belyakova P. A. 《Natural Hazards》2016,80(1):103-125
Hydrological extreme events pose an imminent risk to society and economics. In this paper, various aspects of hydrological hazards in Russia are analysed at different scales of risk assessment. It is shown that the number of hydrological and meteorological hazards in Russia has been growing every year. The frequency of economic losses associated with extreme low flow in this century has increased by factor five compared to the last decade of the previous century. With regard to floods, an interesting spatial patter can be observed. On the one hand, the number of floods in the Asian part of the country has increased, whereas on the other hand, the number and intensity of floods in estuarine areas in the European part of Russia have significantly reduced since the middle of the twentieth century, especially in the 2000s. This decrease can be attributed to runoff flooding in the mouths of regulated rivers, with an effective system of flood and ice jam protection. The analysis shows that there is an 8–12-year periodicity in the number of flood occurrences and that flood surges have intensified over the last 110 years, especially on the European territory of Russia. An integrated index that accounts for flood hazards and socio-economic vulnerability was calculated for each region of Russia. A classification of flood risk was also developed, taking into account more than 20 hydrological and social–economic characteristics. Based on these characteristics, hazard and vulnerability maps for entire Russia were generated which can be used for water management and the development of future water resources plans.
相似文献13.
Victor R. Baker 《Environmental Geology》1976,1(5):261-281
The “upstream” approach to flood hazard evaluation involves the estimation of hydrologic response in small drainage basins.
This study demonstrates the application of geomorphology to such studies in a region of unusually intense flooding in central
Texas. One approach to flood hazard evaluation in this area is a parametric model relating flood hydrograph characteristics
to quantitative geomorphic properties of the drainage basins. A preliminary model uses multiple regression techniques to predict
potential peak flood discharge from basin magnitude, drainage density, and ruggedness number. After mapping small catchment
networks (4 to 20 km2) from remote sensing imagery, input data for the model are generated by network digitization and analysis by a computer-assisted
routine of watershed analysis.
The study evaluated the network resolution capabilities of the following data formats: (1) large-scale (1:24,000) topographic
maps, employing Strahler's “method of v's”, (2) low altitude black-and-white aerial photography (1:13,000 and 1:20,000 scales),
(3) NASA-generated aerial infrared photography at scales ranging from 1:48,000 to 1:123,000, and (4) Skylab Earth Resources
Experiment Package S-190A and S-190B sensors (1:750,000 and 1:500,000 respectively). Measured as the number of first order
streams or as the total channel length identified in small drainage areas, resolution is strongly dependent on basin relief.
High-density basins on the Edwards Plateau were poorly depicted on orbital imagery. However, the orbital network definition
of low-relief basins on the inner Texas Coastal Plain is nearly as accurate as results from large-scale topographic maps.
Geomorphic methods are also useful for flood hazard zonation in “downstream” flood plain areas. Studies of the Colorado River
valley near Austin, Texas, easily distinguished infrequent (100- to 500-year recurrence interval), intermediate (10- to 30-year),
and frequent (1- to 4-year) hazard zones. These mapping techniques are especially applicable to the rapid regional evaluation
of flood hazards in areas for which there is a lack of time and money to generate more accurate engineering-hydraulic flood
hazard maps. 相似文献
14.
Hydrological extreme events pose an imminent risk to society and economics. In this paper, various aspects of hydrological hazards in Russia are analysed at different scales of risk assessment. It is shown that the number of hydrological and meteorological hazards in Russia has been growing every year. The frequency of economic losses associated with extreme low flow in this century has increased by factor five compared to the last decade of the previous century. With regard to floods, an interesting spatial patter can be observed. On the one hand, the number of floods in the Asian part of the country has increased, whereas on the other hand, the number and intensity of floods in estuarine areas in the European part of Russia have significantly reduced since the middle of the twentieth century, especially in the 2000s. This decrease can be attributed to runoff flooding in the mouths of regulated rivers, with an effective system of flood and ice jam protection. The analysis shows that there is an 8–12-year periodicity in the number of flood occurrences and that flood surges have intensified over the last 110 years, especially on the European territory of Russia. An integrated index that accounts for flood hazards and socio-economic vulnerability was calculated for each region of Russia. A classification of flood risk was also developed, taking into account more than 20 hydrological and social–economic characteristics. Based on these characteristics, hazard and vulnerability maps for entire Russia were generated which can be used for water management and the development of future water resources plans. 相似文献
15.
M. Antonellini P. Mollema B. Giambastiani K. Bishop L. Caruso A. Minchio L. Pellegrini M. Sabia E. Ulazzi G. Gabbianelli 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(8):1541-1556
Saltwater has invaded the coastal aquifer along the southern Adriatic coast of the Po Plain in Italy. The topography, morphology and land use of the region is complex: rivers, canals, wetlands, lagoons, urban, industrial and agricultural areas and tourist establishments all coexist in a small area. Water table and iso-salinity maps show that in four study areas (Ancona-Bellocchio, Marina Romea, San Vitale Forest, Cervia) out of five, the water tables are below sea level and saltwater has replaced freshwater in the aquifer. The fifth area (Classe Forest) has a relatively pristine freshwater aquifer thanks to an average water-table height of 2 m above sea level, a lower hydraulic conductivity (< 7.7 m/day) and a continuous dune system along the coast. Only in this area is the topography high enough to maintain freshwater heads that can counteract saltwater intrusion according to the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. Furthermore, the climate, with an average yearly precipitation of 606 mm and an average temperature of 14.4°C, allows for little recharge of the aquifer. Ongoing subsidence, encroachment of sea water along rivers and canals, as well as drainage from agricultural land also enhance the salinization process. 相似文献
16.
Alessandro Amorosi Luigi Bruno Bruno Campo Bianca Costagli Wan Hong Vincenzo Picotti Stefano Claudio Vaiani 《Sedimentology》2021,68(1):402-424
Despite increased application of subsurface datasets below the limits of seismic resolution, reconstructing near‐surface deformation of shallow key stratigraphic markers beneath modern alluvial and coastal plains through sediment core analysis has received little attention. Highly resolved stratigraphy of Upper Pleistocene to Holocene (Marine Isotope Stage 5e to Marine Isotope Stage 1) alluvial, deltaic and coastal depositional systems across the southern Po Plain, down to 150 m depth, provides an unambiguous documentation on the deformation of previously flat‐lying strata that goes back in time beyond the limits of morphological, historical and palaeoseismic records. Five prominent key horizons, accurately selected on the basis of their sedimentological characteristics and typified for their fossil content, were used as highly effective stratigraphic markers (M1 to M5) that can be tracked for tens of kilometres across the basin. A facies‐controlled approach tied to a robust chronology (102 radiocarbon dates) reveals considerable deformation of laterally extensive nearshore (M1), continental (M2 and M3) and lagoon (M4 and M5) marker beds originally deposited in a horizontal position (M1, M4 and M5). The areas where antiformal geometries are best observed are remarkably coincident with the axes of buried ramp anticlines, across which new seismic images reveal substantially warped stratal geometries of Lower Pleistocene strata. The striking spatial coincidence of fold crests with the epicentres of historic and instrumental seismicity suggests that deformation of marker beds M1 to M5 might reflect, in part at least, syntectonically generated relief and, thus, active tectonism. Precise identification and lateral tracing of chronologically constrained stratigraphic markers in the 14C time window through combined sedimentological and palaeoecological data may delineate late Quaternary subsurface stratigraphic architecture at an unprecedented level of detail, outlining cryptic stratal geometries at the sub‐seismic scale. This approach is highly reproducible in tectonically active Quaternary depositional systems and can help to assess patterns of active deformation in the subsurface of modern alluvial and coastal plains worldwide. 相似文献
17.
豫北平原是河南省平原地区地面沉降灾害较严重地区之一,快速全面掌握豫北平原地面沉降信息、有效防控地面沉降的持续快速发展对中原城市群建设至关重要。本文借助中高分辨率RADARSAT-2雷达数据,基于SBAS-InSAR技术获取了豫北平原2014-2016年的地面沉降监测数据。监测结果表明：两年内豫北平原地面整体下沉,区内共圈定8个较明显的沉降区,总面积约3 006 km2,各沉降区沉降速率在25.00~114.85 mm/a之间;其中,除安阳县白壁镇-内黄县沉降区和辉县沉降区最大沉降速率分别达到95.36和114.85 mm/a之外,其余6个沉降区最大沉降速率均小于73.58 mm/a。根据沉降区现场实地调查和综合分析发现,豫北平原地面沉降主要是活动断裂、松软岩土、地下水超采、城市建设活动、石油和地热资源开采等共同作用的结果。建议将豫北平原地面沉降的防控重点放在人类活动引起的地下水超采和城市建设引发的松软岩土层超量堆载等方面。 相似文献
18.
Many developing countries are very vulnerable to flood risk since they are located in climatic zones characterised by extreme precipitation events, such as cyclones and heavy monsoon rainfall. Adequate flood mitigation requires a routing mechanism that can predict the dynamics of flood waves as they travel from source to flood-prone areas, and thus allow for early warning and adequate flood defences. A number of cutting edge hydrodynamic models have been developed in industrialised countries that can predict the advance of flood waves efficiently. These models are not readily applicable to flood prediction in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, however, due to lack of data, particularly terrain and hydrological data. This paper explores the adaptations and adjustments that are essential to employ hydrodynamic models like LISFLOOD-FP to route very high-magnitude floods by utilising freely available Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission digital elevation model, available topographical maps and sparse network of river gauging stations. A 110 km reach of the lower Damodar River in eastern India was taken as the study area since it suffers from chronic floods caused by water release from upstream dams during intense monsoon storm events. The uncertainty in model outputs, which is likely to increase with coarse data inputs, was quantified in a generalised likelihood uncertainty estimation framework to demonstrate the level of confidence that one can have on such flood routing approaches. Validation results with an extreme flood event of 2009 reveal an encouraging index of agreement of 0.77 with observed records, while most of the observed time series records of a 2007 major flood were found to be within 95 % upper and lower uncertainty bounds of the modelled outcomes. 相似文献
19.
MD. Khalequzzaman 《Natural Hazards》1994,9(1-2):65-80
In recent years the frequency of abnormal floods in Bangladesh has increased substantially, causing serious damage to lives and property. The most crucial questions that need to be addressed are: what really causes the havoc-creating floods and is there any solution to the problem? The heavy monsoon downpour and synchronization of flood-peaks of the major rivers are generally considered to be the main causes of the floods. Some underlying factors also deserve serious consideration as possible contributors to the recent floods: change in the base level of the rivers due to local sea level rise and subsidence, inadequate sediment accumulation on flood plains, a possible increase in the watershed area due to seismic and neotectonic activities in the region, river bed aggradation due to siltation and damming of rivers, soil erosion due to unwise tilling practices, deforestation in the upstream region, and excessive development and population growth. Without regional cooperation among the co-riparian nations any major interbasin flood control activity is considered to be almost impossible. However, among other proposals in this paper, extensive annual dredging of the rivers, channels and creeks, and reoccupation of the abandoned channels in Bangladesh through re-excavations could still increase the water carrying capacity of the rivers. Land elevations could be increased if the dredged or excavated materials are dispersed on the flood plains, which would in turn reduce the severity of floods. 相似文献
20.
Historical responses to flood hazards have stimulated development in hazardous areas. Scholars recommend an alternative approach to reducing flood losses that combines flood hazard mapping with land use planning to identify and direct development away from flood-prone areas. Creating flood hazard maps to inform municipal land use planning is an expensive and complex process that can require resources not always available at the municipal government level. Senior levels of government in some countries have addressed deficiencies in municipal capacity by assuming an active role in producing municipal flood hazard maps. In other countries, however, senior governments do not contribute to municipal flood hazard mapping. Despite a large body of research on the importance of municipal land use planning for addressing flood hazards, little is known about the extent of flood hazard information that is available to municipalities that do not receive outside assistance from senior governments for flood hazard mapping. We assess the status of flood hazard maps in British Columbia, where municipalities do not receive outside assistance in creating the maps. Our analysis shows that these maps are generally outdated and/or lacking a variety of features that are critical for supporting effective land use planning. We recommend that senior levels of government play an active role in providing municipalities with (1) detailed and current information regarding flood hazards in their jurisdiction and (2) compelling incentives to utilize this information. 相似文献