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1.
The behavior of trace elements during schwertmannite precipitation and subsequent transformation into goethite and jarosite 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Patricia Acero Carlos Ayora José-Miguel Nieto 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(16):4130-4139
Schwertmannite is a ubiquitous mineral formed from acid rock drainage (ARD), and plays a major role in controlling the water chemistry of many acid streams. The formation of schwertmannite was investigated in the acid discharge of the Monte Romero abandoned mine (Iberian Pyrite Belt, SW, Spain). Schwertmannite precipitated from supersaturated solutions mainly owing to the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) and transformed with time into goethite and jarosite. In a few hours, schwertmannite precipitation removed more than half of the arsenic load from solution, whereas the concentration of divalent trace metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Co) remained almost unchanged. In the laboratory, natural schwertmannite was kept in contact with its coexisting acid water in a flask with a solid-liquid mass ratio of 1:5 for 353 days. During this time, the pH of the solution dropped from 3.07 to 1.74 and the concentrations of sulfate and Fe increased. During the first 164 days, schwertmannite transformed into goethite plus H3O-jarosite but, subsequently, goethite was the only mineral to form. Some of the trace elements, such as Al, Cu, Pb, and As were depleted in solution during the first stage as schwertmannite transformed into goethite plus H3O-jarosite. On the contrary, the transformation of schwertmannite to goethite (with no jarosite) during the second stage released Al, Cu, and As to the solution. Despite the variation in their concentrations in solution, approximately 80% of the total Al and Cu inventories and more than 99% As and Pb remained in the solid phase throughout the entire aging process. 相似文献
2.
Rebecca A. French Niven Monsegue Mitsuhiro Murayama Michael F. Hochella Jr. 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2014,41(4):237-246
The phase transformation of schwertmannite, an iron oxyhydroxide sulfate nanomineral synthesized at room temperature and at 75 °C using H2O2 to drive the precipitation of schwertmannite from ferrous sulfate (Regenspurg et al. in Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68:1185–1197, 2004), was studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results of this study suggest that schwertmannite synthesized using this method should not be described as a single phase with a repeating unit cell, but as a polyphasic nanomineral with crystalline areas spanning less than a few nanometers in diameter, within a characteristic ‘pin-cushion’-like amorphous matrix. The difference in synthesis temperature affected the density of the needles on the schwertmannite surface. The needles on the higher-temperature schwertmannite displayed a dendritic morphology, whereas the needles on the room-temperature schwertmannite were more closely packed. Visible lattice fringes in the schwertmannite samples are consistent with the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern taken on the bulk schwertmannite and also matched d-spacings for goethite, indicating a close structural relationship between schwertmannite and goethite. The incomplete transformation from schwertmannite to goethite over 24 h at 75 °C was tracked using XRD and TEM. TEM images suggest that the sample collected after 24 h consists of aggregates of goethite nanocrystals. Comparing the synthetic schwertmannite in this study to a study on schwertmannite produced at 85 °C, which used ferric sulfate, reveals that synthesis conditions can result in significant differences in needle crystal structure. The bulk powder XRD patterns for the schwertmannite produced using these two samples were indistinguishable from one another. Future studies using synthetic schwertmannite should account for these differences when determining schwertmannite’s structure, reactivity, and capacity to take up elements like arsenic. The schwertmannite synthesized by the Regenspurg et al. method produces a mineral that is consistent with the structure and morphology of natural schwertmannite observed in our previous study using XRD and TEM, making this an ideal synthetic method for laboratory-based mineralogical and geochemical studies that intend to be environmentally relevant. 相似文献
3.
贵州涟江惠水段级次清晰的四级阶地是流域地貌阶段性演化的直观记录。笔者等利用差分GPS测量法精确厘定了涟江阶地的级序和高程,结合剖面观测发现从上游到下游,涟江惠水段阶地标高和级差逐渐降低,地貌面整体呈“收拢”趋势;阶地沉积物呈现砾石层厚度变小,砾石含量降低、砾径减小,砂质沉积占比增大趋势;阶地类型从基座阶地为主向堆积阶地为主演变。光释光（OSL）测年显示,T1阶地埋藏年龄31.2±2.0 ka BP到14.7±1.3 ka BP,T2阶地122.4±8.5 ka BP到66.9±3.8 ka BP,阶地年龄与贵州高原其他流域十分相近,具有同步演化特征。结合阶地时代和发育特征,认为贵州高原河流阶地是构造运动的产物。涟江四级阶地记录了在更新世以来四次构造抬升背景下,流域经过多期自北向南“削高补低”的地貌改造,逐步由构造洼地演变为山间盆地的地貌过程。 相似文献
4.
贵州涟江惠水段级次清晰的四级阶地是流域地貌阶段性演化的直观记录。笔者等利用差分GPS测量法精确厘定了涟江阶地的级序和高程,结合剖面观测发现从上游到下游,涟江惠水段阶地标高和级差逐渐降低,地貌面整体呈“收拢”趋势;阶地沉积物呈现砾石层厚度变小,砾石含量降低、砾径减小,砂质沉积占比增大趋势;阶地类型从基座阶地为主向堆积阶地为主演变。光释光(OSL)测年显示,T1阶地埋藏年龄31.2±2.0 ka BP到14.7±1.3 ka BP,T2阶地122.4±8.5 ka BP到66.9±3.8 ka BP,阶地年龄与贵州高原其他流域十分相近,具有同步演化特征。结合阶地时代和发育特征,认为贵州高原河流阶地是构造运动的产物。涟江四级阶地记录了在更新世以来四次构造抬升背景下,流域经过多期自北向南“削高补低”的地貌改造,逐步由构造洼地演变为山间盆地的地貌过程。 相似文献
5.
A 44 m-thick lacustrine succession of silty-clay banded ochres and subordinated sandstones, and conglomerates (known as the Corral Amarillo Formation) is superbly exposed within the Famatina Belt (Central Andes of Argentina) after deep entrenchment by the present-day Amarillo river due to strong recent uplifting and consequent relative drop in base level. The unusual ochreous-rich succession was produced by natural damming (3.48–3.54 14C kyr BP) of an acid drainage system linked to the alteration cap of polymetallic deposits. Facies of silty-clay ochre (wet season) and banded ochre (dry season) from the paleolacustrine setting are composed of jarosite + goethite and goethite respectively. Geochemically, these layers record high concentrations of Fe2O3 (25–55 wt. %) and trace elements (Cu, Zn, Co, As, and Mo with mean concentrations of 2759; 2467; 109; 375 and 116 ppm, respectively). Their origin is inferred from a comparative analysis with the present-day Amarillo river, which has a pH of ∼3, (SO4)2− concentrations of ∼5000 mg/l, and jarosite as the dominant phase, in the upper catchments. Waters downstream have pH values of 3–4.5, (SO4)2− concentrations of ∼3000–480 mg/l, and schwertmannite as the dominant phase. Thus goethite in the paleolake facies is likely related to schwertmannite transformation by an aging process, whereas jarosite is probably transported from the river but could also be associated with post-depositional formation regulated by variations in grain size and the pore fluid chemistry. The Corral Amarillo Formation offers a Natural model, which may be employed to infer the effect on nature of acid drainage of mineralized areas. 相似文献
6.
R.S. Cutting V.S. Coker J.W. Fellowes J.R. Lloyd D.J. Vaughan 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(14):4004-6858
The biologically-mediated reduction of synthetic samples of the Fe(III)-bearing minerals hematite, goethite, lepidocrocite, feroxhyte, ford ferrihydrite, akaganeite and schwertmannite by Geobacter sulfurreducens has been investigated using microbiological techniques in conjunction with X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). This combination of approaches offers unique insights into the influence of subtle variations in the crystallinity of a given mineral on biogeochemical processes, and has highlighted the importance of (oxyhydr)oxide crystallite morphology in determining the changes occurring in a given mineral phase. Problems arising from normalising the biological Fe(III) reduction rates relative to the specific surface areas of the starting materials are also highlighted. These problems are caused primarily by particle aggregation, and compounded when using spectrophotometric assays to monitor reduction. For example, the initial rates of Fe(III) reduction observed for two synthetic feroxyhytes with different crystallinities (as shown by XRD and TEM studies) but almost identical surface areas, differ substantially. Both microbiological and high-resolution TEM studies show that hematite and goethite are susceptible to limited amounts of Fe(III) reduction, as evidenced by the accumulation of Fe(II) during incubation with G. sulfurreducens and the growth of nodular structures on crystalline goethite laths during incubation. Lepidocrocite and akaganeite readily transform into mixtures of magnetite and goethite, and XRD data indicate that the proportion of magnetite increases within the transformation products as the crystallinity of the starting material decreases. The presence of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) as an electron shuttle increases both the initial rate and longer term extent of biological Fe(III) reduction for all of the synthetic minerals examined. High-resolution XPS indicates subtle but measurable differences in the Fe(III):Fe(II) ratios at the mineral surfaces following extended incubation. For example, for a poorly crystalline schwertmannite, deconvolution of the Fe2p3/2 peak suggests that the Fe(III):Fe(II) ratio of the near-surface regions varies from 1.0 in the starting material to 0.9 following 144 h of incubation with G.sulfurreducens, and to 0.75 following the same incubation period in the presence of 10 μM AQDS. These results have important implications for the biogeochemical cycling of iron. 相似文献
7.
This paper deals with new discovery of cosmic spherules and microdiamonds from Middle Pleistocene Selenge river basin on the Teel aggradation terrace.
The Teel aggradation terrace is located at the left edge of the Selenge River, at the pedestal of mountain Namnan uul (Dorjnamjaa et al., 2008). The Teel ter-race is those whose cusp and bench entirely composed of alluvial deposits. This indicates that the Selenge River has a long history of development, and had time to develop a flood plain and to deposit alluvium, through which it cut subsequently and left behind a Teel terrace. Alluvium studies may be of great practi-cal interest because in some areas, river terraces are veritable treasure-troves of economic minerals. With river terraces are associated most placer deposits of such important economic minerals as gold, platinum, diamond, etc. Numerous engineering projects, such as bridges(Kherlen, Tuul, Selenge, Orkhon, Baidrag, Zavkhan, etc.), dams (Ulaan Boom), hydropower plants(Durgun Nuur, Ulaan Boom) are built on alluvial deposits. Hence we need to know all the essential fea-tures of the geostructure of river terraces. Our investi-gation of the Selenge river terraces in 2006-2008 gave a possibility to discover the placer diamonds within the Teel aggradation terrace for the first time in Mongolia. 相似文献
8.
9.
广东雷州半岛玄武岩地下水水文地球化学特征及演化模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用水化学分析软件和水-岩作用模拟软件对雷州半岛的水文地球化学进行了分析和路径模拟。沿东、西2个地下水径流方向从一级台地补给区至二级台地、三级台地排泄区的模拟计算结果表明,地下水可能经历了一系列复杂的水-岩作用,包括石膏、高岭石、钙蒙脱石、伊利石、绿泥石、斜辉石(或透辉石)、针铁矿、赤铁矿的溶解或沉淀及CO2气体的溶解或逸出等地球化学反应。针铁矿、赤铁矿和透辉石的溶解或沉淀量在沿东面地下水径流方向上远小于沿西面方向;针铁矿和赤铁矿只在少量水点发生溶解进入地下水,在大多数水点处于饱和状态而从地下水中析出;CO2气体在大多数取样点发生溶解进入地下水中,其溶解量较大,且随着CO2在水中浓度的变大,其饱和指数也增大,达到饱和后从水中逸出。可见水-岩作用模拟结果有助于揭示研究区地下水化学环境的演化机制。 相似文献
10.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(2):383-396
Potential contamination of rivers by trace elements can be controlled, among others, by the precipitation of oxyhydroxides. The streambed of the studied area, located in “La Châtaigneraie” district (Lot River Basin, France), is characterised by iron-rich ochreous deposits, acidic pH (2.7–4.8) and SO4–Mg waters. Beyond the acid mine drainage, the presence of As both in the dissolved fraction and in the deposits is also a problem. Upstream, at the gallery outlet, As concentrations are high (Asmax = 2.6 μmol/l and up to 5 wt% locally, respectively, in the dissolved and in the solid fractions). Downstream, As concentrations decrease below 0.1 μmol/l in the dissolved fraction and to 1327 mg/kg in the solid fraction. This natural attenuation is related to the As retention within ochreous precipitates (amorphous to poorly crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides, schwertmannite and goethite), which have great affinities for this metalloid. Upstream, schwertmannite is dominant while downstream, goethite becomes the main mineral. The transformation of schwertmannite into goethite is observed in the upstream deposits as schwertmannite is unstable relative to goethite. Furthermore, thermodynamic calculations indicate that the downstream goethite is not able to precipitate in situ according to the water chemistry. Goethite mainly results from the transformation of schwertmannite and its solid transport downstream.Moreover, as highlighted by leaching experiments carried out on the ochreous precipitates, this transformation does not seem to affect the As-retention in solids as no release of As was observed in the solution. Arsenic may either be strongly trapped by co-precipitation in the present minerals or it may be quickly released and re-adsorbed on the precipitate surface. 相似文献
11.
Mineral forms of iron oxide, such as hematite, goethite and jarosite, are important because they are widely distributed at the Earth’s surface and because they are used as indicators for mineral exploration. Iron oxide abundance in rocks containing these minerals can be estimated from the absorption depth at wavelengths of around 900 nm in a reflectance spectrum, but this depth is also affected by extraneous factors such as grain size and topography. This paper investigated the effect of grain size on reflectance spectra and proposed a method for estimating iron oxide abundance in surface rocks by using remotely sensed data with suppression of the effects of grain size and topography. Reflectance spectra were measured in a laboratory from rock powder samples of different grain sizes containing iron oxide minerals. While the reflectance increased with decreasing grain size, the presence of ferric iron caused the absorption depth to be almost constant at around 900 nm, irrespective of the chemical composition of the sample. In addition, the difference between the reflectance at 550 nm and 760 nm (Slope) was a function of grain size. Iron oxide abundance can be estimated accurately by MCR-900D, which is the maximum absorption depth at the absorption center after the effect of grain size and topography was suppressed by Slope and the continuum-removal method, which takes the ratio between the original spectrum and its continuum, respectively. Correlation of MCR-900D results with datasets of actual spectral and chemical iron oxide laboratory measurements revealed that the mineral forms also need to be considered. MCR-900D results were significantly correlated with rock samples classified as containing different forms of iron oxide minerals (hematite, goethite and jarosite). Finally, MCR-900D was applied to an AVIRIS dataset for the Cuprite site in Nevada, USA. The results represented the enrichment zones of iron oxide within hydrothermally altered areas. 相似文献
12.
硫在铁和砷的生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要作用,但地下水系统中硫循环的中间产物S(0)对细菌转化铁和砷的影响尚不清楚.采用室内模拟实验,研究硫参与下细菌D2201对液相和载砷针铁矿中Fe(III)和As(V)的还原作用.结果表明:细菌D2201具有很强的铁还原能力,可以将液相中74%的Fe(III)还原;加入硫后,细菌还原S(0)产生的S(-II)使铁还原率提高到94%.但是,硫没有明显影响细菌对砷的还原.在实验初期,细菌明显加速了载砷针铁矿的还原,最终还原释放到液相中的Fe(II)浓度为32.12 μmol/L;硫的加入增强了细菌对载砷针铁矿的还原,还原溶解的Fe(II)增加至284.13 μmol/L,同时,砷的释放量也增加了1.6倍.这些结果表明硫显著促进了细菌对针铁矿的还原溶解并加速砷的释放.XRD和SEM-EDS结果显示,细菌还原针铁矿但不改变其矿相,而硫的加入也仅使矿物发生一定程度的团聚,并没有使其转变为其他矿物,也未导致砷的再吸附. 相似文献
13.
<正>The Huang Shui River,a main tributary of the Yellow River,crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation.The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping.Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin,four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin,19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin(the four high terraces may belong to another river),nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized.Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River,which is located at the margin of Tibet,are different from that of the rivers at other regions.The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment:both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins,indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins.A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper.First,the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement,and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state.Then,the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again,and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again.Finally,the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins.The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub-basins in Huang Shui catchment.These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin.Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
14.
Schwertmannite stability in acidified coastal environments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Richard N. Collins Adele M. Jones T. David Waite 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(2):482-3451
A combination of analytical and field measurements has been used to probe the speciation and cycling of iron in coastal lowland acid sulfate soils. Iron K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy demonstrated that schwertmannite dominated (43-77%) secondary iron mineralization throughout the oxidized and acidified soil profile, while pyrite and illite were the major iron-bearing minerals in the reduced potential acid sulfate soil layers. Analyses of contemporary precipitates from shallow acid sulfate soil groundwaters indicated that 2-line ferrihydrite, in addition to schwertmannite, is presently controlling secondary Fe(III) mineralization. Although aqueous pH values and concentrations of Fe(II) were seasonally high, no evidence was obtained for the Fe(II)-catalyzed crystallization of either mineral to goethite. The results of this study indicate that: (a) schwertmannite is likely to persist in coastal lowland acid sulfate soils on a much longer time-scale than predicted by laboratory experiments; (b) this mineral is less reactive in these types of soils due to surface-site coverage by components such as silicate and possibly, to a lesser extent, natural organic matter and phosphate and; (c) active water table management to promote oxic/anoxic cycles around the Fe(II)-Fe(III) redox couple, or reflooding of these soils, will be ineffective in promoting the Fe(II)-catalyzed transformation of either schwertmannite or 2-line ferrihydrite to crystalline iron oxyhydroxides. 相似文献
15.
赤铁矿和针铁矿是自然界中最稳定的两种铁氧化物,广泛存在于地球的各个圈层。很多沉积物的颜色都是由它们引
起的,它们的形成和保存具有重要的环境指示意义。实验室中赤铁矿和针铁矿的表征和鉴定手段很多,但受其含量低、结
晶差、颗粒细小难分离等因素的困扰以及某些测试方法自身的限制,能用于铁氧化物定量分析的方法很少。文中就常用的
基于X射线衍射（XRD） 和漫反射光谱（DRS） 的铁氧化物定量方法进行了系统评价。在定性分析的基础上,采用基于
XRD的K值法获得西藏床得剖面红色页岩中赤铁矿的含量为3.81％~8.11％,采用DRS与多元线性回归相结合的方法获得北
大西洋ODP1049C孔12X岩芯段棕色层中赤铁矿和针铁矿的含量分别为0.13％~0.82％和0.22%~0.81％,橙色层中赤铁矿和
针铁矿的含量分别为0.19%~0.46％和0.29%~0.67％。与其它分析结果的比较表明,这两种定量方法在白垩纪大洋红层中的
应用是可行的。但在实际应用时,首先要通过XRD和DRS相结合来提高定性分析的准确性,然后通过综合分析铁氧化物的
预判含量范围和结晶程度来选择合适的定量方法。 相似文献
16.
Schwertmannite transformation to goethite via the Fe(II) pathway: Reaction rates and implications for iron-sulfide formation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Schwertmannite (Fe8O8(OH)6SO4) is a common Fe(III)-oxyhydroxysulfate mineral in acid-sulfate systems, where its formation and fate strongly influence water quality. The present study examines transformation of schwertmannite to goethite (FeOOH), as catalyzed by interactions with Fe(II) in anoxic aquatic environments. This study also evaluates the role of the Fe(II) pathway in influencing the formation of iron-sulfide minerals in such environments. At pH > 5, the rates of Fe(II)-catalyzed schwertmannite transformation were several orders of magnitude faster than transformation in the absence of Fe(II). Complete transformation of schwertmannite occurred within only 3-5 h at pH > 6 and Fe(II)(aq) ? 5 mmol L−1. Model calculations indicate that the Fe(II)-catalyzed transformation of schwertmannite to goethite greatly decreases the reactivity of the Fe(III) pool, thereby favoring SO4-reduction and facilitating the formation of iron-sulfide minerals (particularly mackinawite, tetragonal FeS). Examination of in situ sediment geochemistry in an acid-sulfate system revealed that the rapid Fe(II)-catalyzed transformation was consistent with an abrupt shift from an acidic Fe(III)-reducing regime with abundant schwertmannite near the sediment surface, to a near-neutral mackinawite-forming regime where goethite was dominant. This study demonstrates that the Fe(II) pathway exerts a major influence on schwertmannite transformation and iron-sulfide formation in anoxic acid-sulfate systems. These findings have important implications for understanding acidity dynamics and trace element mobility in such systems. 相似文献
17.
A. V. Tevelev 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2014,69(1):17-27
The morphology of alluvial terraces, as well as the facial composition of their sediments, is controlled by a number of factors, whose relative importance continues to be difficult to understand. Detailed studies of river valleys provide models of alluvium development, which differ rather strongly from existing models that postulate regular and universal changes in alluvium composition and structure in the course of its accumulation and further transformation of depositional bodies into a terrace. Based on examples from South Ural river valleys we propose a model of an “upward unsealing terrace,” which forms as a result of above-the-flow (tunnel) erosion. 相似文献
18.
通过河流阶地的变形特征来分析区域构造活动已得到广泛应用,但同级阶地的对比方法仍存在很多问题,尤其是在缺少标志地层、风化严重的地区。文章通过横穿青藏高原东缘龙门山南段的青衣江河流地貌研究,探讨了粒度分析在阶地、冲积扇面等河流地貌面对比研究中的应用。研究结果表明:河流沉积物中砾石之间基质砂的粒度,很好地区分了同一地区的不同级阶地,粒度呈现出规律的渐变特征;另外,在不同河谷的同级河流地貌面之间存在较大差别,主要与河谷的大小规模相关。这表明,基质粒度的变化反映了河流沉积物随年龄增加而风化程度变大的规律;另一方面,从新到老的河流沉积物剖面中基质的颜色有明显的渐变特征,可以应用于野外初步识别地貌面。这些成果为河流地貌面的对比研究提供了新的简便、可行的方法。 相似文献
19.
与河流阶地相关的地震地貌包括地震阶地和阶地断错两方面。地震阶地是古地震事件的直接反映; 阶地断错则是多次古地震事件的累积效应。文章在汶川8.0级地震破裂带调查的基础上,讨论了平行断裂的河流和横穿断裂的河流两种情况下的阶地发育特征。在此基础上,应用差分GPS测量技术,分别对虹口附近的地震阶地和映秀附近阶地断错现象进行了测量。研究结果表明,虹口附近地震阶地反映了自白沙河Ⅱ级阶地形成以来发生了5次规模基本相当的断错事件; 映秀附近的阶地累积位错量反映了不同级阶地经历了不同数量的地震事件,其中,Ⅱ级阶地形成以来大致经历了5次与汶川8.0级地震位错相当的地震事件。两个地点的地震阶地和阶地位错研究得到了一致的古地震次数。本文进一步讨论了前人对该区阶地的测年数据,从而推测得到汶川8.0级地震发震断层的古地震复发间隔约为4ka。 相似文献
20.
Mourad Essalhi Stanislas Sizaret Luc Barbanson Yan Chen France Lagroix François Demory José M. Nieto Reinaldo Sáez M. Ángeles Capitán 《Mineralium Deposita》2011,46(8):981-999
In the Rio Tinto district of the Iberian Pryrite Belt of South Spain, the weathering of massive sulfide bodies form iron caps,
i.e., true gossans and their subsequent alteration and re-sedimentation has resulted in iron terraces, i.e., displaced gossans.
To study the stucture and evolution of both types of gossans, magnetic investigations have been carried out with two foci:
(1) the characterisation and spatial distribution of magnetic fabrics in different mineralised settings, including massive
sulfides, gossans, and terraces, and (2) paleomagnetic dating. Hematite has been identified as the suceptibility carrier in
all sites and magnetic fabric investigation of four gossans reveals a vertical variation from top to bottom, with: (1) a horizontal
foliation refered to as “mature” fabric in the uppermost part of the primary gossans, (2) highly inclined or vertical foliation
interpreted as “immature” fabric between the uppermost and lowermost parts, and (3) a vertical foliation interpreted to be
inherited from Hercynian deformation in the lowermost part of the profiles. In terraces, a horizontal foliation dominates
and is interpreted to be a “sedimentary” fabric. Rock magnetic studies of gossan samples have identified goethite as the magnetic
remanence carrier for the low-temperature component, showing either a single direction close to the present Earth field (PEF)
direction or random directions. Maghemite, hematite, and occasionally magnetite are the remanence carriers for the stable
high-temperature component that is characterized by non PEF directions with both normal and reversed magnetic polarities.
No reliable conclusion can be yet be drawn on the timing of terrace magnetization due to the small number of samples. In gossans,
the polarity is reversed in the upper part and normal in the lower part. This vertical distribution with a negative reversal
test suggests remanence formation during two distinct periods. Remanence in the upper parts of the gossans is older than in
the lower parts, indicating that the alteration proceeded from top to bottom of the profiles. In the upper part, the older
age and the horizontal “mature” fabric is interpreted to be a high maturation stage of massive sulfides’ alteration. In the
lower part, the age is younger and the inherited “imature” vertical Hercynian fabric indicates a weak maturation stage. These
two distinct periods may reflect changes of paleoclimate, erosion, and/or tectonic motion. 相似文献