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1.
初论板内造山带 总被引：55，自引：10，他引：45
讨论了关于板内造山带含义的不同认识。指出板内造山带是一种特殊类型的造山带,而不是板缘造山带或板间造山带持续发展的结果。简要介绍分别发育在４ 个大陆的不同时代的板内造山带,总结板内造山带在区域大地构造位置、造山带构造格局、构造变形与变质作用、岩浆活动与沉积作用、造山带构造演化等方面与板缘造山带的差异。板内造山带形成于相对较老且强硬的岩石圈板块内部,造山带内部构造单元不具有平行于造山带走向分布的特征,即不具有线状构造格局,构造变形具有地台基底乃至整个地壳卷入的厚皮构造性质,同造山区域变质作用微弱,同造山岩浆活动、沉积作用和构造变形均无极性演化趋势。岩石圈拆沉作用（ｄｅｌａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ） 可较好地解释板内造山带的火山活动特征。尽管板块间相互作用（ 俯冲或碰撞）所产生的水平挤压应力似乎更易于阐明板内造山带的收缩变形特征;但是,板块间相互碰撞或俯冲产生的边界应力可否有效地被远程传递,尚有待进一步研究和解决。将板块间相互作用的水平应力场与岩石圈纵向物质与能量调整（ 重力、热力等） 因素作综合考虑,可能是解决板内造山带造山作用机制的有效途径 相似文献
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太行山中生代板内造山作用与华北大陆岩石圈巨大减薄 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
近年来,华北大陆岩石圈巨大减薄成为国际地学界关注的焦点之一,但对其减薄的时间、机制仍然知之甚少。约束条件的多解性和表面上相互矛盾的证据导致了对区域构造发展史的模糊认识。笔者认为,华北板内造山过程是理解岩石圈巨大减薄机制的关键,因为华北岩石圈是在造山带而不是在克拉通基础上开始减薄过程的。岩石圈减薄过程可以划分为拆沉减薄、伸展减薄、热减薄和化学侵蚀减薄4种类型。前者依赖于岩石圈重力不稳定性,是一种突变过程;后三者取决于软流圈挤出构造,属于渐变过程。减薄过程主要始于120~110Ma的拆沉减薄,其标志是造山后脉岩组合的形成。亚洲大陆软流圈的多阶段汇聚过程造成软流圈向东挤出,是中国东部中新生代以来岩石圈持续减薄的重要基础。因此,大陆动力学与大洋最重要的区别之一就是大陆岩石圈经常发生减薄作用,特别是拆沉作用,并由此将软流圈系统区分为浅部混染系统和深部纯净系统,火成岩的地球化学属性主要取决于岩浆起源的深度。 相似文献
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新疆造山带造山作用及类型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对造山带的研究已有一百多年的历史 ,不同的学派有不同解释 :(1)地槽回返说认为 :造山带开始是地壳沉降成为槽地 ,后经回返作用褶皱成山 ;(2 )板块俯冲碰撞说认为 :岩石圈板块之间俯冲 -碰撞而造山 ;(3)多成因说认为 :大洋岩石圈和大陆岩石圈有本质的差别。大陆造山带不仅发生于板块边缘 ,更多的发生于大陆板块内部 ,大陆造山带是在多成因、多种多样的机制下形成的。依据以下五种原则 :1岩石圈的性质及其变形方式 ;2板块运动学方式 ;3造山作用的构造体制 ;4下冲作用所卷入范围的大小及其对上驮板块所造成的影响 ;5造山带增厚与剥露过程。将造山作用划分为 14种类型、2 1种造山方式。特别是软碰撞型、弱造山方式及盆山耦合式是具新疆特色的造山方式 相似文献
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碰撞造山带斑岩型矿床的深部约束机制 总被引：19，自引：8，他引：11
在印度-亚洲大陆碰撞过程中,俯冲板片断离触发了幔源岩浆底侵作用、下地壳部分熔融和冈底斯岩基带以及同岩基斑岩的产生.在此过程中,幔源岩浆分离结晶的产物、下地壳岩石部分熔融残余和地壳分异过程中下沉的镁铁质块体,构成了加厚下地壳.随着造山岩石圈的冷却和加厚下地壳重力不稳定性的增加,岩石圈拆沉作用触发了后碰撞斑岩型岩浆活动.与此相应,碰撞造山带斑岩型矿床可以形成于同碰撞和后碰撞两个不同的构造阶段.同碰撞成矿作用发生于岩基带形成时期,成矿物质主要来自于底侵幔源岩浆及更深部的含矿流体,其触发机制是俯冲板片的断离.后碰撞成矿作用发生于加厚下地壳冷却之后,成矿物质主要来自于新生矿源层和更深部的含矿流体,其触发机制为岩石圈拆沉作用.在同碰撞构造阶段,伴随着幔源岩浆的底侵作用,深部流体和幔源岩浆所含的成矿物质被注入到岩基岩浆中,与从岩基岩浆源区萃取的成矿物质汇聚在一起,一部分受岩基热的驱使上升成矿.由于流体中成矿元素的浓度强烈依赖于压力,另一部分成矿元素则滞留在难熔残余中形成新的矿源层.当发生岩石圈拆沉作用时,由此矿源层部分熔融形成的斑岩岩浆将相对富含成矿物质,导致碰撞造山带第二次成矿作用大爆发. 相似文献
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中国东部中生代造山带不同于陆缘俯冲作用和陆间大陆碰撞造山带,也不是陆缘和陆间碰撞造山带发展演化的某一个特定阶段的产物。它是一种由深部软流层上涌造山作用形成的一个新类型的造山带,又称东亚型造山作用。它的造山作用过程是:(1)早中生代(230～180Ma)的前和初始造山幕,深部软流层物质上涌和底侵作用导致冷、强的大陆岩石圈地幔线状破裂与局部拆沉;(2)中、晚侏罗世(180～140Ma)主造山幕,软流层大规模上涌并沿着岩石圈底部壳-幔边界横向侵入和伸展,使垂向差异运动转变为水平挤压作用,结果地壳表层发生大规模的褶皱构造变形和推覆构造,使陆壳加厚形成山根,岩石圈根发生部分拆沉;(3)白垩纪(140～65Ma)的晚期造山幕,加厚的陆壳山根与岩石圈根的大规模拆沉,岩石圈进入全新的从挤压向伸展转变和巨大减薄阶段,软流层大规模上涌成山。 相似文献
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晚中生代东亚多板块汇聚与大陆构造体系的发展 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
东亚大陆原型形成于三叠纪印支造山运动旋回,其周邻环绕的三大洋（古太平洋、蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋、中特提斯洋）于早侏罗世初期几乎同时向东亚大陆俯冲,开启了东亚多板块汇聚历史。文章通过总结东亚大陆晚中生代构造变形和构造岩浆事件的新近研究成果,简述了东亚多板块汇聚产生的三个陆缘汇聚构造系统（北部蒙古-鄂霍次克碰撞造山带、东部与俯冲有关的增生造山系统、西南部班公湖-怒江缝合构造带）、陆内汇聚构造变形体系和大陆伸展构造体系。在此基础上,重新构建了东亚多板块汇聚大陆构造-岩浆演化的时间框架,将其划分为三个阶段:早侏罗世（200~170 Ma）周邻大洋板块初始俯冲阶段和陆缘裂解事件,中晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期（170~135 Ma）周邻陆缘碰撞造山或俯冲增生造山作用、陆内再生造山作用和汇聚构造体系的形成;中晚白垩世（135~80 Ma）大陆岩石圈的减薄作用和大陆伸展构造体系的发育。研究认为,晚中生代东亚多板块汇聚在时空上的有序演化和深浅构造的复合叠加,不仅产生了东亚大陆复杂的陆缘和陆内构造体系,同时控制了中国东部燕山期爆发式岩浆-成矿作用,也使东亚构造地貌发生东西翘变,早期陆缘汇聚产生的东部高原因晚期大陆岩石圈的减薄和伸展而垮塌。东亚大陆构造体系的形成和演化与联合古大陆的裂解同步,晚中生代东亚多板块汇聚完成了从东亚到欧亚大陆的演替,以东亚大陆为核心的多板块汇聚格局一直延续至新生代,可能成为未来超大陆形成的起点。 相似文献
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造山带研究一直是地质科学的中心课题,数百年来建立了许多造山理论与研究方法,从地槽回返造山到板块俯冲碰撞造山。随着深部地质和大陆岩石圈研究的进展,80年代发现了陆内强烈变形和水平位移,提出了薄皮拆离滑脱构造、逆冲推覆构造、鳄鱼构造、韧性剪切带、多种伸展构造等等,表明大陆岩石圈并非简单刚性块体,而是纵横向极不均一,具有 相似文献
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为探讨水流体活动对板块俯冲隧道过程及大陆碰撞造山的制约作用,采用热力学和动力学耦合的数值模拟方法,建立了系统的数值模型.结果显示俯冲隧道内的混杂岩存在两种不同的折返路径:（1）平行于俯冲隧道斜向上折返,形成靠近缝合带的高压-超高压变质岩;（2）近垂直穿过上覆地幔楔侵入地壳深度.这两种差异性的模式主要受控于俯冲带热结构.俯冲带的温度结构控制俯冲隧道内水流体和熔体活动,从而影响上覆地幔楔的弱化程度,最终导致俯冲带内物质的不同运移过程和折返路径.同时,大陆俯冲碰撞带的岩石圈变形和拆沉作用均与俯冲带的流体-熔体活动所导致的岩石圈弱化息息相关.数值模拟结果极大促进了对于板块俯冲带流体-熔体活动及其动力学过程的理解. 相似文献
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盐源-丽江构造带处于扬子大陆与青藏特提斯的结合部,其造山时代的确定,不仅对正确认识该区的构造性质与发展历史及指导矿产勘查有重要意义,而且有助于判定印度-欧亚板块碰撞事件对欧亚板块内部影响的广度和深度。通过系列构造-成矿测年,结合地层、构造、岩浆活动、成矿作用的综合研究,证实盐源-丽江构造带是新生代陆内造山带,而不是印支造山带。其造山作用主要发生于中-晚始新世之交的喜马拉雅期,与欧亚-印度板块碰撞触发的扬子大陆岩石圈向青藏特提斯岩石圈俯冲有关,表现为地壳多层次拆离、剪切和沉积盖层的滑脱、褶皱和推覆,属陆内造山,系印度-欧亚板块碰撞事件的一种远程效应。 相似文献
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塔里木盆地及邻区岩石圈拆离解耦与盆山格局关系的天然地震分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
与洋陆俯冲关系不同,在板内汇聚过程中,大陆岩石圈固有的多圈层、多界面结构的特点,使得地块的俯冲变形伴有多圈层顺层拆离解耦的行为,使变形结构复杂化。虽然多圈层界面拆离解耦所引发的地震点群空间分布不像洋陆俯冲关系那么规则完美,但是依据地震群与破裂位置、破裂与岩石圈分层力学特性的依次控制关系,运用深度/频次、平面密度等统计方法,再以各种地球物理实测手段得到的岩石圈结构构造数据作为界面标定依据,还是能够得出诸如拆离解耦的界面深度、界面归属和区域层间变形范围等重要的几何学信息,这些变形几何学、运动学数据是构建大陆岩石圈板内汇聚造山特别是盆山耦合模式时的关键性的依据。文中通过对塔里木盆地及周缘造山带的相关研究,在岩石圈层拆离解耦状态及其与盆山构造格局之间的关系方面得出以下几点认识:(1)塔里木盆地及周缘造山带岩石圈的主拆离解耦层均发育于中地壳,但随各区中地壳的具体深度位置不同而有所差别;(2)塔西南/西昆仑盆山构造耦合关系是构建于岩石圈尺度上的,塔北/南天山盆山耦合关系是构建于地壳尺度上的;(3)地震活动的密集程度及密集带的展布与天山的变形强度、隆升状态和地貌阶段类型的变化规律有着近乎完美的精确匹配关系;(4)塔北/南天山和塔西南/西昆仑对应于岩石圈的强拆离解耦区,塔东北/东天山和塔东南/阿尔金山之间无耦合关系,其边缘带对应于岩石圈弱拆离解耦和无拆离解耦区;(5)塔里木盆地总体上的弱变形状态与其岩石圈弱或未拆离解耦类型占据总面积90%的情形相适应;(6)塔里木地块以驱动、阻挡约束、平移滚筒约束和克拉通过渡等多重“身份”存在于相邻单元“包围”的力学环境中。 相似文献
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Intraplate compressional features, such as inverted extensional basins, upthrust basement blocks and whole lithospheric folds, play an important role in the structural framework of many cratons. Although compressional intraplate deformation can occur in a number of dynamic settings, stresses related to collisional plate coupling appear to be responsible for the development of the most important compressional intraplate structures. These can occur at distances of up to ±1600 km from a collision front, both in the fore-arc (foreland) and back-arc (hinterland) positions with respect to the subduction system controlling the evolution of the corresponding orogen. Back-arc compression associated with island arcs and Andean-type orogens occurs during periods of increased convergence rates between the subducting and overriding plates. For the build-up of intraplate compressional stresses in fore-arc and foreland domains, four collision-related scenarios are envisaged: (1) during the initiation of a subduction zone along a passive margin or within an oceanic basin; (2) during subduction impediment caused by the arrival of more buoyant crust, such as an oceanic plateau or a microcontinent at a subduction zone; (3) during the initial collision of an orogenic wedge with a passive margin, depending on the lithospheric and crustal configuration of the latter, the presence or absence of a thick passive margin sedimentary prism, and convergence rates and directions; (4) during post-collisional over-thickening and uplift of an orogenic wedge. The build-up of collision-related compressional intraplate stresses is indicative for mechanical coupling between an orogenic wedge and its fore- and/or hinterland. Crustal-scale intraplate deformation reflects mechanical coupling at crustal levels whereas lithosphere-scale deformation indicates mechanical coupling at the level of the mantle-lithosphere, probably in response to collisional lithospheric over-thickening of the orogen, slab detachment and the development of a mantle back-stop. The intensity of collisional coupling between an orogen and its fore- and hinterland is temporally and spatially variable. This can be a function of oblique collision. However, the build-up of high pore fluid pressures in subducted sediments may also account for mechanical decoupling of an orogen and its fore- and/or hinterland. Processes governing mechanical coupling/decoupling of orogens and fore- and hinterlands are still poorly understood and require further research. Localization of collision-related compressional intraplate deformations is controlled by spatial and temporal strength variations of the lithosphere in which the thermal regime, the crustal thickness, the pattern of pre-existing crustal and mantle discontinuities, as well as sedimentary loads and their thermal blanketing effect play an important role. The stratigraphic record of collision-related intraplate compressional deformation can contribute to dating of orogenic activity affecting the respective plate margin. 相似文献
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文章评述了增生造山作用的研究历史和进展,认为增生造山作用贯穿地球历史,是大陆增生的重要方式。用大陆边缘多岛弧盆系构造理解造山带的形成演化,提出巨型造山系的形成与长期发育的大洋岩石圈俯冲制约的两侧或一侧的多岛弧盆系密切相关。在多岛弧盆系演化过程中的弧 弧和弧 陆碰撞,弧前和弧后洋盆的消减冲杂岩的增生,洋底高原、洋岛/海山、外来地块(体)拼贴等一系列碰撞和增生造山作用形成大陆边缘增生造山系。大洋岩石圈最终消亡形成对接消减带,大洋岩石圈两侧的多岛弧盆系转化的造山系对接形成造山系的联合体。拼接完成后往往要继续发生大陆之间的陆 陆碰撞造山作用、陆内汇聚(伸展)作用,后者叠加在增生造山系上,使造山过程更加复杂。对接消减带是认识造山系形成演化的关键。大洋两侧多岛弧盆系经历的各种造山过程可以从广义上理解为一个增生造山过程。多岛弧盆系研究对于划分造山带细结构非常重要,是理解造山系物质组成、结构和构造的基础,并制约了造山后陆内构造演化。大陆碰撞前大洋两侧多岛弧盆系及陆缘系统更完整地记录了威尔逊旋回,记录的信息更加丰富。根据多岛弧盆系的思路对特提斯大洋演化提出新的模式,认为西藏冈底斯带自石炭纪以来受到特提斯大洋俯冲制约,三叠纪发生向洋增生造山作用,特提斯大洋于早白垩世末最终消亡。 相似文献
14.
大陆板内构造变形及其动力学机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
典型大陆板内变形发生在克拉通化的大陆岩石圈内部,距离同变形期活动板块构造边界数百至2000km以上。收缩变形主要表现为区域尺度的盆地构造反转、结晶基底与上覆盖层共同卷入变形的厚皮式逆冲构造,具有变形局部化特征。因为流变学分层特征不同,大陆板内变形可以发生在中上部地壳、整个地壳乃至岩石圈尺度上,表现为不同波长的地壳或岩石圈尺度纵弯弯曲。大陆岩石圈板块内部物质组成与结构的不均一性、流体活动、热作用、克拉通内盆地巨厚沉积产生的覆盖效应、地壳加厚等导致的岩石圈强度的局部降低等,是导致大陆板内变形以及应变局部化的原因。构造活化是大陆板内变形的重要方式。板块俯冲或碰撞远程效应被认为是大陆板内变形的主导动力学模型,但是放射性元素积累导致的岩石圈强度热弱化,或大陆冰川消退触发板内应力状态变化等导致大陆板内变形的动力学模型也应该引起关注。 相似文献
15.
《Gondwana Research》2014,25(3-4):815-837
Thermo-tectonic age and inherited structure exert the main controls on the bulk strength of the lithosphere in intraplate settings. Mechanical decoupling within the lithosphere strongly affects the interaction between deep Earth and surface processes. Thermo-mechanical models demonstrate the particular importance of the rheological stratification of the lithosphere in the preservation of ancient cratonic blocks, in the surface expression of plume- and mantle lithosphere interactions and their impact on the “dynamic” topography in general. The same is true for the effect of large-scale lithospheric folding on intraplate basin formation and associated differential vertical motions. Initiation of continental lithosphere subduction, crucial for linking orogenic deformation to intraplate deformation, appears to be facilitated by plume–lithosphere interactions. We present a discussion of these aspects, focusing on better process- understanding of continental deformation, in the context of a number of well-documented cases of intraplate deformation. 相似文献
16.
造山带构造研究中几个重要学术概念问题的讨论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
简要分析和评述了造山带构造研究中的几个重要学术概念问题：造山带，造山带类型、造山作用和造山过程、造山带构造格局、造山作用模式。指出不宜将造山带定义直接与板块边缘构造位置和板块间相互作用联系在一起；造山作用和造山带不仅出现在板块之间相互作用的地带，而且可以出现在远离板边界的地方－－即所谓板内造山带。强调了板内造山带研究的重要性，提出了确定板内造山的主要依据，指出在造山带分类、造山带构造山带。强调了板内造山带研究的重要性，提出了确定内造山带的主要依据，指出在造山带分类、造山带构造格局和造山作用过程中应充分注意内造山带的客观存在，以及板内造山带成因动力机制研究中需要着重考虑的重要方面。 相似文献
17.
Relationship between Mesozoic Magmatism and Subduction in the Da Hinggan-Yanshan Area 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
SHAO Ji''anPeking University Beijing LIU Futian CHEN Hui HAN QingjunInstitute of Geology Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 《《地质学报》英文版》2001,75(1)
High-resolution tomographic images of the belt crossing the Japan Trench-Changbai Mountains-Dong Ujimqin Qi are represented in this paper, revealing the shape of a subducted slab in the western Pacific region and characteristics of the lithospheric structures under the Changbai Mountains and the Da Hinggan Mountains. Studies of the spatial distribution, subduction time and the time-lag between the subduction and magmatism, combined with petrology and isotope geochemistry of the Late Mesozoic volcano-plutonic rocks from the Da Hinggan Mountains-Yanshan Mountains have further proved the independence of magmatic activities from the subduction of the Pacific plate. The Mesozoic tectono-thermal evolutionary history and structural characteristics of the lithosphere in the Da Hinggan Mountains and North China suggest that the formation and evolution of magma have probably a close relationship with the delamination and thinning of the continental lithosphere and the underplating resulting from the consequent up 相似文献
18.
《Gondwana Research》2013,24(4):1402-1428
The formation of collisional orogens is a prominent feature in convergent plate margins. It is generally a complex process involving multistage tectonism of compression and extension due to continental subduction and collision. The Paleozoic convergence between the South China Block (SCB) and the North China Block (NCB) is associated with a series of tectonic processes such as oceanic subduction, terrane accretion and continental collision, resulting in the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt. While the arc–continent collision orogeny is significant during the Paleozoic in the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an orogens of central China, the continent–continent collision orogeny is prominent during the early Mesozoic in the Dabie–Sulu orogens of east-central China. This article presents an overview of regional geology, geochronology and geochemistry for the composite orogenic belt. The Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an orogens exhibit the early Paleozoic HP–UHP metamorphism, the Carboniferous HP metamorphism and the Paleozoic arc-type magmatism, but the three tectonothermal events are absent in the Dabie–Sulu orogens. The Triassic UHP metamorphism is prominent in the Dabie–Sulu orogens, but it is absent in the Qinling–Tongbai orogens. The Hong'an orogen records both the HP and UHP metamorphism of Triassic age, and collided continental margins contain both the juvenile and ancient crustal rocks. So do in the Qinling and Tongbai orogens. In contrast, only ancient crustal rocks were involved in the UHP metamorphism in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt, without involvement of the juvenile arc crust. On the other hand, the deformed and low-grade metamorphosed accretionary wedge was developed on the passive continental margin during subduction in the late Permian to early Triassic along the northern margin of the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt, and it was developed on the passive oceanic margin during subduction in the early Paleozoic along the northern margin of the Qinling orogen.Three episodes of arc–continent collision are suggested to occur during the Paleozoic continental convergence between the SCB and NCB. The first episode of arc–continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the North Qinling unit beneath the Erlangping unit, resulting in UHP metamorphism at ca. 480–490 Ma and the accretion of the North Qinling unit to the NCB. The second episode of arc–continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the Prototethyan oceanic crust beneath an Andes-type continental arc, leading to granulite-facies metamorphism at ca. 420–430 Ma and the accretion of the Shangdan arc terrane to the NCB and reworking of the North Qinling, Erlangping and Kuanping units. The third episode of arc–continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the Paleotethyan oceanic crust, resulting in the HP eclogite-facies metamorphism at ca. 310 Ma in the Hong'an orogen and low-P metamorphism in the Qinling–Tongbai orogens as well as crustal accretion to the NCB. The closure of backarc basins is also associated with the arc–continent collision processes, with the possible cause for granulite-facies metamorphism. The massive continental subduction of the SCB beneath the NCB took place in the Triassic with the final continent–continent collision and UHP metamorphism at ca. 225–240 Ma. Therefore, the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt records the development of plate tectonics from oceanic subduction and arc-type magmatism to arc–continent and continent–continent collision. 相似文献
19.
A. M. Petrishchevsky 《Geotectonics》2013,47(6):465-484
Structural forms of emplacement of crustal and mantle rigid sheets in collision zones of lithospheric plates in northeastern Asia are analyzed using formalized gravity models reflecting the rheological properties of geological media. Splitting of the lithosphere of moving plates into crustal and mantle constituents is the main feature of collision zones, which is repeated in the structural units irrespective of their location, rank, and age. Formal signs of crustal sheet thrusting over convergent plate boundaries and subduction of the lithospheric mantle beneath these boundaries have been revealed. The deep boundaries and thickness of lithospheric plates and asthenospheric lenses have been traced. A similarity in the deep structure of collision zones of second-order marginal-sea buffer plates differing in age is displayed at the boundaries with the Eurasian, North American, and Pacific plates of the first order. Collision of oceanic crustal segments with the Mesozoic continental margin in the Sikhote-Alin is characterized, as well as collision of the oceanic lithosphere with the Kamchatka composite island arc. A spatiotemporal series of deep-seated Middle Mesozoic, Late Mesosoic, and Cenozoic collision tectonic units having similar structure is displayed in the transitional zone from the Asian continent to the Pacific plate. 相似文献